Student name: Omar magdy Abdelkader atwa elwakil

Registration number: 19109993

TYPE OF ASSIGNMENT: single person assignment

Term: 8th term

Course Title: SP496/ Environmental Management

Date: 07 August 2024

Given by: DR.MONA KAMOOSH

 According to your study of marine environmental management course, how

can we make different plans of waste prevention and recycling?

 Discuss prevention of different wastes in ports.

 Waste recycling programs.

 Guide words: wastes, port operation, oil spill, garbage, food wastes, sewage,
dangerous goods, fouling formation& antifoulings.
 WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MARITIME INDUSTRY

Waste Management in Maritime Industry:

The maritime sector plays a vital role in the world economy, but as it expands, there comes
an increased risk of environmental pollution. Hazardous and non-hazardous waste produced
by the maritime sector can have catastrophic consequences for the environment, human
health, and marine ecosystems. To reduce the industry's negative environmental effects,
waste management must be done effectively.
Types of Waste Generated in Maritime Industry:

Port-related pollutants and health hazards

Air pollution

The transportation of goods via trucks, ships, trains, and cargo handling equipment, along
with stationary sources like power plants, refineries, oil and gas storage facilities, and the
storage of open coal piles close to port facilities, can all introduce a variety of air pollutants
that could have a detrimental effect on the health of the communities’ surrounding ports.
Exposure to air pollution linked to diesel engine emissions can lead to serious health issues,
particularly for children, the elderly, outdoor workers, and other vulnerable populations.
These issues include premature mortality, an increased risk of heart and lung disease hospital
admissions, elevated respiratory symptoms, and an increased risk of cancer.

Water pollution

Water quality in residential areas can be significantly impacted by port operations. Pollutants
carried by runoff from impermeable surfaces may make it unsafe for people to enjoy the local
lakes, bays, and streams or to consume fish and shellfish that come from them. Community
members may occasionally depend on fishing as their primary source of sustenance.

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Light and noise pollution

Health impacts of light and noise pollution from port operations can include hearing
impairment, high blood pressure and sleep deprivation.

oil spills
Anywhere that oil is extracted, transported, or used, there is a risk of oil leaks. expertise may
be called upon in the event of an oil spill in the ocean, the Great Lakes, on land, or in rivers
that feed into these coastal waterways

*Factors affecting oil spills

When oil is released onto the water surface, its characteristics
start to change due to a number of physico-chemical processes.
All the processes are interactive. Weathering rates depend on
oil type, physical properties such as viscosity and pour point,

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chemical properties such as wax content, amount of oil spilled,
weather and sea state conditions, and location (whether oil stays
at sea or is stranded).
Factors affecting the fate of spilled oil are:
1. Spreading 2. Evaporation 3. Dispersion 4. Dissolution and 5.
Emulsification
These processes dominate in the first few days to weeks of a
spill, and except dissolution, these processes may dramatically
change the nature of the oil. In addition, a number of longer
term processes such as: Biodegradation, photo and auto
oxidation and Sedimentation.

*HOW TO CLEAN UP AN OIL SPILL

1) In-situ burning
Burning of oil can actually remove up to 98% of an oil spill.
The spill must be a minimum of three millimeters thick and it
must be relatively fresh for this method to work. There has been
some success with this technique in Canada. The burning of oil
during the Gulf War was found not as large a problem as first
thought because the amount of pollution in the atmosphere did
not reach the expected high levels. Field-testing is needed to
check the feasibility of this technology.
B. Mechanical
We primarily use mechanical methods to clean-up oil spills.
Listed here are the three categories of mechanical tools used to
contain and recovery spilled oil.
1) Booms
It is easier to clean-up oil if it is all in one spot, so equipment
called containment booms act like a fence to keep the oil from
spreading or floating away. Booms float on the surface and have
three parts: a ‘freeboard’ or part that rises above the water

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2) Chemical Treatment (Use of Dispersants)
Dispersants are chemicals that are designed to break down oil into smaller droplets, allowing
them to mix with water and spread more evenly. This makes it easier to recover and clean up
the oil spill.

3) Containment and Mechanical Recovery (Use of booms and skimmers)

Containment:
Containment refers to the process of surrounding and capturing the oil spill to prevent it from
spreading and reaching sensitive ecosystems. This is achieved through various methods,
including:
Booms: Booms are floating barriers made of rubber or plastic that can be deployed to contain
the oil spill. They are designed to absorb the oil and prevent it from spreading further.
Curtains: Curtains are similar to booms but are designed to be deployed in a wider area to
contain larger spills.
Sweep systems: Sweep systems are designed to collect oil from the surface of the water and
transport it back to shore for disposal.

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FATE OF OIL SPILLS

The chemical composition of oil changes due to weathering. Weathering occurs by

evaporation, microbial degradation, chemical oxidation, and photochemical reactions. Some
oils weather rapidly and undergo extensive changes in physico chemical characteristics,
whereas others remain relatively unchanged over long periods of time. The effects of
weathering are generally rapid (1 to 2 days) for hydrocarbons with lower molecular weights
as a result of evaporation. Degradation of the higher weight fractions is slower and occurs
primarily through microbial degradation and chemical oxidation. The weathering or fate of
spilled oil depends on the oil properties and on environmental conditions. Oil Properties
crude or refined oils vary in their physical and chemical characteristics. These characteristics
affect their volatility, toxicity, weathering rate and persistence

Garbage waste
How is the waste produced?

Garbage is a broad category similar to household waste. It includes food waste, plastics,
packaging, synthetic rope, incinerator ash and e-waste.

How is it treated and disposed?

Garbage may not be disposed of at sea with minor exceptions such as shredded food waste
and animal carcasses. Ships are required to separate and waste. This waste is then disposed at
an approved shore disposal center.

What restrictions are in effect?

Garbage discharge requirements under apply to all ships with guidelines for specified waste.
All ships over 400 gross tons or capable of carrying at least 15 people must have a which
includes publicly displayed graphics explaining garbage processing, discharge requirements
and a garbage record book.

Garbage may not be disposed:

Within 0.5 nautical mile of a marine mammal

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Food waste

How is the waste produced?

Food waste from cargo and passenger vessels such as waste scraps and organic material.

How is it treated and disposed?

Three permissible means of food disposal:incineration at sea

disposal at port reception facilities (subject to biosecurity regulations)discharge at sea

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What restrictions are in effect?

In Canadian waters, minced food waste may be discharged if the ship is underway and more
than 3 nautical miles from land. Non-ground food waste may be discharged if the ship is
underway and more than 12 nautical miles from land.Offloading food waste in ports may be
restricted due to biosecurity risks.

All ships must carry a garbage record book for food wastes [MEPC. 201(62)]. Food disposal
must be signed by the ship’s captain citing time, date, amount, content, and location of
disposal.

(sewage) in waste management

Sewage management refers to the process of collecting, treating, and disposing of the
millions of gallons of wastewater produced daily by households, industries, and commercial
establishments. It is vital to treat and dispose of this wastewater appropriately to safeguard
public health and the environment. The objective of sewage management is to decrease the
number of pollutants in wastewater before it is discharged into water bodies or reused for
other purposes. Sewage management is a crucial element of modern society, yet it is
frequently disregarded or taken for granted.

There are three main sewage treatment processes: biological, physico-chemical and
electrocatalytic oxidation.

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Physical-chemical treatment of sewage

Physical-chemical treatment of sewage is based on the separation of the liquid element from
the sewage flow by bathing it in chlorine for thirty minutes to kill off coliform bacteria before
discharging it overboard. Usually treatment units using this type of process are designed to
hold only a fourteen-day accumulation of solids, then discharge to port sewage reception
facilities or outside territorial waters.

Electrocatalytic oxidation

This type of treatment plant collects the sewage and directs it through a macerator which
breaks it down into minute particles. Then, the sewage passes through an electrolytic cell
where the oxidation process takes place. Next, the effluent flows under its own pressure to a
settling tank for completion of oxidation process and direct discharge overboard. The
discharge contains no solids and is totally free of coliform bacteria.

(dangerous goods) Waste management in maritime industry

Waste management in the maritime industry is a significant concern, particularly when it
comes to handling dangerous goods. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has
implemented various regulations to ensure the safe and environmentally responsible handling
of hazardous waste at sea.

Here are some key aspects of dangerous goods waste management in the maritime industry:

Hazardous Waste Definition: The IMO defines hazardous waste as any waste that is
hazardous, toxic, or corrosive, and poses a risk to human health, safety, and the
environment.

Classification of Hazardous Waste: The IMO uses the UN Recommendations on the

Transport of Dangerous Goods (UN Model Regulations) to classify hazardous waste
into different categories, such as:

o Flammable liquids
o Corrosive substances
o Toxic substances
o Radioactive materials
o Infectious substances

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 Packaging and Labeling: Hazardous waste must be packaged and labeled in
accordance with the IMO's guidelines for the packaging and labeling of hazardous
materials. This includes the use of special containers, drums, and bags that are
designed to prevent leakage and ensure easy identification.

Safety Precautions: Crews and passengers must be aware of the risks associated with
handling hazardous waste and take necessary precautions to prevent accidents, such as
wearing protective gear, using ventilation systems, and following emergency
procedures.

Storage and Handling: Hazardous waste must be stored in designated areas, away
from living quarters, food preparation areas, and other areas where people may be
present. Storage areas must be designed to prevent leakage and ensure easy access for
emergency responders.

Transportation: Hazardous waste must be transported in accordance with the IMO's

regulations for the transportation of dangerous goods. This includes the use of
specialized vehicles, trailers, and containers that are designed to prevent leakage and
ensure safe transportation.

Disposal: Hazardous waste must be disposed of in accordance with local regulations

and international guidelines. This may involve incineration, recycling, or burial in
specialized facilities.

Monitoring and Reporting: The maritime industry is required to monitor and report
any incidents involving hazardous waste, including spills, fires, or other accidents.

Some of the key challenges in managing hazardous waste in the maritime industry include:

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 Space constraints: Vessels have limited storage space, making it challenging to
manage hazardous waste effectively.

Logistical challenges: Hazardous waste requires specialized handling and disposal

procedures, which can be complex and time-consuming.

Regulatory compliance: The maritime industry must comply with a wide range of
regulations and guidelines for managing hazardous waste.

Environmental concerns: Hazardous waste can pose a significant risk to the

environment if not handled properly.

To address these challenges, the maritime industry is adopting innovative solutions, such as:

Advanced packaging materials: New packaging materials are being developed that
can withstand harsh marine environments and reduce the risk of leakage.

Improved storage solutions: Vessels are incorporating specialized storage solutions,

such as modular storage units, to increase storage capacity and reduce space
constraints.

Digital tracking systems: Electronic tracking systems are being used to monitor the
movement of hazardous waste and track compliance with regulations.

Training and awareness programs: Crews are receiving training on hazardous

waste management best practices to ensure safe handling and disposal procedures.

By understanding these challenges and implementing effective solutions, the maritime

industry can reduce the risks associated with hazardous waste management and ensure a safer
and more environmentally responsible future.

fouling formation& antifouling

Fouling refers to the unwanted accumulation of substances, such as algae, bacteria, barnacles,
and other marine organisms, on surfaces, particularly in aquatic environments like ships,
boats, and underwater structures. Fouling can occur in various forms:

Biofouling: The growth of living organisms, like algae, bacteria, and mollusks, on
surfaces.

Mechanical fouling: The accumulation of debris, sediment, or other non-living

materials.

Chemical fouling: The formation of chemical compounds that can alter the surface
properties or create unwanted reactions.

Fouling can have significant consequences, including:

Increased drag: Fouling can increase the resistance to water flow, leading to
increased energy consumption and reduced efficiency.

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 Reduced performance: Fouling can impair the performance of equipment, such as
pumps, propellers, and heat exchangers.

Increased maintenance: Fouling can require frequent cleaning and maintenance,

which can be costly and time-consuming.

Environmental concerns: Fouling can contribute to the spread of invasive species

and alter local ecosystems.

Antifouling:

Antifouling refers to the use of coatings, paints, or other technologies to prevent or reduce
fouling on surfaces. Antifouling coatings are designed to:

Repel or prevent the growth of organisms and debris.

Inhibit the settlement of organisms.

Reduce the adhesion of organisms to surfaces.

Antifouling technologies include:

Organic coatings: Chemical-based coatings that contain biocides or other anti-

fouling agents.

Inorganic coatings: Non-chemical coatings made from materials like silicones,

polyurethanes, or ceramics.

Nano-coatings: Coatings with nanoparticles that can be designed to repel or kill

fouling organisms.

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 Bio-inspired coatings: Coatings that mimic the properties of natural surfaces, such as
lotus leaves or shark skin, which are resistant to fouling.

Antifouling technologies are essential in various industries, including:

Maritime: To reduce drag and improve efficiency in ship design and operations.

Energy: To prevent fouling in heat exchangers, pipelines, and other equipment.

Water treatment: To prevent fouling in water treatment systems and reduce

maintenance costs.

Biomedical: To prevent fouling in medical devices and implants.

In summary, fouling is an unwanted process that can have significant consequences in

various industries, while antifouling technologies aim to prevent or reduce fouling by using
various coatings and materials.

how can we make different plans of waste prevention and

recycling?
In the vast expanse of our oceans, where the ebb and flow of tides conceal the
interconnectedness of all life, waste management in marine operations has become a pressing
concern. As custodians of our planet, it is imperative that we, in the maritime industry, take a
proactive stance in preserving the health of our oceans. In this article, we will explore the
challenges of waste management in marine operations and highlight strategies for a more
sustainable and responsible approach.

The marine industry, vital for global trade and commerce, unfortunately, contributes to the
growing problem of marine pollution. From plastic waste to oil spills, the impact on marine
ecosystems is profound. Managing waste responsibly is not just a regulatory obligation; it is a
moral imperative to safeguard the oceans that sustain life on Earth.

Regulatory Compliance as a Foundation:

Strict adherence to international and regional regulations is the cornerstone of effective waste
management in marine operations. Understanding and complying with regulations such as
MARPOL Annex V, which addresses the disposal of garbage at sea, is crucial. As
responsible stewards, we must go beyond compliance and actively seek ways to minimize our
environmental footprint.

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle:

Embracing the mantra of "reduce, reuse, recycle" is essential for waste management at sea.
Implementing waste reduction strategies onboard vessels, such as minimizing single-use
plastics and optimizing packaging, can significantly contribute to a more sustainable

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maritime industry. Encouraging crew members to participate in recycling initiatives further
enhances the impact.

Advancements in technology offer promising solutions for waste treatment in marine

operations. Onboard waste treatment systems, such as advanced incinerators and compact
recycling units, provide efficient ways to manage different types of waste. Investing in these
technologies not only aligns with sustainability goals but also enhances operational
efficiency.

1. Educating and Empowering Crew Members:

The human element is critical in achieving effective waste management at sea. Training and
educating crew members about the environmental consequences of improper waste disposal
empower them to make sustainable choices. Encouraging a sense of responsibility and
environmental stewardship among maritime professionals is essential for fostering a culture
of sustainability.

1. Collaboration Across the Maritime Supply Chain:

Waste management is a shared responsibility that extends beyond individual vessels.

Collaboration across the maritime supply chain, including shipowners, operators, and port
authorities, is crucial. Developing standardized procedures for waste disposal and sharing
best practices can create a collective impact that transcends individual efforts.

As we navigate the vast blue expanse of our oceans, it is incumbent upon us to be mindful
stewards of the marine environment. By embracing sustainable waste management practices,
we can mitigate the impact of our operations on ocean health. Let us not merely comply with
regulations but strive to exceed them, working together to ensure that our maritime legacy is
one of responsibility, respect, and preservation for future generations.

Discuss prevention of different wastes in ports

Preventing waste in ports is crucial for environmental protection, operational efficiency, and
compliance with international regulations. Here’s a detailed discussion on the prevention of
different types of waste in port operations:

1. Oil Spills

Prevention Strategies:

 Regular Maintenance: Ensure regular maintenance and inspection of vessels,

pipelines, and port equipment to prevent leaks and spills.
 Advanced Technology: Use state-of-the-art technology for leak detection and spill
prevention, such as automatic shut-off valves and double-hulled tankers.
 Operational Procedures: Implement stringent operational procedures for loading,
unloading, and transferring oil to minimize the risk of spills.

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  Training and Drills: Conduct regular training for personnel on spill prevention and
response, along with frequent drills to ensure preparedness.

2. Garbage

Prevention Strategies:

 Waste Minimization Policies: Introduce policies that encourage waste reduction at

the source, such as banning single-use plastics and promoting reusable items.
 Education and Awareness: Educate port staff, crew, and passengers about the
importance of reducing waste and proper disposal practices.
 Recycling Programs: Establish comprehensive recycling programs to segregate and
recycle different types of waste (e.g., plastics, paper, metals).
 Incentives: Provide incentives for ships and port facilities that demonstrate effective
waste reduction and recycling practices.

3. Food Wastes

Prevention Strategies:

 Efficient Inventory Management: Implement efficient inventory management

practices to reduce food spoilage and waste.
 Education and Training: Train kitchen staff and crew on best practices for food
storage, preparation, and waste minimization.

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  Composting: Set up composting facilities to convert food waste into compost, which
can be used for landscaping or sold to local farmers.
 Donations: Partner with local organizations to donate excess food to those in need,
where feasible and safe.

4. Sewage

Prevention Strategies:

 Onboard Treatment Systems: Ensure that vessels are equipped with modern,
efficient sewage treatment systems.
 Port Reception Facilities: Provide adequate port reception facilities for the collection
and treatment of sewage from ships.
 Regulations and Compliance: Enforce strict compliance with international
regulations such as MARPOL Annex IV, which governs the discharge of sewage
from ships.
 Awareness Campaigns: Educate ship operators and crew about the environmental
impacts of sewage discharge and the importance of proper management.

5. Dangerous Goods

Prevention Strategies:

 Strict Regulations: Implement and enforce strict regulations for the handling,
storage, and transport of dangerous goods.
 Training Programs: Provide specialized training for port workers and ship crews on
the safe handling of hazardous materials.
 Proper Labeling and Documentation: Ensure that all dangerous goods are properly
labeled and documented to prevent mishandling.
 Safety Protocols: Develop and enforce comprehensive safety protocols for the
storage and handling of hazardous materials, including emergency response plans.

6. Fouling Formation and Antifoulings

Prevention Strategies:

 Regular Hull Cleaning: Implement regular hull cleaning schedules to prevent

biofouling and maintain vessel efficiency.
 Environmentally Friendly Antifouling Paints: Use non-toxic, environmentally
friendly antifouling paints and coatings to prevent the accumulation of marine
organisms on ship hulls.
 Research and Innovation: Invest in research and development of alternative
antifouling technologies, such as ultrasonic antifouling systems and biocide-free
coatings.
 Monitoring and Inspection: Conduct regular inspections to monitor fouling levels
and ensure the effectiveness of antifouling measures.

7. General Waste Management Practices

Prevention Strategies:

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  Integrated Waste Management Systems: Develop integrated waste management
systems that include waste reduction, reuse, recycling, and proper disposal.
 Green Port Initiatives: Adopt green port initiatives that promote sustainable
practices, such as energy efficiency, reduced emissions, and waste minimization.
 Collaboration and Partnerships: Collaborate with local authorities, environmental
organizations, and other stakeholders to develop and implement effective waste
prevention strategies.
 Continuous Improvement: Regularly review and update waste management
practices to incorporate new technologies, regulations, and best practices.

Conclusion

Preventing waste in port operations requires a comprehensive approach that involves regular
maintenance, advanced technology, strict regulations, and continuous education. By
implementing these strategies, ports can significantly reduce waste generation, protect the
marine environment, and ensure sustainable operations.

Waste recycling programs in ports

Waste recycling programs in ports are crucial for reducing waste sent to landfills, conserving
natural resources, and mitigating the environmental impact of port operations. Here are some
key aspects of waste recycling programs in ports:

Types of waste generated in ports:

1. Construction and demolition (C&D) waste

2. Hazardous waste (e.g., oil, chemicals, batteries)
3. Municipal solid waste (e.g., food waste, packaging materials)
4. Special waste (e.g., electronics, tires)

Port waste recycling programs:

1. Source separation: Sorting waste at its source to categorize it into different types
(e.g., recyclables, organics, landfill-bound waste).
2. Recycling facilities: Establishing facilities to process and recycle various types of
waste, such as:
o C&D waste recycling facilities
o Hazardous waste treatment facilities
o Material recovery facilities (MRFs) for sorting and processing recyclables
3. Organic waste management: Composting or anaerobic digestion of organic waste to
produce nutrient-rich soil amendments or biogas.
4. Waste-to-energy: Converting non-recyclable waste into energy through incineration,
gasification, or plasma gasification.
5. Education and outreach: Promoting sustainable practices and raising awareness
among port stakeholders, including employees, contractors, and visitors.
6. Collaboration and partnerships: Working with local authorities, waste management
companies, and other stakeholders to develop and implement effective waste
recycling programs.

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Best practices in port waste recycling:

1. Develop a comprehensive waste management plan: Incorporate all aspects of waste

generation, collection, processing, and disposal into a single plan.
2. Implement recycling infrastructure: Install adequate recycling facilities and
infrastructure to process various types of waste.
3. Monitor and track waste data: Collect and analyze data on waste generation,
collection, and recycling rates to identify areas for improvement.
4. Engage with stakeholders: Encourage collaboration and participation from all
stakeholders to promote a culture of sustainability.
5. Continuously assess and improve: Regularly review and update the waste recycling
program to ensure it remains effective and efficient.

Challenges in port waste recycling:

1. Limited infrastructure: Insufficient recycling facilities or infrastructure may hinder

the effectiveness of waste recycling programs.
2. Regulatory frameworks: Varying regulations and policies across different regions
can create confusion and obstacles for port waste recycling programs.
3. Public awareness and education: Educating the public about the importance of
proper waste disposal and recycling practices can be challenging.
4. Cost and funding: Establishing and maintaining effective waste recycling programs
can be costly, requiring significant funding.

By implementing effective waste recycling programs in ports, we can reduce the

environmental impact of port operations, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable
development in the maritime industry.

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References :

*https://clearseas.org/ship-waste-management/#:~:text=WASTE%20PRODUCED%20BY
%20SHIPS%20AND%20CREWS,-Click%20on%20the&text=As%20they%20move
%20from%20port,similar%20to%20typical%20household%20waste.

*https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/sewage-management-methods

*https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oilimpacts.html

*https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/Garbage-Default.aspx

*https://www.emsa.europa.eu/protecting-the-marine-environment/anti-fouling.html

*https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
348310679_WASTE_MANAGEMENT_OF_A_MARITIME_PORT_THE_CASE_OF_MO
NGLA_PORT

*https://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-law/what-is-garbage-management-plan-gmp-on-a-
ship/#:~:text=The%20Garbage%20Management%20Plan%20is,in%20Annex%20V%20of
%20MARPOL.

*https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0011916423001364

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