II.

OUTLINE

Presentation 1: The case of Roe v. Wade

Introduction:

Roe v. Wade was a landmark 1973 Supreme Court decision that established a constitutional
right to abortion in the United States. Here's a summary of the case:

● Roe's Situation: Norma McCorvey (using the pseudonym Jane Roe) was pregnant and
wanted an abortion, but Texas law prohibited it except to save the mother's life.

● Legal Challenge: McCorvey sued Henry Wade, the Dallas County district attorney, arguing
that Texas's abortion laws violated her right to privacy.

● Court's Decision: The Supreme Court, in a 7-2 decision, ruled that a woman's right to
choose to have an abortion is a fundamental right protected by the right to privacy, which is
implied by the Fourteenth Amendment. However, the Court also created a trimester
framework for regulating abortion.

⇒ It's important to note that Roe v. Wade was overturned by the

Supreme Court in June 2022. This means there is no longer a guaranteed federal right to
abortion in the United States. Individual states now have the authority to regulate or ban abortion.

1. Who represented the two sides in the case of Roe v. Wade? What was Roe’s claim in the case?
[https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/410/113]

In Roe v. Wade:

● Represented Roe (Jane Roe): Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee were the attorneys who
argued for the plaintiff, Norma McCorvey, who used the pseudonym Jane Roe.

● Represented Wade (Texas): Henry Wade was the Dallas County District Attorney at the time
and the defendant in the case. He represented the State of Texas which had the law restricting
abortion.

Roe's Claim: Roe (McCorvey) argued that the Texas law banning abortion violated her right to
privacy. This right to privacy, she claimed, was implied by the Fourteenth Amendment's Due
Process Clause which guarantees certain fundamental liberties.
2. When and how did the case make its way to the Supreme Court? What was the social and
political context at the time?

https://www.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-18

Roe v. Wade's Journey to the Supreme Court (1970-1973)

Roe v. Wade didn't appear on the Supreme Court docket overnight. Here's a breakdown of its path:

● 1970: Norma McCorvey, under the pseudonym Jane Roe, filed a lawsuit in a Texas federal
district court challenging the state's ban on abortion.

● 1971: A three-judge panel within the district court ruled in Roe's favor, declaring the Texas
abortion statute unconstitutional. This decision was significant but only impacted Texas.

● 1971 (Later): Both Roe and the State of Texas (represented by Henry Wade, the Dallas
County District Attorney) appealed the decision to the Supreme Court. This is how the case
reached the highest court.

Social and Political Context:

The late 1960s and early 1970s were a period of significant social change in the United States. The
feminist movement was gaining momentum, advocating for women's equality, including bodily
autonomy. Public opinion on abortion was starting to shift, with growing support for legalized
abortion in certain circumstances.

However, opposition to abortion remained strong, particularly among religious conservatives. The
issue became increasingly politicized, with both sides mobilizing for the Supreme Court's decision.

3. What was the final ruling? What arguments were raised to support the majority

decision vs. the dissent? Did these arguments primarily rely on moral, legal, or empirical
grounds*? What other factors contributed to the controversy?

https://www.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-18

Roe v. Wade: The Final Verdict and Underlying Arguments

The Final Ruling (1973): The Supreme Court, in a 7-2 decision, ruled in favor of Roe. This meant:

Right to Privacy: A woman has a fundamental right to privacy, protected by the Fourteenth
Amendment's Due Process Clause, that extends to the decision to have an abortion.
Trimester Framework: However, the Court also established a trimester framework for regulating
abortion:

First Trimester: During the first trimester, the decision to have an abortion rests solely with the
woman and her doctor. States cannot regulate this decision.

Second Trimester: States can impose regulations to protect the woman's health.

Third Trimester: Once the fetus becomes viable (can survive outside the womb), states can regulate
or even prohibit abortion to protect potential life, except when necessary to preserve the mother's
life or health.

Arguments for the Majority (Roe):

Privacy & Liberty: The Fourteenth Amendment protects fundamental liberties, including the right to
privacy in personal matters. A woman's right to choose abortion falls under this right to privacy.

Women's Equality: Denying safe and legal abortions disproportionately impacted women's health
and life opportunities.

Arguments for the Dissent (Wade):

No Right to Abortion in the Constitution: The Constitution does not explicitly mention abortion.
The Fourteenth Amendment protects due process of law, not the creation of new rights.

State's Interest in Protecting Potential Life: States have a compelling interest in protecting potential
life, especially in the later stages of pregnancy.

Grounds of Arguments:

Primarily Legal: Both sides relied heavily on legal arguments regarding the interpretation of the
Fourteenth Amendment and its implications for privacy and individual rights.

Moral Arguments: Moral arguments about the sanctity of life and women's autonomy were also
present but not the primary focus of the Court's decision.

Other Factors Contributing to Controversy:

Religious Beliefs: Deeply held religious beliefs regarding abortion on both sides fueled the social
and political divide.

Women's Health: Concerns about unsafe back-alley abortions due to restricted access played a role.
State vs. Federal Power: The balance between states' rights to regulate abortion and the potential for
a national standard fueled debate.

Note: The asterisk (*) likely refers to "empirical grounds," meaning arguments based on factual
evidence or data. While some may have cited statistics on maternal mortality rates from unsafe
abortions, the Roe v. Wade's decision itself did not heavily rely on empirical evidence.

4. How did this Supreme Court’s decision interact with state laws about abortion? What was the
impact on abortion access across the US?

https://www.guttmacher.org/article/2018/01/roe-v-wade-important-points

Roe v. Wade and its Impact on State Laws and Abortion Access

Impact on State Laws:

Prior to Roe v. Wade, most states heavily restricted or outright banned abortion. The Supreme
Court's decision established a new legal framework:

States could no longer ban abortion entirely.

Regulations during pregnancy varied by trimester. This created a complex patchwork of abortion
laws across the country.

Impact on Abortion Access:

Increased Access: Roe v. Wade led to a significant increase in safe and legal abortions across the
US. Women gained greater autonomy in their reproductive choices.

Variation by State: Even with Roe, access to abortion wasn't equal everywhere. Some states passed
stricter regulations within the trimester framework, making it difficult or expensive to obtain an
abortion.

Clinics and Providers: The decision spurred the establishment of abortion clinics and increased the
number of healthcare providers offering abortion services.

However, Roe v. Wade also sparked ongoing legal battles:

Anti-abortion activists: Challenged Roe through various legal strategies, aiming to restrict access or
overturn the ruling.

Pro-abortion rights advocates: Fought to maintain and expand access to abortion services.
These ongoing legal battles resulted in a steady erosion of abortion rights in many states through
restrictions like waiting periods, mandatory parental involvement for minors, and requirements for
specific clinics to perform abortions.

Ultimately, the overturning of Roe v. Wade in June 2022 completely changed the landscape.
Individual states now have the authority to regulate or ban abortion, leading to a patchwork of
access across the country.

5. What was its impact on other laws or on related social outcomes (such as health and well-
being, gender equality, and income equality)?

https://www.guttmacher.org/article/2018/01/roe-v-wade-important-points
https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/data_stats/abortion.htm
https://www.nber.org/topics/health-economics/reproductive-health

The impact of Roe v. Wade went beyond abortion access, influencing other laws, social outcomes,
and ongoing debates:

Impact on Other Laws:

- Right to Privacy: Roe v. Wade's foundation in the right to privacy established a legal
precedent for other Supreme Court cases. It bolstered the right to use contraception
(Griswold v. Connecticut, 1965) and potentially influenced decisions on same-sex marriage
(Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015). However, the overturning of Roe v. Wade in 2022 has raised
concerns about the future of these privacy-based rights.

- Focus on Intent of Lawmakers: The trimester framework introduced a new approach to

abortion regulation, focusing on the state's interest in protecting the woman's health and
potential life at different stages of pregnancy. This framework influenced how courts analyze
restrictions on other medical procedures.

- Impact on Social Outcomes:

+ Women's Health and Well-being: Studies suggest a decline in maternal mortality rates
after Roe v. Wade, likely due to increased access to safe abortions compared to unsafe
back-alley procedures. However, recent restrictions and the overturning of Roe v.
Wade raise concerns about a potential rise in unsafe abortions and related health risks.

+ Gender Equality: Roe v. Wade is seen by many as a landmark decision for women's
equality. It gave women more control over their reproductive choices, potentially
impacting educational attainment, workforce participation, and economic
 opportunities. Restrictions and the overturning of Roe v. Wade could hinder these
advancements.

+ Income Equality: Increased access to abortion may have contributed to narrowing the
income gap between men and women. Women with more control over childbearing
could pursue education and careers, potentially leading to higher incomes. Restrictions
on abortion could disproportionately impact low-income women who may struggle to
afford travel or out-of-state care.

- Impact on Ongoing Debates:

The abortion debate in the US remains highly polarized. Roe v. Wade served as a focal point for
both sides, with ongoing legal challenges and legislative efforts to restrict or expand access. The
recent overturning of Roe v. Wade is likely to intensify these debates at the state level, with
potential social and political consequences.

It's important to note the impact of Roe v. Wade on these social outcomes is complex and there are
different perspectives on the weight of the evidence.

PART 3: DISCUSSION
1. The Right to Privacy:

The majority opinion in Roe v. Wade relied on the concept of a right to privacy within the 14th
Amendment. Do you believe this interpretation of the Constitution is sound?

How does the right to privacy, as it relates to abortion, compare to other privacy rights?

⇒ Discussion Suggestions:

- Encourage classmates to consider the historical context of the 14th Amendment and its evolving
interpretation.

- Discuss the potential limitations of a right to privacy and how they might apply to abortion.

2. Balancing Rights:

- Roe v. Wade established a framework balancing a woman's right to choose with the state's interest
in protecting potential life. How do you think this balance should be struck?

- Should the viability of the fetus be a factor in determining abortion access?

⇒ Discussion Suggestions:
- Explore the ethical considerations of fetal development and when life begins.

- Discuss the potential impact of stricter regulations on women's health and safety.

3. The Ongoing Debate:

- Roe v. Wade has been a source of intense debate for decades. What are some of the key arguments
on both sides of the issue?

- How do religious beliefs, scientific advancements, and socio-economic factors influence this
debate?

⇒ Discussion Suggestions:

- Encourage respectful dialogue, acknowledging the complexity of the issue.

- Discuss the role of legislation and the Supreme Court in shaping abortion access.

4. Looking Forward:

- With the recent changes in the Supreme Court's composition, the future of Roe v. Wade is
uncertain. What potential consequences could arise from overturning this decision?

- What are some potential solutions or compromises for moving forward on this issue?

⇒ Discussion Suggestions:

- Consider the potential impact on women's healthcare and reproductive rights.

- Encourage brainstorming ideas for finding common ground or promoting productive discourse.

The overturning of Roe v. Wade as “a mockery of democracy”

II. OUTLINE
PART 1: Introduction
- Brief overview of the presentation topics
- Introduction of speakers and their specific questions
PART 2: PRESENTATION
1. Roe v. Wade Decision (Mai Lan)

Summary of Roe v. Wade (1973)

- Roe v. Wade (1973) is one of the landmark decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court that
fundamentally transformed abortion laws in the United States.
 Background of the case
- Plaintiff: Norma McCorvey, known by the pseudonym "Jane Roe," was a young woman
seeking an abortion.
- Defendant: Henry Wade, the district attorney of Dallas County, Texas.
- Issue: McCorvey challenged the Texas laws criminalizing most abortions, arguing that they
were unconstitutional.

Case Details
- McCorvey was pregnant with her third child and wanted to terminate the pregnancy, but
Texas laws only permitted abortion to save the mother's life.
- Unable to obtain a legal abortion in Texas, McCorvey filed a lawsuit in federal court.
Supreme Court Decision
- Date: January 22, 1973.
- Outcome: The Supreme Court ruled in a 7-2 decision that Texas's abortion laws were
unconstitutional.
- Reasoning: The decision was based on the right to privacy implied by the Fourteenth
Amendment. The Court held that this right encompasses a woman's decision whether or not
to terminate her pregnancy.

Impact
- Legal Impact
- Social Impact
=>Roe v. Wade is a pivotal case in U.S. legal history that established a woman's right to
choose an abortion under certain conditions. The ruling has had lasting implications for
reproductive rights and has been the subject of ongoing legal and political challenges.
Constitutional Right Established
The Roe v. Wade decision established that the constitutional right to privacy, which is implied by
the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, extends to a woman's decision to have an
abortion. This right to privacy is not explicitly stated in the Constitution but has been interpreted by
the Supreme Court to encompass various personal decisions, including reproductive choices.
-Right to Privacy
-Balancing Interests
-Trimester Framework:
● First Trimester
 ● Second Trimester
● Third Trimester
The constitutional right established by Roe v. Wade is the right to privacy concerning a woman's
decision to have an abortion, derived from the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
This decision recognizes the autonomy of women in making reproductive choices while allowing
for state regulation to protect maternal health and potential fetal life within certain limits.
The Overturn Decision: Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022)
Decision Overview
● Date: June 24, 2022.
● Outcome: The Supreme Court, in a 6-3 decision, upheld the Mississippi law banning most
abortions after 15 weeks of pregnancy and overturned the Roe v. Wade (1973) and Planned
Parenthood v. Casey (1992) decisions.
● Majority Opinion: The majority opinion, authored by Justice Samuel Alito, stated that the
Constitution does not explicitly protect the right to an abortion. The opinion argued that Roe
and Casey were wrongly decided and that the issue of abortion regulation should be returned
to the states and their elected representatives.
The Dobbs decision represents a significant shift in U.S. constitutional law, fundamentally
altering the landscape of reproductive rights by overturning the nearly 50-year precedent set by Roe
v. Wade. The authority to regulate abortion now lies with individual states, leading to a patchwork
of laws and regulations across the country.
Reasoning behind the US Supreme Court’s decision to overturn Roe v. Wade
-Historical Context and Legal Tradition
● Not Deeply Rooted in History
● Common Law
-Constitutional Text and Structure
● No Explicit Right
● Due Process Clause
-Judicial Overreach in Roe and Casey
● Wrongly Decided
● Standard of Review
-Return of Authority to the States
● Democratic Process
● Federalism
-Stare Decisis
● Precedent Reconsidered

2. Principles of Democracy (Thao)

● Definition of Democracy
- Governance by the people, either directly or through elected representatives
● Fundamental Principles
- Popular sovereignty
- Rule of law
- Individual rights and freedoms
- Free and fair elections
- Majority rule with minority rights
● Practice of Democracy in the US
- Federal and state elections
- Separation of powers
- Checks and balances
- Judicial review

3. Democratic Concerns Over the Decision (Mai Phuong)

● Aspects of the Decision Seen as Undemocratic

- Perceived disregarding for precedent (stare decisis)
- Potential to undermine individual rights previously protected
- Fear of politicization of the Supreme Court
● Arguments for Consistency with Democratic Principles
- Return of power to state legislatures and voters
- Encouragement of democratic debate and decision-making at the state level
● The Guardian's Argument: "A Mockery of Democracy"
- Criticism of the decision's impact on women's rights and equality
- Concerns over the influence of minority views over majority preferences

4. Judiciary and Democratic Governance (Huyen)

● What does this case reveal about the relationship between the judiciary and democratic
governance in the United States?
● Judicial Power and Democratic Process:
 + The judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court, plays a crucial role in interpreting the
Constitution and thus can profoundly influence the laws and policies that govern
American society.
+ The historic decision to overturn Roe v. Wade ruling marks the first time the Supreme
Court has revoked a fundamental right in its history. At the same time, it reflects the
conflicting relationship between the judiciary and democratic governance in the
United States.
● Judicial Independence vs. Political Influence:
+ The judiciary is supposed to be an independent arbiter, free from political pressures.
However, the composition of the Supreme Court, shaped by presidential appointments
and Senate confirmations, reflects the political leanings of those in power.
+ Although an estimated 85% of Americans support legal abortion under certain
circumstances.
+ The decision to overturn Roe v. Wade, with a majority of justices appointed by
Republican presidents, has fueled perceptions that the Court is increasingly influenced
by political ideologies, potentially compromising its role as an impartial institution
=> It raises questions and criticisms about the legitimacy of the Court - who chooses the justices—is
the larger Electoral College problem of minority rule in the United States.
● Impact on Future Supreme Court Rulings
- Concerns about judicial activism vs. judicial restraint
+ Justice Clarence Thomas has hinted at potential future rulings, indicating that the
conservative-controlled Supreme Court might reverse key issues important to
America, raises concerns about the Court's commitment to safeguarding the rights of
vulnerable populations.
+ This includes access to contraception and marriage equality, directly threatening the
rights of the LGBTQ+ community.
- Impact on public trust and legitimacy of the Supreme Court:
+ The overturning of Roe v. Wade has polarized public opinion, with some
viewing it as a correction of judicial overreach and others as an erosion of
fundamental rights.
+ According to a Gallup poll conducted in June, only 25% of American adults said they
have "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in the Supreme Court.
=> In summary, the overturning of Roe v. Wade highlights tensions between judicial authority and
democratic governance, revealing the intricate dynamics of judicial influence, political power, and
the protection of rights in American democracy. It has the potential to shape future Supreme Court
rulings and significantly alter the public's perception of the Court’s role in upholding the principles
of democracy and justice.
 5. Citizen Engagement in Democratic Processes (Phuc Linh)

● Ways for Citizens to Address Concerns

- Contacting Elected Representatives: Reach out to local, state, or national representatives
through emails, letters, or phone calls to express concerns and ask for their stance on the issue.
- Participating in Public Meetings: Attend town hall meetings, city council sessions, or
public hearings where decisions are being discussed. Many of these meetings allow for public
comment.
- Joining Advocacy Groups: Become involved in organizations that advocate for specific
causes or issues relevant to the decision. These groups often organize campaigns, petitions, and
other forms of advocacy.
- Voting: Participate in elections at all levels (local, state, national) to elect officials who
align with your concerns and can represent your interests in decision-making processes.
- Legal Actions: In cases where decisions might have legal implications or violate rights,
citizens can explore legal avenues such as filing petitions, lawsuits, or seeking injunctions.
- Media Engagement: Write letters to the editor, contribute op-eds, or engage with media
outlets to bring attention to the issue and influence public opinion.
- Collaboration and Compromise: Understand that democratic processes often involve
negotiation and compromise. Working collaboratively with stakeholders and officials can lead to
more effective solutions.

OUTLINE - Presentation 1: Background information

I. Historical Background

1. Initial Reluctance to Join the European Economic Community (EEC): 1946-1973

- Post-WWII Reconstruction:
▪ Europe sought economic and political partnerships for peace and resource pooling
▪ 1957: EEC created by the Treaty of Rome
- British Ambivalence:
▪ Concerns over national sovereignty and impact on the Commonwealth
▪ Explored alternatives like the European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
- Multiple Attempts to Join the EEC:
▪ Blocked by French President Charles de Gaulle in 1963 and 1967
- 1973: The UK Joins the EEC:
▪ Successful application post-de Gaulle's resignation
▪ Official membership on January 1, 1973, under Prime Minister Edward Heath
2. Skepticism Towards European Integration
- 1975: First Referendum on EEC Membership:
▪ Growing domestic debate addressed by referendum
 ▪ Outcome: 67% voted to remain in the EEC
- 1980s-1990s: Growing Skepticism, Particularly Within the Conservative Party:
▪ Key Figures:
o Margaret Thatcher's increasing criticism of European integration
▪ Events:
o 1988: Thatcher's Bruges Speech
o 1990: Resignation of Thatcher due to internal party divisions
- 1992: Maastricht Treaty:
▪ Expanded EU scope and intensified sovereignty debates
Growing Influence of Eurosceptic Movements
- November 1, 1993: Maastricht Treaty
▪ Changed the EEC to the EC and created the EU
- 1997-2010: Euroscepticism Grows:
▪ EU expansion and centralization increased sovereignty and immigration concerns
▪ Key Figures: Tony Blair's pro-EU stance faced domestic opposition

3. Referendum on EU Membership

II. Main Events of Brexit

David Cameron's Veto and Renegotiation Promise

● 2011: David Cameron became the first UK prime minister to veto an EU treaty, aiming to
protect Britain’s financial sector.
● 2013: Cameron promised to renegotiate the UK's EU membership and hold a referendum if
the Conservative Party won a majority in the next general election.

Brexit Referendum

June 23, 2016:In response to increasing pressure from Eurosceptic factions, the UK
government held a referendum on EU membership on June 23, 2016. The Brexit referendum
resulted in 51.9% of voters supporting the UK's departure from the EU.

1. 2016:
- June 23: Referendum result
- July 11: Theresa May becomes Prime Minister
2. 2017:
- January 17: May's Lancaster House speech
- March 29: Article 50 triggered
- June 8: Conservatives lose majority in snap general election
3. 2018:
- March 2: May's Mansion House speech
- July 6: Chequers plan unveiled
- November 25: Brexit deal struck with EU
4. 2019:
- January 15: First meaningful vote defeat
- March 29: Third meaningful vote defeat
- July 23: Boris Johnson becomes Prime Minister
- October 17: New Brexit deal struck
5. 2020:
- January 31: UK officially leaves the EU
- February 1: Transition phase begins

III. The EU Referendum and Voting Patterns

1. The EU Referendum (Brexit Referendum)

- Held on June 23, 2016
- Results: Leave (51.9%), Remain (48.1%)
2. Voting Patterns
- Regional Differences:
▪ England and Wales vs. Scotland and Northern Ireland
- Urban vs. Rural:
▪ Urban areas vs. rural and smaller towns
- Age Demographics:
▪ Younger voters vs. older voters
- Educational Attainment:
▪ Higher education levels vs. lower education levels
- Economic Factors:
▪ Economic deprivation vs. affluent areas

IV. Key Factors Shaping British Euroscepticism

1. National Sovereignty
- Concerns over EU's influence on UK laws, policies, and domestic issues
- Controversial treaties: Maastricht and Lisbon
2. Economic Concerns
- Debate on economic impact vs. benefits of EU membership
- Restrictions from EU regulations and potential for better independent trade deals
3. Immigration and Border Control
- Freedom of movement within the EU and its strain on UK public services
- 2004 EU expansion raised fears about job competition and public service pressure
4. National Identity and Culture
- Perceived erosion of UK's national identity and cultural uniqueness due to EU integration
5. Skepticism Towards EU Institutions
- Suspicion about EU's transparency, accountability, and effectiveness
6. Historical and International Relations
- UK's global outlook and traditional alliances beyond Europe
V. Lessons Learned from Voting Patterns

1. The urban-rural divide and regional inequalities

2. Importance of education and information
3. Age and generational divides
4. Immigration and identity concerns
5. Economic insecurity and globalization impacts

VI. Conclusion
● Summary of key points

VII. References
1. https://guides.loc.gov/brexit
2. https://www.history.com/news/the-history-behind-brexit
3. https://fastercapital.com/content/The-Power-of-the-People--Analyzing-the-Brexit-
Referendum.html
4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X20300740
5. https://www.euronews.com/2020/01/30/brexit-timeline-2016-2020-key-events-in-the-uk-s-path-
from-referendum-to-eu-exit

XIX . Q&A

1.How did socio-economic factors and regional disparities influence the voting patterns
in the Brexit referendum, and what lessons can be learned to address these divides in
future policymaking?

● Socio-economic Factors:
- Economic Deprivation: Voters in economically deprived areas, often feeling left behind by
globalization, were more likely to support Brexit. They believed that leaving the EU could lead
to better job opportunities and economic prospects.
- Employment and Wages: Concerns about job competition and wage stagnation due to
immigration were significant among those in lower-paid, less secure employment.
- Education Levels: Voters with lower educational attainment were more likely to support
Brexit, possibly due to less exposure to the perceived benefits of EU membership, such as
travel, work, and study opportunities.
● Regional Disparities:
- Urban vs. Rural Divide: Urban areas, especially large cities like London, Manchester, and
Liverpool, predominantly voted to remain due to better economic conditions and more diverse
populations. Rural areas and smaller towns, facing economic challenges and fewer
opportunities, leaned towards leaving the EU.
- Regional Economic Health: Regions that had benefited more from EU funding and trade, such
as Scotland and Northern Ireland, were more inclined to remain, highlighting the perceived
economic advantages of EU membership.
 Lessons Learned:

● Addressing Economic Inequality: Policymakers need to focus on reducing regional economic

disparities by investing in infrastructure, education, and job creation in economically deprived
areas.
● Improving Education and Information Access: Enhancing civic education and ensuring
access to accurate information can help the public make more informed decisions about
complex issues like EU membership.
● Tailored Economic Policies: Developing policies that specifically address the concerns of
regions and communities that feel left behind by globalization and technological advancements
can help bridge socio-economic divides.
● Inclusive Policy Making: Engaging with and including diverse demographic groups in the
policymaking process can ensure that a wider range of perspectives and needs are considered.

2. What were the key challenges and turning points during the Brexit negotiation process,
and how did these shape the final outcome of the UK's departure from the EU?

● Key Challenges:
- Negotiating Terms: Balancing the demands for full sovereignty with the need for continued
access to the EU single market was a significant challenge. The UK wanted to control
immigration and free itself from EU regulations while still maintaining favorable trade terms.
- Irish Border Issue: Finding a solution to the Irish border was one of the most contentious
issues. The need to avoid a hard border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland
while ensuring the UK’s exit from the customs union was a complex and divisive issue.
- Political Divisions: Internal political divisions within the UK, particularly within the
Conservative Party, led to multiple resignations and shifts in negotiation strategy. This
instability complicated the negotiation process.
● Turning Points:
- Theresa May's Leadership and Lancaster House Speech: May's speech setting out her vision
for Brexit, including leaving the single market, set the tone for the negotiations but also faced
significant opposition.
- Chequers Plan: May’s proposal for a “common rulebook” with the EU led to resignations
within her cabinet and was ultimately rejected by the EU, highlighting the difficulties in finding
a compromise.
- Boris Johnson's Election and New Deal: Johnson’s election as Prime Minister brought a new
approach to the negotiations, including the removal of the Irish backstop in favor of a new
protocol. This was crucial in finally reaching an agreement with the EU.

- Impact on the Final Outcome:

● Transition Period and Withdrawal Agreement: The challenges and turning points led to the
establishment of a transition period during which the UK and EU would negotiate their future
relationship. The final withdrawal agreement included compromises on key issues such as the
Irish border and financial settlements.
● Political and Social Divisions: The prolonged and contentious negotiation process exacerbated
political and social divisions within the UK, highlighting the need for future efforts to address
these rifts.
● Lessons for Future Negotiations: The Brexit process underscored the importance of clear
objectives, stable leadership, and effective communication in complex international
negotiations. Future policymakers can learn from these experiences to navigate similarly
challenging negotiations more effectively.

I. Outline
1. Economic arguments for Brexit and the prominent figures, evidence and criticism of the
arguments (Quỳnh)

a) Argument 1: Job Creation and Economic Growth

- Some proponents argued that Brexit would create opportunities for job creation and stimulate
economic growth, citing examples of countries outside the EU that have prospered economically
despite not being part of the EU
Evidence:
Criticism: Potential Economic Contraction: Economic forecasts from institutions like the Bank of England
and the Treasury suggested that Brexit could lead to slower economic growth, reduced GDP, and potential
job losses, particularly in sectors heavily reliant on EU trade.
b) Argument 2: Trade Opportunities
- Brexit supporters suggested that leaving the EU would allow the UK to negotiate its own trade deals
with countries outside the EU, potentially leading to better trade agreements that suit the UK's
interests more closely.
- They argued that the EU's trade deals might not always be in the best interest of the UK economy.
Evidence:
- Customs and Trade: Outside the EU customs union, the UK would have the autonomy to negotiate
its own trade agreements with non-EU countries
Criticism: Risk to Trade: Critics argued that leaving the EU single market and customs union would disrupt
existing trade relationships, leading to higher trade barriers, tariffs, and increased costs for businesses,
which could negatively impact the UK economy
c) Argument 3: Sovereignty and Control
- One of the fundamental arguments was that leaving the EU would restore full sovereignty to the UK,
allowing it to regain control over its laws, borders, and trade policies. Proponents argued that this
would enable the UK to make decisions independently without being bound by EU regulations
Evidence:
- European Court of Justice (ECJ): As a member of the EU, the UK is subject to rulings from the ECJ,
which interprets EU laws and treaties. Leaving the EU would remove the obligation to adhere to
ECJ decisions, giving the UK judiciary full control over legal interpretations.
- Exiting the EU would allow the UK to repeal or amend laws that are currently mandated by EU
directives.
Criticism: “Loss of Influence Critics” Critics argued that leaving the EU would diminish the UK's influence on
global regulatory standards and trade negotiations, potentially leaving it in a weaker position compared to
larger trading blocs like the EU or the US.

Prominent Figures and Groups Presenting These Arguments

- Boris Johnson: Former UK Prime Minister who led the Leave campaign, advocating for
sovereignty and economic independence.
- Nigel Farage: Leader of the UK Independence Party (UKIP), a prominent Eurosceptic figure who
campaigned for Brexit primarily on immigration and sovereignty grounds.
 - Economists for Free Trade (EFT): A group of economists who argued that Brexit would lead to
economic benefits such as reduced regulation and increased global trade opportunities.
- the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA)

1. Economic arguments against Brexit and the prominent figures, evidence and criticism of the
arguments. (Nga)
a) Argument 1: Many economists predict that Brexit can have a protracted-term negative
impact on UK economic growth.
Evidence: The UK’s Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) has predicted that Brexit will lessen the UK’s
GDP by means of about four% inside the long term as compared to if the UK had remained inside the EU.
Criticism: Some argue that the UK economy is resilient and could adapt to the new conditions, ultimately
experiencing growth pushed with the aid of innovation and international exchange.
b) Argument 2: Brexit has induced considerable fluctuation in the price of the British pound
(currency fluctuation)
Evidence: Immediately following the 2016 vote, the pound dropped to its lowest stage against the US dollar
in over 30 years, affecting import fees and inflation.
Criticism: Critics argue that forex fluctuations are a herbal part of monetary adjustment and can have fine
results, consisting of making UK exports more competitive.
c) Argument 3: The UK’s departure from the EU customs union can disrupt established supply
chains, leading to delays and increased costs for businesses reliant on cross-border trade.
(supply chain disruption)
Evidence: Reports from the Road Haulage Association indicate significant disruptions in supply chains,
affecting industries reliant on just-in-time delivery systems.
Criticism: Supporters of Brexit claim that businesses will adapt their supply chains over time, reducing the
impact of initial disruptions.
d) Argument 4: Brexit creates uncertainty which could deter buyers, potentially leading to a
lower in FDI and harming economic increase. (foreign investment)
Evidence: The Financial Times reported that foreign direct investment inside the UK fell by means of 19%
in 2020, partially attributed to Brexit uncertainty. A survey by the London School of Economics found that
Brexit decreased FDI inflows via around 6%.
Criticism: Critics contend that the United Kingdom can create an extra business-friendly environment out of
the EU's regulatory framework, probably attracting new kinds of FDI.
e) Argument 5:Brexit may reduce London's attractiveness as a global financial hub, leading to
a potential loss of jobs and economic activity to other financial centers in the EU. (financial
service)
Evidence: EY’s Brexit Tracker mentioned that over 7,500 monetary offerings jobs had been relocated from
the UK to the EU due to Brexit.
Criticism: Supporters advise that London can maintain its status as a global economic hub with the aid of
forging new relationships and creating a greater appealing regulatory surroundings.

Prominent Figures and Groups Presenting These Arguments

- Business Leaders and Organizations:

+ Confederation of British Industry (CBI) and British Chambers of Commerce (BCC): Highlighted
potential negative impacts on businesses.
+ National Farmers’ Union (NFU): Raised concerns about the agricultural sector.
- Political Figures:
+ Tony Blair and John Major: Former Prime Ministers who have warned about the negative
economic consequences.
+ Keir Starmer: Leader of the Labour Party critical of the government's handling of Brexit.
+ Nicola Sturgeon: First Minister of Scotland emphasizing potential economic harm to Scotland.
- Academic Institutions and Think Tanks:
 + National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) and Resolution Foundation:
Produced reports on the economic impact of Brexit.
+ UK in a Changing Europe: Provided evidence-based analysis on Brexit and its effects.
- International Organizations:
+ International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD): Issued warnings about potential economic risks associated with Brexit.

2. Economic Issues for UK-EU Negotiations During Brexit (Chi)

As the UK leaves the EU, several key economic issues need to be negotiated:

● Trade Agreements: Establishing new trade deals to ensure tariff-free access to each other's
markets for goods and services.
● Customs Arrangements: Developing new customs procedures to manage the movement of goods
across borders, aiming to avoid delays and additional costs.
● Financial Services: Negotiating access to the EU's financial markets for UK-based financial
institutions and addressing regulatory alignment.
● Immigration and Labor Mobility: Defining new immigration policies and the rights of EU citizens in
the UK and vice versa, impacting labor markets and skills availability.
● Regulatory Standards: Agreeing on common or mutually recognized regulatory standards to
facilitate trade and cooperation.
● Fisheries: Determining access to fishing waters and quotas for fishing catches, a contentious issue
for coastal communities.
● Data Protection: Ensuring the UK meets EU data protection standards to allow the free flow of
data.
● Northern Ireland Border: Managing the unique challenges posed by the land border between
Northern Ireland (part of the UK) and the Republic of Ireland (an EU member), ensuring it remains
open while maintaining regulatory checks.
● Dispute Resolution Mechanisms: Creating frameworks for resolving disputes that arise from the
new agreements.
● State Aid and Competition Rules: Aligning policies on government subsidies and competition to
maintain a level playing field.
-> These issues require careful negotiation to balance sovereignty, economic stability, and cooperation.
3. How do the economic arguments display identity politics (claims made about groups of
people)? (Giang)
The economic arguments for Brexit often intersect with identity politics in several ways:

1. National sovereignty: Many pro-Brexit arguments emphasize regaining control over economic decisions,
framing it as a matter of British identity and independence from EU regulations.

2. Immigration and labor market: Brexit supporters often argue that reducing EU immigration would protect
British workers and wages, appealing to a sense of national identity and prioritizing "native" workers.

3. Trade relationships: Arguments for new trade deals outside the EU often invoke Britain's historical
identity as a global trading nation, separate from Europe.

4. Fisheries and agriculture: These sectors, while economically small, are often portrayed as culturally
significant, tying economic arguments to traditional British identities and ways of life.

5. EU budget contributions: The argument to redirect EU payments to domestic priorities often appeals to a
sense of putting "British people first."
 These economic arguments often blend with notions of British exceptionalism, nostalgia for past global
influence, and a desire for perceived self-determination. This mixture of economic and identity-based
reasoning can make it difficult to separate purely economic considerations from emotional or cultural
factors in the Brexit debate.

Brexit & (Non-)Economic Reasoning

Non-economic arguments for and against Brexit

I. Non-Economic Arguments for/ against Brexit

1. Sovereignty and Democratic Control

Definition : - Sovereignty: Sovereignty refers to the supreme authority of a state to govern itself
without external interference.
- Democratic Control: Democratic control means that decision-making power resides with elected
representatives accountable to the electorate.

Historical Context

- European Communities Act 1972: Enabled the UK to join the EEC, leading to the precedence of
EU law over UK law in certain areas.

- Evolution of the EU: Through treaties such as Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice, and Lisbon, the EU
has gained more legislative and regulatory powers.

Main Point (for Brexit): Brexit proponents argue that leaving the EU restores full legislative and
judicial powers to the UK Parliament and courts, enhancing national sovereignty and democratic
accountability.
Details:
● Legislative Independence: By exiting the EU, the UK can legislate without interference from
EU directives and regulations. Supporters believe this will allow the UK to tailor laws specifically to
its needs.
● Judicial Independence: The European Court of Justice (ECJ) no longer has jurisdiction
over the UK, meaning UK courts will have the final say on legal matters.
● Vote Leave: Focused on the message of reclaiming sovereignty from the EU
● Prominent Figures/Groups: Boris Johnson: Positioned Brexit as a way to "take back
control" of laws and governance.
Argument for remaining:
Shared Sovereignty for Greater Influence

● Pooling Sovereignty: EU membership involves sharing sovereignty for collective strength

and influence on the global stage.
● Economic Benefits: Access to the single market facilitates trade, investment, and economic
growth.

Democratic Participation in EU Decisions

● Representation in EU Institutions: The UK has a say in EU legislation through its elected

MEPs (Members of the European Parliament) and participation in the European Council.
● Protection of Rights: EU membership ensures high standards in areas such as workers'
rights, consumer protection, and environmental regulations.

Practical Interdependence

● Security and Cooperation: Collaboration on issues such as security, research, and

environmental protection benefits from EU-wide coordination.
● Regulatory Alignment: Common standards simplify trade and travel within the EU,
benefiting businesses and citizens.

Counterpoint (Against Brexit):

Challenges of Complete Sovereignty
● Global Interdependence: In a highly interconnected world, absolute sovereignty can be
impractical as global challenges require international cooperation.
● Economic Risks: Leaving the EU could disrupt trade and investment, potentially harming
the UK economy.

Shared Resources: The EU provides funding and support for various regional and national
projects, benefiting member states.
Collective Bargaining Power: The EU's collective strength in negotiations with other global powers
(e.g., trade deals) can be more advantageous than negotiating alone.

Concluding

● Balancing Sovereignty and Cooperation: The debate is not simply about choosing between
sovereignty and democratic control versus EU membership; it is about finding the right balance to
maximize national benefits while engaging in effective international cooperation.
2. Immigration and Border Control

Main Point (for Brexit): Brexit supporters believe that leaving the EU allows the UK to implement
its own immigration policies, better controlling the number and type of immigrants.
Details:
● Tailored Immigration Policy: The UK can design immigration policies that prioritize skilled
workers and sectors in need, rather than being bound by the EU’s freedom of movement.
● National Security: Control over borders is seen as crucial for managing security threats and
ensuring that the UK can vet who enters the country.
● Leave EU: Campaigned heavily on immigration control, suggesting it would lead to better
public services and job opportunities for UK citizens.
● Prominent Figures/Groups: Nigel Farage: Argued for reducing immigration and
implementing a points-based system similar to Australia’s.
Argument for remaining:
● Access to skilled workers is a rising concern for business with 55% of CBI members fearing
they will not be able to hire enough skilled workers.

● The free movement of people provides employers with a wider pool to source the skills
needed to keep their business running and protect the jobs they create in Britain.
● Free movement also allows British citizens to work abroad with approximately 1.8 million
UK nationals living and working in the EU.
● Opponents argue that many immigrants contribute positively to the UK economy and
society. They also highlight that immigration control does not necessarily solve underlying issues
like labor shortages or integration challenges.
Counterpoint (against brexit):
● Immigrants, especially those from the EU, pay more in taxes than they take out.
● Cameron's EU deal means in-work benefits for new EU migrant workers will be limited for
the first four years.
● Outside the EU the UK would still have to accept free movement to gain full access to the
single market.
● Immigration is good for the economy.

3. International Influence

Main Point: Remaining in the EU amplifies the UK’s global influence through collective power and
cooperation.
Argument for remaining
1. Economic Stability and Growth:

Single Market Access:

The single market allows for the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people, which is
crucial for the UK economy. Businesses benefit from seamless trade across European borders
without tariffs or regulatory barriers. This access supports UK businesses, attracts foreign
investment, and fosters economic growth. Losing this could lead to significant trade barriers,
reduced market access, and economic instability.

2. Political Influence and Security:

Global Influence:

Being part of the EU gives the UK a stronger voice in international affairs. The EU's collective
bargaining power enhances the UK's influence in global trade negotiations, environmental
agreements, and diplomatic initiatives. This greater influence helps the UK shape international
policies and agreements in ways that align with its national interests. Outside the EU, the UK's
ability to influence global decisions would be significantly diminished.

3. Security and Defense:

Collaborative Security Arrangements:

EU membership enhances national security through shared intelligence, coordinated counter-

terrorism efforts, and joint military initiatives. Collaborative security arrangements help protect the
UK from various threats. This cooperation is vital for addressing cross-border security challenges,
such as terrorism, organized crime, and cyber threats. Leaving the EU could weaken these
security ties and make the UK more vulnerable to external threats.

Argument for leaving:

1. Sovereignty and Self-Governance:

Restoring Parliamentary Sovereignty:

Leaving the EU allows the UK to regain full control over its laws and regulations, which were
previously subject to EU legislation and oversight. This enhances the power of the UK Parliament
to make decisions that directly reflect the will of its citizens, ensuring that UK laws are made by
elected representatives accountable to the British public.
2. Control Over Immigration:

Establishing Independent Immigration Policies:

Exiting the EU gives the UK the ability to establish and enforce its own immigration policies, which
is a significant concern for many UK citizens. This enables the government to better manage and
control the flow of people entering the country, addressing public concerns about immigration and
its impact on public services, job markets, and social cohesion.

3. Economic Independence:

Freedom to Negotiate Trade Deals:

Outside the EU, the UK can independently negotiate trade agreements with countries around the
world, free from the constraints of EU-wide trade policies. This flexibility allows the UK to tailor
trade deals to its specific needs and priorities, potentially opening up new markets and economic
opportunities that align more closely with the UK's interests and strengths.

Argument for remaining:

Counterpoint (against Brexit)

Moreover, the UK's ability to shape and influence global decisions will be diminished. Within the
EU, the UK had a voice in crafting collective policies and decisions that have a global impact.
Outside the EU, the UK's influence is likely to be reduced, as it will no longer be part of this
powerful bloc. This shift could have significant implications for the UK's foreign policy, economic
strategy, and global standing.

In summary, critics contend that while the UK may gain some sovereignty by leaving the EU, it
risks losing the substantial benefits that come with the EU's collective bargaining power and
influence on the global stage. This trade-off could have far-reaching consequences for the UK's
future prosperity and international relations."

II. How do issues of national identity, cultural heritage, and sovereignty feature in the arguments for
and against Brexit?

National identity and cultural heritage are closely intertwined concepts that feature prominently in
how countries define themselves and their place in the world

1. The importance of national identity and cultural heritage to a country

1.1. The importance of national identity to a country

● A strong national identity is essential for a country's survival.

● It serves as a unifying force that brings people together around shared values, traditions,
and a common purpose.
● National identity is often forged through a sense of belonging to a specific territory,
language, and culture. It can be reinforced through education, sport, and political rhetoric

1.2 The importance of cultural heritage to a country

● Cultural heritage is important because it strengthens the sense of community and

togetherness .
● It is a strategic resource for countries and plays a crucial role in the formation of public
consciousness and the development of society .
● Cultural heritage represents the history and identity of nations, and its protection is
essential for preserving the history and identity of a country.

1.3 UK national identity

UK national identity is a complex and multifaceted concept that encompasses the shared
culture, languages, and traditions of the British people. It includes the claimed qualities that bind
and distinguish the British and the expressions of British culture that are readily identifiable with
the United Kingdom.
At its core, British identity is a combination of the national identities of England, Scotland, and
Wales. However, there are significant regional differences in how people identify:
- In Scotland, over half (56%) identify more with Scottishness than Britishness. In the 2011
census, 62% identified as Scottish only and 18% as Scottish and British.
- In Wales, the majority (63.2%) describe themselves as Welsh. There are also political
differences, with Labour constituencies in Wales more likely to identify as Welsh and Conservative
constituencies more likely to identify as British.
- In England, those in the North and Midlands are more likely to identify as English than
British, while Londoners are more likely to prioritize Britishness, likely due to the city's diversity.
English Conservative voters are much more likely to identify as English than Labour voters.
The 2021 UK Census showed that 90.3% of residents identified with at least one UK national
identity, a slight decrease from 92.0% in 2011[1]. The number of people identifying with non-UK
identities increased from 0.9% to 2.0% over the same period.

2. Issues of national identity

2.1. Arguments for Brexit:
 - Reasserting Traditional British Identity: Many Brexit supporters saw leaving the EU as a
way to return to traditional British values, focusing on ethnicity, culture, and customs. They felt that
EU influence threatened these aspects of British identity.
- Control Over Immigration: Concerns about immigration were closely tied to the desire to
preserve a certain vision of British national identity. Brexit was seen as a way to regain control
over borders and limit immigration.
- Divisions Within the UK: The Brexit vote revealed regional differences, with England and
Wales voting to leave while Scotland and Northern Ireland voted to remain. This highlighted and
deepened debates about the future of the British union and the possibility of Scottish
independence.

2.2 Arguments Against Brexit:

- Cosmopolitan and Internationalist Views: Those who wanted to remain in the EU often had
more cosmopolitan views that contrasted with the culturally conservative vision of British identity
favored by Brexit supporters.
- Cultural Diversity: Remain supporters were concerned that Brexit would harm Britain's
cultural diversity by restricting the free movement of people and goods with the EU, leading to a
less vibrant cultural landscape.
- Strong Remainer Identities: Many who supported staying in the EU felt a strong connection
to a more inclusive, European-oriented national identity. This group continued to feel that Brexit
threatened this inclusive vision even after the referendum.

3 Issues of cultural heritage

3.1 Arguments in Favor of Cultural Heritage in Brexit:
● Preserving National Identity and Sovereignty
➢ Britain's cultural heritage is key to its national identity and sovereignty. Protecting it was
seen as a way to reclaim control and autonomy from the EU.
➢ Some Brexit supporters wanted to "take back control" of British cultural heritage and
traditions.
● Economic Benefits of Cultural Tourism
➢ Cultural heritage sites attract tourists, which is important for the UK's economy. Maintaining
control over these assets was seen as vital for economic growth.
➢ Brexit was viewed as a chance to promote a unique "Global Britain" image based on its
cultural heritage.
● Challenges to EU Regulations and Cooperation
➢ Brexit removed EU rules on the movement of cultural objects and people, causing
uncertainty and potential risks for heritage protection.
➢ Some worried that losing EU funding programs like Creative Europe would harm the UK's
cultural sector.

3.2. Arguments Against the Emphasis on Cultural Heritage in Brexit:

● Overshadowing Economic and Political Factors
➢ Critics said focusing on cultural heritage and national identity distracted from key economic
and political issues in the Brexit debate.
➢ There were fears that a nationalistic focus on cultural heritage could deepen social divisions
and harm the UK's multicultural character.
● Lack of Nuance in Defining "Britishness"
➢ The idea of British cultural identity is complex, with different views on "Englishness,"
"Britishness," and the identities of the devolved nations.
➢ A simplistic view of British cultural heritage ignored the evolving and diverse nature of
national identity.
● Potential Damage to International Cooperation
➢ Some saw the disruption to EU cultural cooperation and the mobility of heritage
professionals as isolating the UK and weakening its global influence.
there are 3 main point show that the benefits of UK when leaving EU

1. Economic arguments for Brexit and the prominent figures, evidence and criticism of
the arguments (Quỳnh)

Prominent Figures and Groups Presenting These Arguments

- Boris Johnson: Former UK Prime Minister who led the Leave campaign, advocating for
sovereignty and economic independence.
- Nigel Farage: Leader of the UK Independence Party (UKIP), a prominent Eurosceptic figure
who campaigned for Brexit primarily on immigration and sovereignty grounds.
- Economists for Free Trade (EFT): A group of economists who argued that Brexit would
lead to economic benefits such as reduced regulation and increased global trade opportunities
Argument 1: Sovereignty and Control
- Britain will not be constrained by rigid EU regulations, nor suffer consequences from unrest
and scandals in other member states. It will have the autonomy to decide on all issues
without the consent of the other 27 countries
- One of the fundamental arguments was that leaving the EU would restore full sovereignty to
the UK, allowing it to regain control over its laws, borders, and trade policies. Proponents
argued that this would enable the UK to make decisions independently without being bound
by EU regulations
Evidence for this argument
 ● European Court of Justice (ECJ): As a member of the EU, the UK is subject to rulings from
the ECJ, which interprets EU laws and treaties. Leaving the EU would remove the obligation
to adhere to ECJ decisions, giving the UK judiciary full control over legal interpretations.
● Exiting the EU would allow the UK to repeal or amend laws that are currently mandated by
EU directives

Criticism: “Loss of Influence Critics” Critics argued that leaving the EU would diminish the UK's
influence on global regulatory standards and trade negotiations, potentially leaving it in a weaker
position compared to larger trading blocs like the EU or the US.

b, Argument 2: Trade Opportunities

- Brexit supporters suggested that leaving the EU would allow the UK to negotiate its own
trade deals with countries outside the EU, potentially leading to better trade agreements that
suit the UK's interests more closely.
- They argued that the EU's trade deals might not always be in the best interest of the UK
economy.

Evidence:
- Customs and Trade: Outside the EU customs union, the UK would have the autonomy to
negotiate its own trade agreements with non-EU countries
- it is showed that there is a significant rise in the trading rate of uki to the world in 2021, from
100 to 150

Criticism: Risk to Trade:

- Critics argued that leaving the EU single market and customs union would disrupt existing
trade relationships, leading to higher trade barriers, tariffs, and increased costs for businesses,
which could negatively impact the UK economy

Argument 3: Job Creation and Economic Growth

- Some proponents argued that Brexit would create opportunities for job creation and stimulate
economic growth, citing examples of countries outside the EU that have prospered
economically despite not being part of the EU
- The job competition for British citizens with immigrants will no longer be as fierce as before.
- Britain will be seen as a safe haven to avoid financial risks in Europe, attracting investment
and boosting the value of the British pound significantly.

Evidence:
- Intriguingly, the vote for Brexit also led many UK-based job seekers to search for work
abroad, but beyond the borders of the EU
- In fact, searches from the UK to the rest of the world were 73% higher at their peak on June
24th than the average in the days before the results of the referendum were announced
Criticism: Potential Economic Contraction:
 - Economic forecasts from institutions like the Bank of England and the Treasury suggested
that Brexit could lead to slower economic growth, reduced GDP, and potential job losses,
particularly in sectors heavily reliant on EU trade.
- According to Economic forecasts from institutions like the Bank of England and the Treasury
+ Lead to slower economic growth and Reduced GDP and potential job losses,
particularly in sectors heavily reliant on EU trade

I’m going to continue with the next part:

2. Economic arguments against Brexit and the prominent figures, evidence and criticism of
the arguments. (Nga)
a) Argument 1: Foreign investment - Brexit creates uncertainty that can deter investors,
potentially leading to a decrease in FDI and harming economic growth.
Prominent Figure: Mark Carney, former Governor of the Bank of England, has warned that Brexit
could significantly impact foreign investment in the UK.
Evidence: Trends in inward FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) into the UK as a percentage of GDP
over the last decade are shown in the graph below. According to the UK Parliament, in 2016, the
value of the UK’s inward FDI was equal to 9.6% of GDP. This has now fallen year-on-year since
2016 and was equal to -2.3% in 2021, partly attributed to Brexit.

Criticism: However, critics contend that the UK can create a more business-friendly environment
outside the EU's regulatory framework, potentially attracting new types of FDI.
b) Argument 2: Currency Fluctuations - Brexit has caused significant volatility in the
value of the British pound, leading to uncertainty for businesses and consumers.
Prominent Figure: George Soros, financier and philanthropist, highlighted the risks of currency
fluctuations that caused by Brexit.
Evidence: Immediately following the 2016 vote, the pound dropped to its lowest level against the
US dollar in over 30 years, affecting import costs and inflation.
Criticism: On the other hand, many people argue that currency fluctuations are a natural part of
economic adjustment and can have positive effects, such as making UK exports more competitive.
c) Argument 3: Trade Barriers - Leaving the EU leads to higher costs for businesses and
consumers, and reducing the competitiveness of UK products.
Prominent Figure: Tony Blair, former Prime Minister, has emphasized the risks of increased trade
barriers and their potential to harm the UK economy.
Evidence: The UK Office for National Statistics (ONS) reported a significant drop in UK-EU trade
following Brexit. In January 2021, UK goods exports to the EU fell by 40.7%, while imports from
the EU fell by 28.8% .

Criticism: Critics argue that Brexit allows the UK to negotiate its own trade deals globally,
potentially opening new markets and reducing reliance on the EU.
 d) Argument 4: Financial Services - Brexit may reduce London's attractiveness as a global
financial hub, leading to a potential loss of jobs and economic activity to other financial
centers in the EU.
Prominent Figure: Catherine McGuinness, Chair of the Policy and Resources Committee at the
City of London Corporation, has expressed concerns about the impact of Brexit on the financial
services sector.
Evidence: According to the data from the EY Financial Services Brexit Tracker, 43% (95 out of
222) of Financial Services Firms have publicly stated they have moved or plan to move some UK
operations and/or staff from the UK to Europe, taking the total number of job relocations since the
EU Referendum to almost 7,600, up from 7,500 in October 2020.

Criticism: Supporters suggest that London can maintain its status as a global financial hub by
creating new relationships and a more attractive regulatory environment.

3. Economic Issues for UK-EU Negotiations During Brexit (Chi)

As the UK leaves the EU, several key economic issues need to be negotiated:

● Trade Agreements: Establishing new trade deals to ensure tariff-free access to each other's
markets for goods and services.
● Customs Arrangements: Developing new customs procedures to manage the movement of
goods across borders, aiming to avoid delays and additional costs.
● Financial Services: Negotiating access to the EU's financial markets for UK-based financial
institutions and addressing regulatory alignment.
● Immigration and Labor Mobility: Defining new immigration policies and the rights of EU
citizens in the UK and vice versa, impacting labor markets and skills availability.
● Regulatory Standards: Agreeing on common or mutually recognized regulatory standards
to facilitate trade and cooperation.
● Fisheries: Determining access to fishing waters and quotas for fishing catches, a contentious
issue for coastal communities.
 ● Data Protection: Ensuring the UK meets EU data protection standards to allow the free flow
of data.
● Northern Ireland Border: Managing the unique challenges posed by the land border
between Northern Ireland (part of the UK) and the Republic of Ireland (an EU member),
ensuring it remains open while maintaining regulatory checks.
● Dispute Resolution Mechanisms: Creating frameworks for resolving disputes that arise
from the new agreements.
● State Aid and Competition Rules: Aligning policies on government subsidies and
competition to maintain a level playing field.
-> These issues require careful negotiation to balance sovereignty, economic stability, and
cooperation.
4. How do the economic arguments display identity politics (claims made about groups of
people)? (Giang)
The economic arguments for Brexit often intersect with identity politics in several ways:
1. National sovereignty:
Many pro-Brexit arguments emphasize regaining control over economic decisions, framing it as
a matter of British identity and independence from EU regulations. They shared the view that
EU institutions drained power from the UK parliament, and exiting the EU would allow Britain to
re-establish itself as a truly independent nation with connections to the rest of the world. Leave
voters often prioritized the ability to control British laws and regulations independently over
economic growth. This desire for national sovereignty was a significant factor driving the Brexit
vote, with many Leave supporters valuing the symbolic importance of regaining control over
national affairs more than potential economic benefits
2. Immigration:
Pro:
- Brexit supporters often argue that reducing EU immigration would protect British workers
and wages, appealing to a sense of national identity and prioritizing "native" workers. High
levels of immigration from the EU put pressure on public services and jobs, advocating for a
points-based immigration system to prioritize skilled workers and reduce overall numbers.
- They wanted to regain control over the UK’s borders to reduce the number of immigrants,
particularly from the EU. This matter is not only wanting a substantial cut in immigration,
but it is also tied to issues of reducing dependency on EU regulation and regaining control
over UK’s own law
3. Economic Sovereignty: Arguments for new trade deals outside the EU often invoke Britain's
historical identity as a global trading nation, separate from Europe.
- By arguing for econ sovereignty, Brexiters emphasize the ability to make trade deals and
set econ policies without EU’s interference, reducing the dependency and financial
contributions to the EU. This was tied to a broader narrative of reclaiming control and
‘putting British people first’.
- In contrast, critics highlighted the economic benefits of being part of the EU, such as access
to the single market and the ability to attract investment. They warned that leaving the EU
could lead to economic uncertainty, job losses, and a decline in living standards, affecting
various identity groups differently.
4. Fisheries and agriculture: These sectors, while economically small, are often portrayed as
culturally significant, tying economic arguments to traditional British identities and ways of life.
Fisheries:
- The UK fishing industry has long been portrayed as a symbol of national sovereignty and
control over British waters. This sentiment was heavily leveraged during the Brexit
campaign. For instance, promises of "taking back control" of UK waters resonated deeply
with many in the fishing communities, who felt marginalized by the EU's Common Fisheries
Policy
- Despite the economic benefits being relatively limited, the cultural and symbolic importance
of the fishing industry remains high. Many fishermen felt betrayed post-Brexit, as the
expected benefits did not fully materialize, reflecting the strong emotional and cultural ties to
the industry rather than purely economic considerations

Agriculture:
- Agriculture, similar to fisheries, carries significant cultural weight in the UK. Farmers were
concerned about the future of subsidies and support post-Brexit, which had been guaranteed
under the EU's Common Agricultural Policy. The uncertainty around future UK government
support heightened the sense of agriculture as a culturally significant sector at risk
- The portrayal of the British countryside and traditional farming methods in the Brexit debate
emphasized the cultural identity tied to agriculture. The potential impact on rural
communities and traditional ways of life was a significant factor in garnering support for
Brexit among farmers and rural populations
5. Identity and Economic Policy:

● Pro-Brexit Argument: The Leave campaign often framed economic policies in terms of
taking back control and making decisions that align with British values and interests,
appealing to a sense of national pride and identity.
● Anti-Brexit Argument: Remain supporters argued that the interconnectedness with the EU
allowed for shared prosperity and that economic policies should reflect a more inclusive and
cooperative approach that benefits all identity groups within the UK.

These economic arguments often blend with notions of British exceptionalism, nostalgia for past
global influence, and a desire for perceived self-determination. This mixture of economic and
identity-based reasoning can make it difficult to separate purely economic considerations from
emotional or cultural factors in the Brexit debate.
Phần 3 và 4 nên thảo luận trước khi trình bày nội dung chính là for and against