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MTT Unit 4

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8 views22 pages

MTT Unit 4

Uploaded by

Nirav Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Microwave Network Analysis

and
Concept of Impedance
Lecture-3
N.D.Patel
Outline
• Equivalent Voltages and currents
• Concept of Impedance in Microwave
Transmission
• Network analysis by parameters
• Why H,Y,Z, & ABCD parameters can not be
used?
• Network parameters for microwave circuits
• Properties of S-matrix
Equivalent voltage and current
Equivalent voltage and current for TEM
line
• Above figure shows the electric and magnetic field lines for an
arbitrary two-conductor TEM transmission line
• The voltage, V, of the + conductor relative to the − conductor
can be found as

• …………(1)
• The total current flowing on the + conductor can be
determined from an application of Ampere’s law as

• ……….(2)
Equivalent voltage and current for TEM
line
• A characteristic impedance Z0 can then be
defined for traveling waves as
Equivalent voltage and current for
non-TEM line

…(3)

...(4)
Equivalent voltage and current for
non-TEM line
• Applying (1) to the electric field of (3) gives

• …(5)

• From Eq.-(5) voltage depends on the position, x, as well


as the length of the integration contour along the y
direction.
• For example, integrating from y = 0 to b for x = a/2 gives
a voltage that is quite different from that obtained by
integrating from y = 0 to b for x = 0
Equivalent voltage and current for
non-TEM line
• What, then, is the correct voltage?
• The answer is that there is no “correct” voltage in
the sense of being unique or pertinent for all
applications. A similar problem arises with
current, and also impedance.
• Equivalent voltage is defined only for a particular
waveguide mode, and voltage is proportional to
the transverse electric field.
• Equivalent current defined only for a particular
waveguide mode, and current is proportional to
the transverse magnetic field.
Equivalent voltage and current for
non-TEM line
• In order to be useful in a manner similar to
voltages and currents of circuit theory, the
equivalent voltages and currents should be
defined so that their product gives the power
flow of the waveguide mode.
• The ratio of the voltage to the current for a
single traveling wave should be equal to the
characteristic impedance of the line.
Concept of Impedance in Microwave
Transmission
• Term impedance first used by Oliver Heaviside
in nineteenth century to describe complex ratio
V/I in AC circuits consisting of resister,
inductor and capacitor.
• it was applied to transmission line, in terms of
lumped-element equivalent circuits and
distributed series impedance and shunt
admittance of line.
Concept of Impedance in Microwave
Transmission
• Here find types of impedance used so far and
their notation:
– intrinsic impedance of medium. It
dependant only on material parameters of medium,
but is equal to wave impedance for plane wave
– wave impedance. It is
characteristic of particular type of wave, TEM,
TM, TE waves each have different wave
impedance (ZTEM,ZTM,ZTE) , which may depend on
type of line or guide, material and operating freq.
Concept of Impedance in Microwave
Transmission
– characteristic impedance. It is
ratio of voltage to current for travelling
wave. since voltage and current uniquely
define for TEM waves, char. Impedance of
TEM wave is unique. TE and TM wave do
not have uniquely defined voltage and
current, so char. impedance for such wave
may be defined in various ways.
Network analysis by parameters
• Microwave circuit ordinarily consists of several
microwave devices connected in some way to
achieve desired transmission of microwave signal.
• Interconnection of two or more microwave
devices may be regarded as microwave junction.
• Commonly used microwave junctions include
such waveguide tees as E-plane tee, H-plane tee,
magic tee, hybrid tee, directional coupler and
circulator
Network analysis by parameters
• Two port device can be described by number
of parameter sets, such as H,Y,Z, and ABCD
parameters
Network analysis by parameters
Why H,Y,Z, & ABCD parameters can not
be used?
• If frequencies are in microwave range, than
H,Y and Z parameters cannot be measured for
following reasons:
– Equipment is not readily available to measure
total current and voltage at ports of the network.
– Short and open circuits are difficult to achieve
over broad band frequencies.
– Active devices, such as power transistors and
tunnel diodes, frequently will not have stability for
short or open circuit
Network parameters for microwave
circuits
Network parameters for microwave
circuits
• Where is the amplitude of the voltage wave
incident on port n and is the amplitude of the
voltage wave reflected from port n.
• The scattering matrix, or [S] matrix, is defined in
relation to these incident and reflected voltage waves
as
Network parameters for microwave
circuits
• A specific element of the scattering matrix can
be determined as
Properties of S-matrix
Properties of S-matrix

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