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BQWN V 1 - ) Mty-) - XN F V? FSSS/?

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3 views

BQWN V 1 - ) Mty-) - XN F V? FSSS/?

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aneeshmadathil434

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy -hn-Zym-`ym-khpw
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bqWn‰v 1 - ˛ ]mTy-]-≤Xn F¥v? Fßs\?

bqWn‰v 2 ˛ ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw A[ym-]-Icpw
bqWn‰v 3 ˛ ]T-\- co-Xn-Ifpw ]T\ X{¥-ßfpw
bqWn‰v 4 ˛ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
bqWn‰v 5 ˛ kmt¶-Xn-I -hn-Zybpw hnZym-`ym-khpw
bqWn‰v 6 ˛ ]mTy-]-≤Xn \ho-I-cWw

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bqWn‰v -˛ 1 123456789
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]mTy]≤Xn F¥v? Fßs\? 123456789
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BapJw 123456789
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P\m[n]XyhnZym`ymkw {]Zm\w sNøp∂ Hcp ]mTy]≤XnbmWv hnIk\w B{Kln°p∂ Hcp 123456789
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cmjv { SØn\v AXy¥mt]£nXambn th≠Xv . ]T\w P\m[n]Xy]camIp∂tXmsSm∏w 123456789
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\S∏m°m≥ km[n°pw. CXn\v km[yamIp∂ XcØnep≈ ]mTy]≤XnbpsS ImgvN∏mSpIƒ 123456789
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F¥mIWsa∂v Cu A[ymbØn¬ ka{Kambn N¿® sNøp∂p. Cu ImgvN∏mSpIƒ°v 123456789
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P\m[n]Xy kmaqlyPohnXØns‚ khntijXIƒ

]pcm-X\ Imew apX¬°p Xs∂ `mc-Xob P\-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ]ucm-h-Im-i-ßƒ°v (Rights of
Citizens) ]e Af- h n¬ ÿm\w \¬In- b n- ´ p- ≠ v . AØcw Ah- I m- i - ß - f n¬ P\m- [ n- ] Xyw
(Democracy) kaXzw (Equality), \oXn (Justice) XpS-ßnb Bi-b-ßƒ°v B[p-\nI temIhpam-
bp≈ \nc-¥c kº¿°-Øn-eqsS IqSp-X¬ shfn®w ssIh-∂p. Aßs\ Ah \ΩpsS cmjv{Sob
kmaqlnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ ine-I-fmbn amdn.
Hcp P\m[n]Xy kaqlØn¬ Pohn°m\mhiyamb Xncn®dnhpIfpw [mcWIfpw at\m`mhßfpw
ss\]pWnIfpw kzmbØamt°≠ {][m\s∏´ CSamWv hnZymebßƒ. hnZymebm\p`hßfpsS
ka{KtcJbmb ]mTy]≤Xn hnIkn∏nt°≠Xv P\m[n]Xy kmaqlyPohnXØn\v Ip´nIsf
k÷am°p∂Xn\pIqSn th≠nbmhWw. Cßs\ P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymkØn\nWßp∂ Hcp
]mTy]≤Xn k¶¬∏sØ°pdn®pw AXns‚ hnhn[ LSIßsf°pdn®pap≈ N¿®IfmWv Cu
bqWn‰ns‚ D≈S°w.

"A Democracy is not a form of Government. It is primarily a mode of associated livingJohn

-Dewey. (P\m[n]Xyw Hcp `cWIqScq]a√. {]mYanIambpw AsXmcp Iq´mb
PohnXcoXnbmWv ˛ tPm¨ Uyqbn)
"I understand democracy as something that gives the weak the same chance as the strong"
- MK Gandhi. (i‡cmbh¿°vv Zp¿_ecmbhtcmsSm∏w Ahkcw e`n°p∂ H∂mbmWv
P\m[n]XysØ Rm≥ a\ nem°p∂Xv˛Km‘nPn)

P\m[n]Xyw Hcp PohnXcoXn

P\m[n]XysØ°pdn®p≈ {]apJcmb c≠v hnZym`ymk Nn¥IcpsS \nco£WßfmWv apIfn¬
sImSpØncn°p∂Xv. kmaqlnI PohnXØn¬ ]petc≠ \oXnt_m[Øns‚bpw Xpey\oXnbp-
sSbpw A[xÿnX]£ \ne]mSpIfpsSbpw BsIØpIbmbmWv \mw P\m[n]XysØ

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$ hy‡n°v kºq¿Wamb kzmX{¥yhpw hnhn[ßfmb AhImißfpw A\phZn°p∂
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234567890 A\phZn°p∂n√. hy‡nkzmX{¥yw A\phZn°ptºmƒ Xs∂ km-aqlnI kzmX¥yØn\v
{]m[m\yw I¬∏n°p∂ hyhÿbmWv C¥y≥ ImgvN∏mS\pkcn®v P\m[n]Xyw. Cu
t_m[yamWv ]ucXzØns‚ Hc\nhmcy khntijX.
$ ]uc∑m¿°vv AhImißfpw kzmX{¥yhpw A\phZn°p∂ \ΩpsS P\m[n]Xy hyhÿ
Ah¿ \n¿hlnt°≠ auenIamb NpaXeIfpw \n¿tZin°p∂p. Cu NpaXeIƒ
\n¿hln°m\mhiyamb at\m`mhhpw {]Xn_≤Xbpw hnIkn∏n°m≥ klmbIamb
A\p`hßƒ ]mTy]≤XnbpsS {]mYanI ]cnKWIfnsem∂mth≠Xp≠v. `cWLS\bpsS
42-˛mw t`ZKXnbpsS `mKambmWv ]m¿´v 4F bn¬ auenI IS-a-Iƒ (Fundamental duties)
Dƒs∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv. \n¿tZiIXØzßfpsS amXrIbn¬ [m¿ΩnIamb _m[yXIƒ
F∂ \nebnemWv Cu NpaXeIƒ Dƒs∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv.
Xmsg ]dbp∂hbmWv Cu auenI IS-a-Iƒ
a) `cWLS\sb A\pkcn°pI, AXns‚ BZ¿ißƒ, ÿm]\ßƒ, tZiob]XmI,
tZiobKm\w F∂nhsb BZcn°pI.
b) kzmX{¥yØn\pth≠nbp≈ tZiobkacØn\v {]tNmZ\w \¬Inb al\obmZ¿ißsf
]cnt]mjn∏n°pIbpw ]n¥pScpIbpw sNøpI.
c) `mcXØns‚ ]cam[nImchpw, AJﬁXbpw, sFIyhpw kw-c£n°pI, \ne\n¿ØpI.
d) cmPy-c-£m-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw cmjv{S-tk-h-\-Øn\pw k÷-cm-bn-cn-°pI
e) aX]chpw `mjm]chpw {]mtZinIhpw hn`mKobhpamb hyXymkßƒ°XoXambn
`mcXØnse F√m P\ßƒ°panSbn¬ kulm¿Zhpw s]mXphmb kmtlmZcy-at\m`mhhpw
]pe¿ØpI. kv{XoIfpsS A¥ n\v Ipdhv hcpØp∂ BNmcßƒ ]cnXyPn°pI.
f) \ΩpsS kΩn{ikw-kvImcØns‚ kº∂amb ]mcºcysØ hneaXn°pIbpw \ne\n¿Øp-
Ibpw sNøpI.
g) h\ßfpw XSmIßfpw \ZnIfpw h\yPohnIfpw Dƒs∏Sp∂ {]IrXym D≈ ]cnÿnXn kw-
c£n°pIbpw A`nhr≤ns∏SpØpIbpw PohnItfmSv ImcpWyw ImWn°pIbpw sNøpI.

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h) imkv{Xob ImgvN∏mSpw am\hnIXbpw At\zjWØn\pw ]cnjv°cWØn\pw D≈ 123456789
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at\m`mhhpw hnIkn∏n°pI. 123456789
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i) s]mXpkzØv kw-c£n°pI, A{Iaw shSnbpI. 123456789
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j) F√m afi-e-ß-fnepw anIhv Imń Hu∂-Xy-Øns‚ ]mX-bn¬ apt∂-dm≥ klm-bn-°p-I. 123456789
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k) c£nXmthm amXm]nXm°tfm AXmXv kw-KXn t]mse, 6 apX¬ 14 hsc {]mbap≈ 123456789
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IpńIƒ°v hnZym`ymkmhkcßƒ {]Zm\w sNøpI. 123456789
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\ΩpsS P\m[n]Xyk¶¬∏w XpeyX, kmtlmZcyw, am\hnIX, \oXnt_m[w, klnjvWpX, 123456789
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hn´phogvN, klIcWw, kw-Lt_m[w XpSßnb aqeyßfn¬ A[njvTnXamWv. tZiob {]ÿm\w 123456789
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aptºm´v sh® Cu aqeyßfn¬ ASnbpd®v \n¬°p∂ Hcp hyhÿbn¬ Pohn°m\mhiyamb 123456789
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at\m`mhßfpw ss\]pWnIfpw ]uc∑mcn¬ cq]s∏tS≠Xp≠v. `cWLS\m\n¿amWØn\p 123456789
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th≠nbp≈ tIm¨Ãn‰yqh‚ v Akw-ªnbn¬ \SØnb Ncn{X{]kn≤amb {]kw-KØn¬ 123456789
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`cWLS\m in¬∏nIfnsemcmfmb tUm. _n.B¿ Awt_Zv°¿ ]d™p˛""1950 P\phcn 26 \v \mw 123456789
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sshcp[yßfpsS Hcp PohnXØnte°v NphSv hbv°pIbmWv. cmjv{SobcwKØv XpeyX 123456789
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ÿm]ns®¶nepw \ΩpsS kmaqly˛kmºØnI taJeIfn¬ AkaXzw XpScpIbmWv. Hcmƒ°v 123456789
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Hcp thm´v, Hmtcm thmń\pw Htc aqeyw F∂ XØzw cm{„obØn¬ \mw AwKoIcn®p Ign™p. 123456789
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F∂m¬ HmtcmcpØ¿°pw Htc aqeyw F∂ XØzw kmaqlnI˛kmºØnI LS\bn¬ Ct∏mgpw
\ntj[n°s∏Sp∂p. Cu \ne XpS¿∂m¬ \ΩpsS cm{„ob P\m[n]XyLS\ A]ISØnemhpw.''
kaXzØn\pth≠n \nesIm≈pIbpw AkaXzßƒs°Xnsc t]mcmSpIbpw sNtø≠Xv
]uc_m[yXbmsW∂mWv At±lw Ak∂nKv[ambn {]Jym]n°p∂Xv. k-a\oXnbpw XpeyXbpw
P\m[n]Xy kmaqlyPohnXØnse ASnÿm\ \njv°¿jIfmsW∂ [mcWbpw Xs‚
CSs]SepIfn¬ Ch ]men°m\p≈ at\m`mhhpw ]uc∑mcn¬ hnIknt°≠Xp≠v .
P\m[n]XyhnZym`ymkhpw ]mTy]≤Xnbpw CXn\v klmbIamhWw. There can be no rule of
God in the present state of iniquitous inequalities in which a few roll in riches and the masses do not get
enough to eat. almflmKm‘nbpsS Cu \nco£Whpw P\m[n]Xy kaqlØn¬ XpeyXbpsS
{]m[m\yØn\v ASnhcbnSp∂p.
aXw, PmXn, hnizmkßƒ, BNmcßƒ, BlmccoXn, hkv{X[mcWcoXn XpSßn PohnX
ho£Wßfn¬ hsc hfsc hyXykvXXIfp≈ Hcp kaqlamWv C¥ybnep≈Xv. Cu _lpkzc
kaqlsØ kw- L ¿jclnXambn \ne\n¿Øm\pw Iq´mbv a bneqsS aptºm´v t]mhm≥
t{]cn∏n°m\pw Ahiyw th≠ H∂mWv klnjvWpX. CXc kw-kvImcßsfbpw ImgvN∏mSp-
Itfbpw {]Xn]£ _lpam\tØmsS kao]n°m\p≈ a\ v ]uc∑mcn¬ D≠mth≠Xp≠v.
C¥y≥ kaqlØns‚ _lpkzckz`mhw Xncn®dn™psIm≠mWv kl\sØ Hcp katcm]m[n-
bmbn tZiob {]ÿm\w {]tbmP\s∏SpØnbXv. (Mutual tolerance is a necessity for all time and
for all races.) ]ckv]c klnjvWpX F√m hwißƒ°pw F√m ImetØ°pap≈ Hc\pt]£Wo-
bXbmWv F∂mWv Km‘nPn CtX°pdn®v A`n{]mbs∏´Xv.
{]IrXn hn`hßfpsS timjWw kw- ` hn°msXbp≈ kmºØnI hnIk\w kpÿnc
hnIk\Øns‚ `mK-amWv. `mhn kaqlsØ°pdn®v IcpXep≈ Hcp k¶¬-∏amWv P\m[n]Xyw.
AXpsIm≠pXs∂ A\nb{¥nbamb {]IrXn hn`hNqjWan√msXbp≈ Hcp hnIk\
ImgvN∏mSn\p am{Xta AXns\ AwKoIcn°m\mhq. hnIk\ Imcyßfn¬ ê{]Zambpw
kPohambpw CSs]SpIbpw AtX kabw {]IrXn hn`hßƒ IcpXtemsS hn\ntbmKn°pIbpw
sNøm\p≈ at\m`mhw hnIkn∏n°m≥ ]mTy]≤Xnbn¬ Ahkcßfp≠mhWw.

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{]h¿Ø\w
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234567890 Hcp P\m-[n-]Xy kaq-l-Øn¬ Pohn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb Xncn-®-dn-hp-I-fpw, [mc-W-Ifpw at\m-
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234567890 `m-h-ßfpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xn\v Hcp s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-bsØ Fßs\-sbms° i‡n-s∏-Sp-
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234567890 Ø-Ww. cmjv{Sob kmaqly ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v N¿® sNøp-I.
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234567890 ]mTy]≤Xnbpw P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymkhpw
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234567890 \mw hn`mh\w sNøp∂ P\m[n]Xy kmaqlyPohnXØns‚ khntijXIsf°pdn®mWv
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234567890 CXphsc N¿® sNbvXXv. Cßs\sbmcp kaql\n¿anXn°v A\pKpWamb P\m[n]Xy
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234567890 hnZym`ymksØ°pdn®pw P\m[n]Xy ]mTy]≤Xnsb°pdn®pw BWv \ap°n\n N¿®
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sNøm\p≈Xv. F¥mWv ]mTy]≤Xn F∂v kmam\yambn a\ nem°nb tijw \ap°v
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234567890 P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymkØns‚ khntijXIsf°pdn®v BtemNn°mw.
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234567890 ]mTy]≤Xn F∂mse¥v?
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To run a course F∂¿∞w hcp∂ currerre F∂ Latin ]Z-Øn¬ \n∂mWv Curriculum F∂
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CwKvfojv ]Zw cq]w sIm≠-Xv. 1631 apX¬ Cu ]Zw D]tbmKn®v hcp∂p. e£y{]m]vXn°v
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th≠n kzoIcn°p∂ ]mX F∂mWv Cu hm°ns‚ A¿Yw. ]mTy]≤Xn°v \nch[n \n¿hN\ßƒ
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\nehnep≠v. sk°≠dn hnZym`ymk IΩoj≥ ]mTy]≤Xnsb \n¿hNn®ncn°p∂Xv˛ "¢mkvdqw,
sse{_dn, h¿°vtjm∏v, Ifnÿew F∂nhnSßfnse√mw A[ym]I\pw Ipńbpw XΩn¬
\S°p∂ Hu]NmcnIhpw A\u]NmcnIhpamb CSs]SepIfneqsS B¿Pn°p∂ F√m
A\p`hßfpw tN¿∂XmWv ]mTy]≤Xn' F∂mWv. ‘Curriculum is a description of what,why and
how well students should learn in a systematic and intentional way’ F∂mWv UNESCO ]mTy]≤Xn°v
\¬Inb \n¿hN\w. a‰p Nne \n¿hN\ßƒ t\m°q.
"]mTy]≤Xn F∂Xv kvIqfn¬ \S°p∂ F√m {]h¿Ø\ßtfbpw {]Xn\n[m\w sNøp∂
]ZamWv F∂v W Kenneth Richmond A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
All the learning which is planned or guided by the school whether it is carried on in groups or individu-
ally inside or outside the school - John F Kerr.
A programme of activities designed so that pupil will attain as far as possible certain educational goals -
Paul Hirst.
s]mXphmbn ]cntim[n®m¬ ]mTy]≤Xn F∂Xv Ipń°v e`nt°≠ F√m A\p`hßsfbpw
\n¿tZin°p∂ ka{KtcJbmsW∂v ImWmw. ]mTy]≤Xnsb°pdn®v \mw hniZambn ]n∂oSv
N¿® sNøp∂p≠v.
]mTy]≤Xnsb kzm[o\n°p∂ Bibßfpw Z¿i\ßfpw
Hmtcm cmPyØpw \ne\n¬°p∂ kmaqlnImhÿbpw AhnsS kzoIcn°s∏´ cm{„ob
Z¿i\ßfpw ]mTy]≤Xnsb kzm[o\n°p∂p. cmPhmgvN \ne\n¬°p∂ Hcp {]tZiØv
hnt[bXzhpw A\pkcWbpap≈ Hcp XeapdbpsS krjv S n°mhpw Du∂¬. ]pcmX\
kv]m¿´sbt∏mse bp≤tØbpw IogS°ent\bpw {][m\ambn I≠ cmPyßfn¬ ImbnI
]cnioe\Øn\pw BtcmKyØn\pamhpw ap≥Xq°w. aXm[n]Xyw \ne\n¬°p∂
cmPyßfnemhs´ aX hnZym`ymkØn\pw BflobXbv°pamhpw {]m[m\yw. Hcp cmPyw ]n¥p-S-
cp∂ Z¿i\w( ^ntem-k-^n) B cmPy-Øns‚ hnZym-`ymk kwhn-[m-\sØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. hnZym-
`ymk aqey-ßƒ BIvkn-tbm-f-Pnsb (Axiology) ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bpw, coXn-im-kv{X-ßƒ sa‰m-

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^n-kn-Ivkns\ (Metaphysics) ASn-ÿm-\-am-°nbpw Adn-hp-ta-Je F∏n-Ã-tam-f-Pnsb (Episte- 123456789
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mology) ASn-ÿm-\-am-°nbpw Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. 123456789
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\ΩptSXv Hcp P\m[n]Xy cmPyamWv. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ P\m[n]Xy kmaqlyPohnXw 123456789
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\bn°p∂Xn\v ]uc∑msc k÷cm°p∂ Hcp ]mTy]≤Xn°mWv \mw Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂Xv 123456789
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P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymk{IaØnse ]mTy]≤Xnsb°pdn®mWt√m \ap°v N¿® sNtø≠Xv. 123456789
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\ap°v P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymkw- F∂ Bibw hniIe\w sNømw 123456789
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P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymkw- 123456789
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]¶mfnØØnepw \oXnbnepw P\m[n]XyØnepw ASnbpd®v \n¬°p∂ Hcp kaqlØnse 123456789
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hnZym`ymk]≤Xn \n›bambpw P\m[n]Xy]cambncn°Ww. 123456789
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s_¿en\n¬ 2005¬ \S∂ A¥mcmjv{S P\m[n]XyhnZym`ymkktΩf\w AwKoIcn® Cu 123456789
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{]kvXmh\ P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymkØn\p≈ anI® HcmapJamWv. 123456789
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Hcp P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymk{IaØn¬ ]TnXm°ƒ°v Xmsg ]dbp∂ AhImißfps≠∂v 123456789
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Rßƒ IcpXp∂p 123456789
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$ Ft∏mƒ FhnsSsh®v F¥v Bcn¬ \n∂pw ]Tn°Ww F∂v Xocpam\n°m\p≈ AhImiw.
$ hnZymeb \SØn∏v, AhnsSbp≈ \n_‘\Iƒ F∂nhbn¬ A`n{]mbw ]dbm\p≈
XpeymhImiw.
"P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymkw- F∂Xv ]TnXm°fpw A[ym]Icpw Xpeycmbn {]h¿Øn°p∂ kw-
hn[m\amWv ' - F∂mWv David Gribble F∂ {]apJ P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymk Nn¥I≥
\n¿hNn°p∂Xv. "kl\Ønepw kvt\lØnepw BZchnepw A[njvTnXambXmWv P\m[n]Xy
hnZym`ymkw-' F∂mWv as‰mcp \n¿-hN\w (Yakov Hercht). \ap°v \mw hn`mh\w sNøp∂
P\m[n]Xy kaqlØn\\pKpWamb Hcp hnZym`ymk ]≤Xnsb°pdn®mWv BtemNnt°≠Xv.
Cu ]›mØeØn¬ \n∂psIm≠v P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymkØns‚ LSIßƒ \ap°v
]cntim[n°mw
P\m[n]Xy hnZymebw
hnZymeb\SØn∏v, ¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø\ßƒ, A[ym]I hnZym¿Yn _‘w, hnZymebhpw
kaqlhpw XΩnep≈ _‘w XpSßn kakvX taJeIfnepw P\m[n]Xy-aqeyßƒ \ne
\n¬°p∂ hnZymebamWv P\m[n]Xy hnZymebw. P\m[n]Xy hnZymebsa∂ BibØns‚
BtKmf {]NmcIcmb Michael Apple, James A Beane F∂n-h¿ tN¿s∂gpXnb Democratic Schools
Lessons from the Chalk face F∂ ]pkvXIØn¬ P\m[n]Xy hnZymebßsf Xmsg-t®¿°p∂
coXn-bn¬ ]cm-a¿in-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
"The schools are committed to an education that builds upon student and communtiy needs, cultures,
and histories. They are committed as well to anti-racist, anti-homophobic and anti-sexist principles, and
are organized around a deep concern for social justice. These are not merely abstract principles, but are
woven into the curriculum and teaching practices of the schools. The practices themselves involve a
negotiated curriculum, extensive communtiy and student involvement. bmsXmcp hnthN\ßƒ°pw
CS-h-cp-ØmØ coXn-bn-ep≈ kmaqly\oXnbn¬ ASnbpd®v \n¬°p∂ Cu aqeyßsf
]mTy]≤Xnbn¬ kzmwioIcn°p∂ hnZymebamWv P\m[n]Xy hnZymebw.

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234567890 P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymkØns‚ Ahn`mPyLSIw P\m[n]Xy aqeyßƒ \ne\n¬°p∂ ¢mkv
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234567890 apdnIfmWv. A[ym]I hnZym¿Yn _‘Ønepw IpńIfpsS kPohhpw ka{Khpamb ]¶mfnØw
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234567890 Dd∏phcpØp∂Xnepw CXv {]ISamhWw. hnthN\clnXamb ]cnKW\ F√mh¿°pw
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P\m[n]Xy ¢mkvapdnIƒ
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234567890 AhchcpsS Ignhn\pw ]cnanXn°pw A\pkcn®v apt∂dm\p≈ Ahkcßfpw kμ¿`ßfpap≈,
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234567890 ka{KtijnIƒ°pw ]cnKW\bp≈, am\hnIhpw imkv { Xob- h pamb ]mTy]≤Xnbpw
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234567890 P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymkØns‚ A\nhmcyLSIamWv. imcocnIhpw am\knIhpamb sh√p-hnfn-
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234567890 Iƒ t\cnSp∂h¿, kmºØnI kmaqlnI ]n∂m°mhÿ A\p`hn°p∂h¿ F∂nh¿s°√mw
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khntij ]cnKW\ e`n°Ww. F√mh¿°pw Htc ]cnKW\ \¬IpIb√, {]bmkßfpw
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234567890 ]cnanXnIfpw D≈htcmSv IqSpX¬ ]cnKW\ Im-Wn°pIbmWv P\m[n]Xy \oXn. `n∂tijn-
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234567890 Ifp≈ IpńIsf km[mcWhnZymebßfn¬ \ne\n¿Øns°m≠pw AtXk-abw Ah¿ t\cnSp∂
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234567890 hnhn[ ]cnanXnIfn¬ Ah¿°v A\ptbmPyamb ]n¥pW \¬Ip∂Xn\pambn cq]oIcn® kw-
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tbmPnX hnZym`ymk ]≤Xn (Inclusive Education) CXns‚ `mKamWv.
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234567890 s]mXp kΩXnb\pkcn®mWv P\m[n]Xy kaqlØn¬ A`n{]mb cq]oIcWhpw `cW\n¿-
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234567890 hlWhpw \S°p∂Xv. Bibkw-hmZßfneqsSbpw A`n{]mb {]IS\ßfneqsSbpamWv
s]mXpkΩnXn \n¿Ωn°s∏Sp∂Xv. Bibhn\nabhpw kw-hmZßfnse kPoh]¶mfnØhpw
km[yamhp∂Xpw ê{]Zamhp∂Xpw amXr`mjbneqsSbm-hptºmgmWv. AXpsIm≠vXs∂
hnZym`ymkØns‚ BZyL´ßfnse-¶nepw A[yb\am[yaw amXr`mjbmth≠XmWv.

{]h¿Ø\w
P\m-[n-]Xy hnZym-e-b-ßƒ P\m-[n-]Xy kaqlw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ kp{]-[m-\- ]-¶p-h-
ln-°p-∂p. C°m-cy-Øn¬ hnZym-e-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ LS-I-ß-fmb ]mTy-]-≤Xn,
A[ym-]-I≥, ]n.Sn.-F, {XnX-e-]-©m-bØv kwhn-[m\w F∂n-h-bpsS tdmƒ hy‡-am-°p-I.

`cWLS\m aqeyßfpw P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymkhpw

$ Xpey\oXn
cmPysØ \nba hyhÿbpsS ASnÿm\{]amWamWv `cWLS\. \ΩpsS `mhn P\m[n]Xy
kaql ImgvN∏mSv hy‡ambn {]Xn^en°p∂ H∂mWv \ΩpsS `cWLS\. c≠v hn[ØnemWv
C¥y≥ `cWLS\ \oXn Dd∏m°p∂Xv.
1. F√mh¿°pw AhkckaXzhpw Xpey\oXnbpw Dd∏v hcpØpI
2. ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´htcmSpw ]e ImcWßfm¬ ]n∂m°ambhtcmSpap≈ {]tXyI
]cnKW\ (Protective Discrimination).
c≠v Xeßfnepap≈ {][m\ `cWLS\m- h yhÿIsf kmam\yambn \aps°m∂v
]cntim[n°mw.
1. Xpey\oXnbpambn _‘s∏´ `cWLS\mhyhÿIƒ.
`cWLS\bpsS BapJØn¬ Xs∂ kmaqlnIhpw kmºØnIhpw cm{„obhpamb \oXn
hmKvZm\w sNøp∂p.

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a‰v {][m\ hyhÿIƒ: 123456789
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Article 14 C¥ybpsS AXn¿Øn°p≈n¬ cmjv{Sw Hcmƒ°pw \nbaXpeyXsbm 123456789
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\nba]cnc£sbm \ntj[n°pIbn√ 123456789
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Article 15 aXw, hwiw, PmXn, enwKw, P\\ÿew F∂nhbpsS t]cnep≈ hnthN\ßfpsS 123456789
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\ntcm[\w 123456789
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Article 16 123456789
s]mXp ÿm]\ßfnse sXmgnehkcßfnse Xpeymhkcw 123456789
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Article 17 F√m hn[Ønepap≈ AbnØmNcWhpw sXm´pIqSmbvabpw \ntcm[n°p∂p 123456789
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Article 19(1) F√m ]uc∑m¿°pw cmPyØv kzX{¥ambn k©cn°mw 123456789
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Article 39 A \nbahyhÿbn¬ Xpey\oXn Dd∏m°pw 123456789
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Article 25 a\ m£n°\pkcn®v GXv aXØnepw hnizkn°m\pw AX\pkcn®p≈ Bcm[\m 123456789
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coXnIƒ ]n¥pScm\pw {]Ncn∏n°m\pw F√mh¿°pw Xpeymhkcw \¬Ip∂p. 123456789
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2. ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´h¿°v khntij ]cnKW\ Dd∏v hcpØp∂ Nne `cWLS\m hyhÿIƒ. 123456789
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''We are having this liberty in order to reform our social system, which is full of inequality, dis- 123456789
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crimination and other things, which conflict with our fundamental rights”. - BR Ambedkar'
"To call woman the weaker sex is a libel; it is man's injustice to woman”. – Gandhiji

k¿°mcn\v IpńIƒ°pw s]ÏpńIƒ°pw th≠nbp≈ {]tXyI \nbaßƒ \n¿an°mhp

∂Xn\v AhImiw \¬Ip∂ 15 (3), kmaqlyambpw hnZym`ymk]cambpw ]n∂m°°mcmbh¿°pw
]ńIPmXn˛ ]ńIh¿K hn`mK°mcpsS D∂a\Øn\p th≠nbpw {]tXyI \nba\n¿amWw
\SØm≥ A\phmZw \¬Ip∂ 15 (4), \yq\]£ aXhn`mK°m¿ \SØp∂ hnZymebßfn
semgnsI as‰√m hnZym`ymk ÿm]\ßfnepw ]n∂m° hn`mK°m¿°v kw-hcWw A\phZn°p
∂Xn\v hyhÿ \¬Ip∂ 15 (5) F∂nh ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´h¿°v th≠nbp≈ khntij
hyhÿIfmWv. 16 (4). 16 (4A) F∂nh sXmgnenepw s{]mtamj\nepw kw-hcWw Dd∏m°p∂p.
s]mXpÿm]\ßfnse sXmgnepIfn¬ th≠{X {]mXn\n[yan√mØ ]n∂m°hn`mK°m¿°v
th≠n sXmgnepIƒ kw-hcWw sNbvXphbv°p∂Xn\v k¿°mcn\v A\phmZw \¬Ip∂
hyhÿbmWv B¿ń°nƒ 16 (4) tPmenbn¬ s{]mtamj\v ]ńIPmXn/]ńIh¿K hn`mK°m¿°v
kw-hcWw G¿s∏SpØp∂Xn\v k¿°mcn\v A\phmZw \¬Ip∂ B¿ń°nfmWv 16 (4A).
P\m[n]Xy ÿm]\ßfn¬ kw-hcWw G¿s∏SpØp∂ hIp∏pIƒ ]¶mfnØ P\m[n]Xy-
Ønepw kmaqly\oXnbnepw D≈ `cWLS\m {]Xn_≤XbpsS ZrjvSm¥amWv Art.40 Xt±i
kzbw`cW ÿm]\ßfnse aq∂nsem∂v ko‰pIƒ ]ńIPmXn˛]ńIh¿K hn`mK°m¿°v kw-
hcWw sNøp∂p. Art.330 Dw 332 Dw ]m¿esa‚nepw kw-ÿm\ \nbakÌfnepw ]ńIPmXn˛-
]ńIh¿K°m¿°v \n›nX ko‰pIƒ kw-hcWw sNbvXpsIm≠p≈hbmWv.
]m¿iz- h - X v ° - c n- ° - s ∏- ´ - h - t cm- S p≈ `c- W - L - S - \ - b psS {]Xn- _ - ≤ X hy‡- a m- ° p- ∂ - h - b mWv -
tKm{Xh¿Kt£aØn\mbn kw-ÿm\ßƒ°v khntij {Km‚ v \¬Im≥ tI{μ k¿°mcn\v
A\phmZw \¬Ip∂ Art.275, ]ńIPmXn˛]ńIh¿K hnZym¿YnIƒ°v hnZym`ymk ÿm]\ßfnse
{]thi\Øn\v an\naw am¿°n¬ Cfhv \¬Ip∂Xn\v A\phmZw \¬Ip∂ Art.335, ]n∂m°
hn`mK°mcpsS t£aw k¿°mcns‚ km[y-X-bm-°nb Art.340 F∂nh.

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234567890 $ P\m[n]Xyw
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234567890 P\m[n]XysØ Hcp kmaqlyPohnXaqeyambn am{Xa√ `cWLS\maqeyambn Xs∂bmWv
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234567890 C¥y≥ P\m[n]Xyw ]cnKWn°p∂Xv . AXmbXv kmaqlyPohnXØn¬ P\m[n]Xyw
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234567890 kzoIcn°s∏Sp∂Xpw. C¥y≥ P\m[n]XyØns‚ khntijXIfmbn ]cnKWn°s∏Sp∂Xv
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234567890 ]cam[nImcw P\ßƒ°v (Popular Sovereignty), cmjv{Sob XpeyX (Political Equality), `qcn]£
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234567890 `cWw (Majority Rule), sÛd¬ `cWhyhÿ (Federal System), Iq´pØchmZnXzw (Collective
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234567890 Responsibility), _lpP\m`n{]mbcq]oIcWw (Formation of Opinion), \yq\]£tØmSp≈ BZchv
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234567890 (Respect for Opinion of Minority), ]ucmhImißƒ (Provision for Rights), \nbahmgvN (Rule of
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234567890 Law), kΩnXnbpsS ASnÿm\Ønep≈ `cWw (Rule by Consent), Xpd mb kaqlw (Implies
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234567890 open society), A\p-c-RvP\ at\m-`m-h-ap≈ k¿°m¿ (Government by Compromise), t£a
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`cWIqSw (Welfare Government), kzX{¥amb \oXn\ymbhyhÿ (Independent Judiciary).
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apIfn¬ kqNn∏n® Hmtcm BibsØ°pdn®pw IqSpX¬ hnhcßƒ tiJcn°pat√m.
$ atXXcXzw
1976˛se 42˛maXv `cWLS\mt`ZKXnbpsS `mKambmWv atXXcXzw C¥y≥ `cWLS\bpsS
ASnÿm\ khntijXIfpsS `mKambXv. s]mXpPohnXØn¬\n∂v aXsØ \ncmIcn°p∂
A¿YØnemWv atXXcXzw F∂ hm°v BtKmfambn D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂sX¶nepw hnhn[
aXhnizknIƒ [mcmfambn Pohn°p∂ \ΩpsS cmPyw atXXcXzsØ kao]n°p∂Xv Nph-sS-
sIm-Sp-°p∂ hn[ØnemWv
$ cmjv{SØn\v HutZymKnI aXap≠mhpItbm GsX¶nepw {]tXyI aXsØ `cWIqSw
t{]m’mln∏n°pItbm sNøpIbn√.
$ aXØns‚ ASnÿm\Ønep≈ hnthN\w Hcp ImcyØnepw D≠mhn√ (`cWLS\bnse
hnhn[ B¿ń°nfpIƒ C°mcyw ]cma¿in°p∂p)
$ GsXmcmƒ°pw CjvSap≈ aXØn¬ hnizkn°m\pw AXn≥ {]Imcap≈ BNmcm\pjvTm-
\ßfn¬ G¿s∏Sm\pw aX{]NmcWØn¬ F¿s∏Sm\pw AhImiap≠mbncn°pw.
(B¿ń°nƒ 25 )
$ s]mXphnZymebßfn¬ bmsXmcphn[ aX{]NmcWhpw A\phZn°p∂X√ (B¿ń°nƒ 28)
$ kmtlmZcyw
{^©v hnπh ap{ZmhmIyßfn¬ \n∂pamWv kmtlmZcyw F∂Xv temIsaßpap≈
P\m[n]Xyt{]anIfpsS ASnÿm\ Z¿i\ßfnsem∂mbn amdnbXv. \ΩpsS `cWLS\bpsS
BapJØn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂ Cu ]Zw P\m[n]Xyw, kzmX{¥yw F∂nhtb°mƒ DZmØamb
H∂mbn´mWv kzoIcn°s∏ńcn°p∂Xv. ]ucs‚ A¥ pw cmPyØns‚ AJfiXbpw F∂mWv
`cWLS\bpsS BapJØn¬ CXv kw- _ ‘n®v \¬Ip∂ hniZoIcWw. cmPysØ
P\Xbv ° nSbn¬ D≠mth≠ c‡_‘kam\amb kmtlmZcysØ°pdn®mWv \ΩpsS
`cWLS\ ASnhcbnSp∂Xv.

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$ kzmX{¥yw 123456789
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`cWLS\bpsS B¿ń°nƒ 19 kzmX{¥ysØ HchImiambn {]Jym]n°p∂p. Bdv Xcw 123456789
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kzmX¥yßfmWv `cWLS\ A\phZn°p∂Xv 123456789
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1. Right to freedom of speech and expression (A`n{]mb kzmX{¥yw). 123456789
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2. Right to assemble peaceably and without arms (kw-Lw tNcm\p≈ kzmX¥yw). 123456789
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3. Right to form associations or unions (kw-LmS\ kzmX{¥yw). 123456789
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4. Right to move freely throughout the territory of India, (k©mc kzmX{¥yw). 123456789
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5. Right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India, (ÿnc-hm-k-Øn-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw). 123456789
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6. Right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation trade or business (sXmgn¬˛hym]mc 123456789
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kzmX{¥yw). 123456789
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Cu kzmX{¥yßƒ \ncp]m[nItam A\nb{¥nXtam A√. DZmlcWambn A`n{]mbßƒ Xpd∂v 123456789
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]dbm≥ kzmX{¥yaps≠¶nepw as‰mcmƒ°v A]Io¿ØnIcambn kw-kmcn°p∂Xpw tImSXnb 123456789
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e£yamhp∂ A`n{]mbßƒ ]dbp∂Xpw cm{„Øns‚ AJfiXbv°pw kpc£bv°pw 123456789
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FXncmbn kw-kmcn°p∂Xpw hne°p∂p. kw-LSn°m≥ kzmX{¥yaps≠¶nepw {Inan\¬ 123456789
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Dt±iyßtfmsSbp≈ kw- L wtNc¬ \ntcm[n°p∂p. cmPyØv \n¿_m[w k©cn°m≥ 123456789
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kzmX{¥yw D≈t∏mƒØs∂ kw-c£nX taJeIfn¬ {]thin°p∂Xn\pw tKm{Xh¿K-
{]tZißfn¬ k©cn°p∂Xn\pw hnet°¿s∏SpØm≥ k¿°mcpIƒ°v AhImiap≠v.
]mTy]≤Xn ImgvN∏mSpIƒ {]Xnênt°≠ taJeIƒ
P\m[n]XykaqlØns‚ khntijXIƒ, `cWLS\m aqeyßƒ F∂nhbv°\pkcn®v Hcp
]mTy]≤Xn Xbmdm°ptºmƒ AXns‚ ImgvN∏mSpIƒ GsX√mw taJeIfn¬ {]Xnên°W-
sa∂pw Fßs\ {]Xnên°Wsa∂pw ap≥Iqń \n¿Wbnt°≠Xp≠v. ]¶mfnØw, XpeyX,
AhkckaXzw, ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´h¿°p≈ khntij]cnKW\, `qcn]£m`n{]mba\p-
kcn®p≈ Xocpam\saSp°¬, \yq\]£sØ am\n°¬, AhImit_m[tØmsSm∏w
\ne\n¿tØ≠ NpaXemt_m[w, kmtlmZcyw, atXXcNn¥ XpSßnb aqeyßƒ hnZymeb-
{]h¿Ø\ßfnepS\ofw \ne\n¬°ptºmgmWv AsXmcp P\m[n]XyhnZymebamhp∂Xv.
]mTy]≤Xn F∂Xv hnZymebØn¬ \n∂pw e`n°p∂ ka{Km\p`hßfpsS tcJbmbXpsIm≠v
Xs∂ Hcp P\m[n]XyhnZymebØn\pam{Xta P\m[n]Xy]mTy]≤Xnsb Dƒs°m≈m\mhq.
F√mhcptSbpw ]¶mfnØhpw Iq´mbvabpw klIcWhpw Dd∏v hcpØnbp≈ kvIqƒ kw-
LmS\amWv CXn¬ apJyw. kvIqƒ kw-LmS\Øns‚ F√m Xeßfnepw P\m[n]Xy-coXnIƒ
]men°s∏SWw. AXn-\mbn Nne Imcy-ßƒ {]tXyIw IW-°n-se-Sp-t°-≠Xp≠v.
$ AhkckaXzhpw F√mh¿°pw G‰hpw anIhp‰ hnZym`ymkw- e`yamhp∂Xn\p≈
kuIcyßfpw Dd∏v hcpØWw.
$ ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´h¿°v th≠n kvIqƒ kuIcyßfpw kma{KnIfpw k÷-am-°-¬.
$ \oXnbpw AhkckaXzhpw Dd∏v hcpØp∂ coXn-bn¬ A[ym]IcpsS CSs]SepIƒ.
$ kmtlmZcyw, ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´htcmSp≈ khntij]cnKW\, klIcWw, kw-
Lt_m[w, NpaXemt_m[w F∂nhbn-eq-∂nb CSs]SepIƒ.
$ ]TnXmhns\ tI{μoIcn°p∂Xpw, F√mhcpsSbpw ]¶mfnØw Dd∏m°p∂Xpamb ]T\-
t_m-[-\ -{]-{Inb.

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234567890 $ imcocnI am\knI {]bmkßƒ, kmaqly kmºØnI ]n∂m°mhÿ, XpSßnb
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234567890 ImcWßfm¬ ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´hcpsS ]T\{]iv\ßƒ Is≠Øn ]cnlcn°p-∂Xn\v
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234567890 hnZymeb{]h¿-Ø\-ßfnepw ¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø\ßfnepw IpńIfpsS Xm¬]cyw ]cnKWn°p-
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∂XmWv P\m[n]Xy hnZymebk¶¬∏w. hnZym¿YnIƒ°v e`n°p∂ Ahkcßƒ Cu
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234567890 ]cnanXn°pw A\pkcn®v A\ptbmPyamb AhkcßfmWv e`yamth≠Xv.
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234567890 P\m[n]XykaqlØns‚ khntijXIƒ, `cWLS\m aqeyßƒ F∂nh \mw N¿®
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234567890 sNbvXpht√m. Ch c≠pw ]pecp∂ Hcp `mhn kaqlamWv \mw kz]v\w ImWp∂Xv. Cu kz]v\w
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234567890 km[yamhWsa¶n¬ AØcw A\p`hßfpw ]cnioe\hpw hnZymebØn¬ \n∂v e`nt°≠-
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234567890 Xp≠v. Cu A\p`hßƒ ê{]ZamhWsa¶n¬ \nc¥camb kaql_‘w BhiyamWv.
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234567890 ImcWw kmaqlnIaqeyßƒ ¢mkv a pdnbn¬ \n∂v am{X- a - √ , kaqlØn¬ \n∂pamWv v
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kzmbØamt°≠Xv.
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234567890 hnZymebw Hcp kmaqlnI ÿm]\amWv. AXns\ \ne\n¿tØ≠Xpw kw-c£nt°≠Xpw kaql
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234567890 _m[yXbmWv. hnZymebhpambp≈ ssPhnI_‘w c£nXm°fpw k-aqlhpw \ne\n¿tØ-
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234567890 ≠Xp≠v. Cu A¿YØnep≈ c£mI¿Xr_‘hpw k-aql_‘hpw hnZymebØnep≠mhWw.
]mTy]≤XnbpsS ASnÿm\ LSIßƒ, ]cnKW\Iƒ
$ AXmXv ImeØv \ne\n¬°p∂ kaqlßfpsS hnZym`ymk ImgvN∏mSpIƒ, kmaqlnIm-
hiyßƒ F∂nh ]mTy]≤XnbpsS Hcp ASnÿm\ ]cnKW\bmWv.
$ \mw hn`mh\w sNøp∂Xv \oXnbpw XpeyXbpw \ne\n¬°p∂, ]m¿izh¬°cn-°s∏´h¿
khntijambn ]cnKWn°s∏Sp∂, P\m[n]Xyhpw atXXXcXzhpw kmtlmZcyhpw
apJap{Zbmb Hcp kaqlsØbmWv. Cu `mhn k-aql ImgvN∏mSv {]Xnên°p∂XmhWw
]mTy]≤Xn.
$ ]TnXmhns‚ {]mbw, {]IrXw, kzm`mhnIamb ]T\{]{Inb, hf¿®sbbpw hnImksØbpw
_m[n°p∂ a\»mkv{X XØzßƒ, IpńIƒ Pohn°p∂ kmaqly Np‰p]mSv, kmwkvImcnI
Np‰p]mSv, hnhn[ ImcWßƒ sIm≠v IpńIƒ°nSbn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂ `n∂\nehmcw
XpSßnbhsb√mw ]mTy]≤XnbpsS kp{][m\ ]cnKW\IfmWv.
$ kmaqlnIe£yßƒ, a\»mkv{X]cnKW\Iƒ, IpńbpsS Np‰p]mSv, ]q¿-hm\p`hßƒ
F∂nh ]cnKWn®psIm≠v Hmtcm hnjbØnsebpw D≈S°w \n›bn°pIsb∂Xv as‰mcp
{][m\ ]cnKW\bmWv.
$ P\m[n]Xy aqeyßƒ°\pkcn®p≈ CSs]SepIfpw s{]m^jW¬ ss\]pWnIfpapff
A[ym]I¿°p am{Xsa ]mTy]≤Xn ê{]Zambn hn\nabw sNøm\mhq. A[ym]I¿
]mTy]≤XnbpsS Hcp {][m\ LSIamWv.
$ Fßs\ ]Tn∏n°Ww? Fßs\ ]Tn°Ww? F∂Xv ]mTy]≤XnbpsS Hcp {][m\
]cnKW\bmWv. CXv c≠v Imcyßsf B{ibn°p∂p. 1) P\m[n]Xy ]cnioe\w
\S°p∂Xv ]T\{]{InbbneqsSbmWv. AXpsIm≠v ]T\{]{Inbbn¬ P\m[n]XycoXn
Ahew_nt°≠Xp≠v . 2) B[p\nIhpw imkv { Xobhpamb ]T\t_m[\{]{Inb
kzoIcn®m¬ am{Xsa ]T\w ê{]Zamhq.

100
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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89
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89
89
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89
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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89

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$ tZiob ]mTy]≤Xn ImgvN∏mSv, kw-ÿm\ ]mTy]≤Xn ImgvN∏mSv, \mfnXphscbp≈ 123456789
123456789
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]mTy]≤Xn \hoIcWØns‚ NphSpIƒ, kmaqlnImhiyßƒ Chsb√mw ]cnKWn®p≈ 123456789
123456789
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Hmtcm ¢mknsebpw hnjb\n¿Wbw ]mTy]≤XnbpsS Hcp kp{][m\ ]cn-K-W-\-bm-Wv. 123456789
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$ hnhn[ hnjbßfpsS ]T\sØ°pdn®v \mw hnIkn∏ns®SpØn´p≈Xpw A¥mcmjv{S 123456789
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XeØn¬ hnIkn®phcp∂Xpamb Imgv N ∏mSpIfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ Hmtcm 123456789
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hnjbØns‚bpw ]T\˛t_m[\ hniZmwißƒ Dƒs°m≈p∂ hnjb kao]\ßƒ 123456789
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]mTy]≤XnbpsS apJy LSIßfnsem∂mWv. P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymk ImgvN∏mSv, s]mXp 123456789
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]mTy]≤Xn kao]\ßƒ F∂nhbv°\pkcn®v \n›bn°p∂ Hmtcm hnjbØns‚bpw 123456789
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]Tt\mt±iyßƒ, ]T\coXn, kma{KnIƒ, hnebncpØ¬ \n¿tZißƒ F∂nhsb√mw 123456789
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CXns‚ `mKamWv. 123456789
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$ P\m[n]XykaqlsØ°pdn®pw `cWLS\maqeyßsf°pdn®pw `mhn kaql 123456789
123456789
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ImgvN∏mSns\°pdn®pw \mw N¿® sNbvXp Ign™p. CXn\\pKpWamb A¥co£-amWv 123456789
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hnZymebØnep≠mth≠Xv. 123456789
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$ imkv{Xobhpw am\hnIhpamb hnebncpØ¬coXn ]mTy]≤XnbpsS {][m\ LSIamWv. 123456789
123456789
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Ip´nIfpsS ]T\{]iv\ßƒ \nc¥cambn hniIe\w sNbvXv ]cnlmcw \n¿tZin°m≥ 123456789
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klmbIamhWw aqey\n¿Wbw/hnebncpØ¬.
$ c£nXmhv \¬tI≠ ]T\ ]n¥pW kw- _ ‘n® \n¿tZißƒ ]mTy]≤XnbpsS
`mKamhWw.

{]h¿Ø\w
KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ ]T\w Dd-∏m-°p-∂, P\m-[n-]Xyaqey-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂, Hcp ]mTy-]-≤-
Xn-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ F¥m-I-Ww?

]mTy]≤Xn kao]\ßƒ
DZv{KYnXw/hnj-b-_-‘nXw
]mTy]≤Xnbnse D≈S°sØ hnhn[ hnjbßfmbn Xncn°msX ka{Kamb A\p`hßfmbn
AhXcn∏n°p∂ coXnbmWv DZv{KYnX coXn. H∂v, c≠v ¢mkpIfn¬ \mw Cu coXn Ahew_n-
°p∂p. \ΩpsSsb√mw PohnXm\p`hßƒ k-a{KambXmsW∂pw hnjbw Xncn®s√∂pw
AXpsIm≠v IpńIƒ°v G‰hpw kzm`mhnIambn A\p`hs∏Sp∂Xv Cu coXnbmsW∂pw
B[p\nI a\»mkv{Xhpw Z¿i\ßfpw A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p. ag, D’hw, bm{X XpSßnb
IpńIfpsS PohnX]cnkcsØ A\p`hßsf ka{Kambn AhXcn∏n°pIbpw AXn¬ \n∂v
KWnXw, `mj, ]cnkc]T\w, Ie˛ImbnI˛ {]hrØn]cnNb ]T\w F∂nhbpambn _‘s∏´
[mcWIfpw tijnIfpw ss\]pWnIfpw kzmwioIcn°m≥ Ahkcsamcp°pIbpamWv Cu
¢mkpIfn¬ sNøp∂Xv . PohnXm\p`hßƒ°v k- a m\amb coXnbnep≈ ka{Kamb
]T\m\p`hßƒ Ipńbn¬ kzm`mhnI ]T\Øn\p≈ kmlNcysamcp°pw F∂XmWv CXns‚
ta∑.
]mTy]≤Xnbnse D≈S°sØ hnhn[ hnjbßfmbn shtΔsd AhXcn∏n°p∂XmWv
hnjb_‘nXcoXn. aq∂mw ¢mkv apX¬ \mw Cu coXn kzoIcn°p∂p. aq∂mw ¢mknepw \memw
¢mknepw KWnXw, `mj, ]cnkc]T\w F∂nßs\ hnjbw Xncn®v ]T\m\p`hßƒ \¬Ip∂p.

101
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678

1234567890
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234567890
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234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 A©mw ¢mkn¬ ]cnkc]T\Øns‚ DZv{KY\kz`mhw am‰n kmaqlyimkv{Xw, ASnÿm\
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 imkv{Xw F∂nßs\ AhXcn∏n°p∂p. Db¿∂ ¢mkpIfn¬ Cu hnjbßƒ hnjbßfmbn
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 hn`Pn®mWv AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv. Hmtcm hnjbsØbpw kq£vaambn ]Tn°m≥ AXns\
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 hnLSn∏nt°≠Xp≠v F∂Xp sIm≠mWv Db¿∂ ¢mkpIfn¬ Cu coXn kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
234567890
234567890
234567890
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234567890
234567890 {]h¿Ø\w
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 temh¿ ss{]adn Xe-Øn¬ DZv{K-YnX ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bmWv \S-∏m-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. CXp-hgn ta∑-
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 bp-≈ ]T\w Dd-∏m-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂pt≠m? N¿® sNøp-I.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
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234567890
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tcJobw/Nm{InIw (Linear/Spiral)
234567890
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234567890 Hcmibw ]p¿Wambn ]Tn®tijw thsdm∂v AhXcn∏n°p∂ coXnbmWv tcJob coXn.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 ]mTy]≤Xnbnse hnjbßsf Cu coXnbnemWv apºv {IaoIcn®ncp∂Xv. DZmlcWambn ss{]adn
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 ¢mkpIfnse KWnX]pkvXIØn¬ kw-Jymt_m[w ]q¿Wambn ]Tn® tijw, k¶e\w ]n∂oSv
234567890
234567890
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234567890 hyhIe\w XpS¿∂v `n∂kw-JyIƒ Cu coXnbnemWv ]mT`mKßƒ {IaoIcn®ncp∂Xv. F∂m¬
234567890
234567890
234567890 Hcmibhpw Cßs\ ]Tn°m\mhns√∂pw XpS¿®bmb Nm{InIm\p`hßƒ Bibcq]oIcW-
234567890
234567890
234567890
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234567890 Øn\mhiyamsW∂pw hmZn®Xv sPtdmw Fkv {_qWdpw a‰pamWv. kw-Jymt_m[hpw k¶e\hpw
234567890
234567890
234567890 hyhIe\hpsams°bmbn _‘s∏´ A\p`hßƒ kzm`mhnIamb kμ¿`ßfn¬ ho≠pw
ho≠pw AhXcn∏n°p∂XmWv Nm{InI]mTy]≤XnbpsS kz`mhw. Cßs\ kzm`mhnIamb
kμ¿`ßfn¬ ho≠pw ho≠pw Hcmibhpambn _‘s∏SptºmgmWv Bibcq]oIcWw
ZrVamhp∂Xv F∂mWv {_qWdpsS hmZKXn.

{]h¿Ø\w
ss{]adn KWnXw ]Tn-°p-∂Xn\v Nm{InIcoXn-bmWv IqSp-X¬ A`n-Im-ayw. Nne DZm-l-c-W-
ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v C°mcyw hy‡-am-°p-I.

iniptI{μoIrXw˛ A[ym]I tI{μoIrXw

t]cv kqNn∏n°p∂Xv t]mse A[ym]I\v IqSpX¬ {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂XmWv A[ym]I
tI{μoIrX ]mTy]≤Xn. ]Tn∏n°pI F∂ {]{Inbbv°mWv CXn¬ ]T\{]{Inbsb°mƒ
{]m[m\yw. A[ym]I]£Øv\n∂mWv ]mTmhXcWhpw hnebncpØepsa√mw hniIe\w
sNøpI. ]TnXmhns\ tI{μoIcn®p≈ (iniptI{μoIrX-) ]mTy]≤Xn ]q¿Wambpw IpńbpsS
]£Øv\n∂p≈ t_m[\imkv{XNn¥IfmWv. Ipń kzm`mhnIambn ]Tn°p∂-sXßs\bmtWm
AØcw ]T\kmlNcyßƒ Hcp°ns°mSp°p∂ Hcp s^knent‰‰dpsS tdmƒ BWv
A[ym]I\p≈Xv F∂v B[p\nI a\»mkv{Xkn≤m¥ßƒ ka¿Yn°p∂p. s^knent‰‰¿, So®¿
aoUntb‰¿ XpSßn B[p\nI a\»mkv{X[mcWIf\pkcn®p≈ hkvXp-X-Iƒ ]T\w F∂
A[ymbØn¬ ]Tn°p∂p≠t√m.
D¬∏∂m[njvTnXw ˛ {]{Inbm[njvTnXw
Hcp {]iv \ w Fßs\ ]cnlcn®p F∂v At\zjn°msX ]cnlcnt®m F∂v am{Xw
At\zjn°p∂XmWv D¬∏∂m[njvTnX coXn. {]iv\]cnlmcØn\v Ahew_n°p∂ coXn ChnsS
Hcp ]cnKW\mhnjba√. Ipń°v icnbpØcw ]dbm\mbm¬ ]T\w ê{]Zambn F∂
\nKa\ØnseØp∂p. AXn\p]tbmKn® {]{Inb F¥pamhs´ F∂ \ne]mSmWv Cu
coXnbnep≈Xv.

102
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89
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89
89
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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89

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{]{Inbm[njvTnX coXnbmhs´ t\sc adn®mWv. ChnsS {][m\w {]iv\]cnlcWØn\p≈ 123456789
123456789
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{]{Inb IpńIƒ kzmbØam°ntbm F∂XmWv. {]{Inb (process) icnbmbm¬ D¬∏∂w (product) 123456789
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kzm`mhnIambpw icnbmbns°m≈pw. {]{Inbm]T\amWv ¢mkn¬ \St°≠Xv. DZmlcWambn 123456789
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Hcp `q]SØn¬ Hcp {]tXyI {]tZiØns‚ ÿm\w IrXyambn Hcp ]TnXmhv ]dbp∂psh¶n¬ 123456789
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D¬∏∂m[njvTnX coXnbn¬ AXv B ]Tt\mt±iyØns‚ km£m¬°mcamWv. F∂m¬ 123456789
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A£mwi tcJIfpsSbpw tcJmwi tcJIfpsSbpw hn\ymkw- ]cntim[n®v ÿm\\n¿Wbw 123456789
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\SØm\p≈ {]{Inbmtijn Ipń t\Snsb¶n¬ am{Xsa {]{Inbm[njvTnX coXnbn¬ Dt±iy 123456789
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km£m¬°mcamhq. 123456789
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Cu bqWn-‰neqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ N¿® sNbvX Bi-b-ßƒ 123456789
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$ P\m[n]Xyw Hcp `cW{Iaw am{Xa√ AsXmcp ka{K PohnXZ¿i\amWv. 123456789
123456789
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$ ka\oXnt_m[w, klnjvWpX, hn´phogvN, klIcW at\m`mhw, kmaqly \∑bv°p 123456789
123456789
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th≠nbp≈ kw-Lt_m[w, kpÿnchnIk\ k¶¬∏w XpSßn P\m[n]Xy kaqlØn¬ 123456789
123456789
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Pohn°p∂Xn\v ]uc∑m¿°v A\nhmcyamb Nne KpWhntijßfp≠v 123456789
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$ Cu KpWßƒ hnIkn∏n°m≥ A\ptbmPyamhWw ]mTy]≤Xn. hnZymeb {]h¿Ø\ß- 123456789
123456789
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fnepw ¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø\ßfnepw P\m[n]Xyhg°ßƒ ]men°pI, IpńIfpsS 123456789
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]¶mfnØhpw ka{KhnIk\hpw Dd∏phcpØpI, P\m[n]Xy]camb Hcp `mhnkaql
ImgvN∏mSv \ne\n¿ØpI, t_m[\am[yaw amXr`mjbmhpI XpSßnb ASnÿm\
aqeyßfn¬ Dd®p\n¬°p∂XmhWw P\m[n]Xy ]mTy]≤Xn.
$ Xpey\oXn, AhkckaXzw, ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´htcmSp≈ khntij]cnKW\,
P\m[n]Xyw, atXXcXzw, kmtlmZcyw, kzmX{¥yw XpSßnb `cWLS\m aqeyßtfmSv
{]Xn_≤X ]pe¿Øp∂XmhWw ]mTy]≤Xn.
$ hnZymebkw-LmS\w, kvIqƒ kuIcyßƒ, kma{KnIƒ, A[ym]I CSs]SepIƒ,
]T\t_m[\ {]{Inb, hnZym¿YnIƒ°v e`n°p∂ ]cnKW\, ]n¥pW, hnZymeb
˛c£I¿Xr_‘w, hnZymebkaql_‘w XpSßn F√m hnZymeb{]h¿Ø-\ßfnepw
]mTy]≤Xn hn`mh\w sNøp∂ P\m[n]Xy ImgvN∏mSv {]Xnên°Ww.
$ `mhnkaql ImgvN∏mSv, Ipń, D≈S°w, A[ym]I≥,]T\t_m[\coXn, t_m[\{]{Inb,
]T\hnjbßƒ AhbpsS ]T\ kao]\ßƒ, ]T\{]{Inb, kma{KnIƒ, kvIqƒ
A¥co£w, hnebncpØ¬ XpSßnbh ]mTy]≤XnbpsS LSIßfmWv . Cu
LSIßfnse√mw P\m[n]Xy]mTy]≤XnbpsS aqeyßƒ {]Xnênt°≠XmWv.
$ ]mTy]≤Xn cq]oIcWØn\v hnhn[ kao]\ßfp≠v . G‰hpw imkv { Xobhpw
]ptcmKa\]chpamb coXnbmWv \mw A\ph¿Ønt°≠Xv.
hnebncpØ¬{]h¿Ø\ßƒ / XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ
Cu bqWn-d-dns‚ ]mTy-`m-KsØ tI{μo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v Xmsg ]d-bp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \SØq...
$ P\m[n]XykaqlØnse ]ucXzKpWßƒ, `cWLS\ hn`mh\w sNøp∂ aqeyßƒ
F∂nhbpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ Hcp P\m[n]XykaqlØns‚ kqNIßƒ hnIkn∏n°pI.
˛ hy‡nsb°mƒ kaqlØn\mWv {]m[m\yw.
˛ ka\oXn t_m[w, klnjvWpX, kpÿnchnIk\t_m[w hn´phogvN XpSßnb ]ucXz
KpWßƒ.

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234567890 ˛ `cWLS\m aqeyßƒ˛ XpeyX ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´htcmSv khntij ]cnKW\,
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 P\m[n]Xyw, kzmX{¥yw, kmtlmZcyw XpSßnbh.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 ˛ P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymkw-, P\m[n]XyhnZymebw F∂nh kw-_‘n® BtKmf [mcWIƒ.
234567890
234567890
234567890
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234567890 $ Cu kqNIßƒ {]tbmP\s∏SpØn \ap°v hnZymeb{]h¿Ø\ßsf hnebncp-ØWw˛
234567890
234567890
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234567890 GsX√mw LSIßƒ hnebncpØen\v hnt[bamhWw˛ Cu taJeIfn¬ Fßs\bmWv
234567890
234567890
234567890 P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymkw {]ISamth≠Xv F∂v apºv kqNn∏n®n´p≠v. (]mTy]≤Xn ImgvN∏mSpIƒ
234567890
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{]Xn^ent°≠ taJeIƒ, ]mTy]≤Xn LSIßƒ F∂o `mKßƒ t\m°pI.) ta¬
234567890
234567890
234567890 kqN\IfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ hnZymeb{]h¿Ø\ßfpw ¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø\ßfpw
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 hnebncpØm≥ Hcp Sqƒ Xbmdm°q.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ hnhn[Xcw ]mTy]≤XnIsf°pdn®v N¿® sNbv X t√m. \ΩpsS \nehnep≈ kv I qƒ
234567890
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]mTy]≤Xn kq£vaambn hnebncpØq. AXv GXpXcw ]mTy]≤XnbmWv? DZmlcW klnXw
234567890
234567890
234567890 hniZam°q . Cu Is≠-Ø-ep-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Hcp N¿®m skj≥ ¢mkn¬ kwL-Sn-
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 ∏n-°q.
234567890
234567890
234567890
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234567890 d^-d≥kv
234567890
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234567890 $ C¥y≥ `cWLS\ tUm Fw. hn. ss]en, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v
$ India of my dreams M K Gandhi
$ Non violent resistance M K Gandhi
$ The discovery of India Jawaharlal Nehru
$ Letters for a Nation Jawaharlal Nehru
$ Democracy as a way of Life John Dewey
$ Process of Education J.S. Bruner
$ Dr. Bhabasaheb Ambedkar speeches and writings
Published by Ministry of External Affairs http://www.mea.gov.in/books-writigs-of-ambedkar.htm
$ International Democratic Education 2005 http://en.idec2005.org
$ Democratic Schools Lessons from the Chalk faceM Apple and James Beane
(Re-published by Ekalavya)

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89

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bqWn‰v -˛ 2 123456789
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]mTy]≤Xnbpw A[ym]Icpw 123456789
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D≈S°Ønepw ]T\t_m[\{]{Inbbnepw P\m[n]Xy]camb hnZym`ymk Imgv N ∏mSv 123456789
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]pe¿Øm\pw AX\pkcn®v Xt‚Xmb {]tbmKcoXnIƒ hnIkn∏ns®Sp°m\pw \ap°v 123456789
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km[n°Ww. am\hnIamb PohnXmht_m[Øns‚ Hcp {][m\ kqNIamWv P\m[n]Xyw F∂ 123456789
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aqeyhpw P\m[n]Xy]cambn CSs]Sm\p≈ k∂≤Xbpw. a\pjycpambp≈ F√m 123456789
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CSs]SepIfpw P\m[n]Xy]cambncn°Ww. `mhnsb Iptd°qSn ]ptcmKa\]chpw 123456789
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am\hnIhpambn \bn°m\p≈ t{]cWbpw A\p`hhpw hnZym`ymk ImeL´Øn¬ IpńIƒ°v 123456789
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e`nt°≠Xp≠v. AXn\m¬ hnZym`ymk{]{Inb km[yamhp∂{Xbpw P\m[n]Xy]camIWw. 123456789
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Cßs\ P\m[n]Xy]camb hnZym`ymk{]{Inbbv°p t\XrXzw \¬tI≠ A[ym]I¿°v 123456789
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Fs¥√mw [mcWIfpw ss\]pWnIfpamWv Bhiysa∂v Cu bqWn‰n¬ N¿® sNøp∂p. 123456789
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A[ym]I¿ kzmwioIcnt°≠ aqeyßƒ, ss\XnIX F∂nh hy‡n\njvTamb Xocpam\w 123456789
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am{Xa√, A[ym]\w F∂ tPmenbpsS DØchmZnØhpw \nba]chpw [m¿ΩnIhpamb 123456789
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_m[yXbpamWv. Cu [mcWIfpw AXv {]tbmKh¬°cn°m\p≈ ss\]pWnIfpw t\SpIbpw 123456789
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Ah {]tbmKn®pt\m°ptºmƒ Bflhna¿i\]cambn hniIe\w \SØpIbpw thWw.
XncpØpIbpw \hoIcn°pIbpw sNbvXpsIm≠mWv A[ym]\Imcy£aX hnIknt°≠Xv.
AXn\mbn \nc¥cw At\zjWßfn¬ G¿s∏Sm\p≈ k∂≤X A\nhmcyamWv. AXp
sIm≠mWv A[ym-]I¿ Hcp \nc¥c KthjIcmsW∂v \mw ]dbp∂Xv.
hnZym`ymksØ P\m[n]Xy]cam°p∂Xn¬ A[ym]I¿°v \n¿WmbIamb ]¶v Fß-s\-
sb√mw \n¿h-ln-°m-\m-Ip-sa∂v NphsS tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p.
$ ]mTy]≤Xn Dt±iyßƒ ssIhcn°m\mhiyamb _lpapJ {]h¿Ø\ßƒ Is≠ØpI,
AXn\mhiyamb kma{KnIƒ Xbmdm°pI.
$ ]T\t_m[\{]{Inb iniptI{μnXhpw F√mh¿°pw ]¶mfnØap≈Xpam°pI.
$ ]T\Øns‚ Xmgv∂ ]Snbn¬ \n¬°p∂h¿°pw ]T\thKX, ]T\ssien F∂nhbn¬
hyXykvXcmbh¿°pw A\ptbmPyamb ]T\X{¥ßƒ Is≠ØpI.
$ imcocnI am\knI ]cnanXnIƒ A\p`hn°p∂h¿°v A\ptbmPyamb ]T\kma{KnIfpw
X{¥ßfpw kzoIcn°pI.
$ kzX{¥amb At\zjWßƒ°pw kwibßƒ°pw Ahkcw \¬IpI.
$ tNmZyßƒ tNmZn°m\pw _ZepIƒ AhXcn∏n°m\pw kzmX{¥yw \¬IpI.
$ F√m IpńIƒ°pw AhcpsS IgnhpIƒ, ho£Wßƒ F∂nh AhXcn∏n°m≥ Ahkc-
samcp°pIbpw t{]m’ml\w, AwKoImcw, sa®s∏SpØm\pw kzbw XncpØm\pap≈
Ahkcw F∂nh Dd∏m°pIbpw sNøpI.
\Ωƒ ]Tn-°p∂ ImesØ hnZym-e-b-ß-fnse ]T-\-coXn
P\m[n]Xy]chpw A√mØXpamb \nch[n A\p`hßƒ \ap°p≠mIpw. iniptI{μnXhpw
am\hnIhpamb ]mTy]≤Xn \S∏nem°pIbpw P\m[n]XyhnZym`ymkw F∂ BibØn\v
kzoImcyX GdnhcpIbpw sNøp∂ C°mesØ ¢mkvapdnIƒ F{XtØmfw P\m[n]Xyh¬°cn-
°s∏ń´p≠v F∂v Is≠Ømw.

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234567890 t\cn´v ¢mkv \nco£n®v A[ym]I hnZym¿∞n _‘w, ]T\ t_m[\coXn, A¥co£w XpSßnb
234567890
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234567890 LSIßƒ hnebncpØnbmWv ¢mkvapdn P\m[n]Xy]camtWm F∂p hniIe\w sNtø≠Xv.
234567890
234567890
234567890
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234567890 ¢mkvapdn P\m[n]Xy]camtWm F∂v hnebncpØp∂Xn\p ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ LS-I-ßƒ
234567890
234567890
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234567890 kaXzw ( Equality)
234567890
234567890 kzmX{¥yw (Freedom) \oXn (Justice)
234567890
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$ ¢mkvapdnbpsS ùXnIm¥co£w, ^¿Wn®dpIƒ, D]IcWßfpsS hn\ymkw F∂nh
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inipkulrZ]camtWm?
234567890
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234567890 $ A[ym]nI Bhiyamb aps∂mcp°ßƒ \SØnbpw kma{KnIƒ, X{¥ßƒ F∂nh
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Bkq{XWw sNbvXpamtWm ¢mkn¬ FØnbn´p≈Xv?
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234567890 $ F√m IpńIsfbpw ]cnKWn°pIbpw {]h¿Ø\ßƒ°p t{]m’ml\w \¬IpIbpw
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234567890 sNøp-∂pt≠m?
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$ hyXykvX ]T\\nehmc°mcmb IpńIƒ°v A\ptbmPyamb ]n¥pWbpw aXnbmb
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234567890
234567890 kabhpw \¬Ip∂pt≠m?
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ H‰bv°pw kwLambpw ]T\{]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ G¿s∏Sm≥ Ahkcw \¬Ip∂pt≠m?
234567890
234567890
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$ F√m IpńIfpw ]T\{]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ ]¶mfnbmIp∂p F∂pd∏p hcpØp∂pt≠m?
$ ]T\{]iv\ßfpsS AhXcWw, N¿®, CSs]SepIƒ, BibßfpsS t{ImUoIcWw
F∂nh A\ptbmPyamb `mjbnemtWm?
$ IpńIfpsS Bibßƒ, A`n{]mbßƒ, kwibßƒ F∂nh AhXcn∏n°m≥
kzmX{¥yapt≠m?
$ IpńIƒ At\ym\yhpw A[ym]nIbpw IpńIfpw XΩnepw kvt\lw, BZchv F∂nh
{]ISamtWm?
$ A[ym]nI in£, iImcw, Ip‰s∏SpØ¬, òjWn, hn[nIev]\, A\mhiyXmcXayw
XpSßnb \S]SnIfneqsS IpńIsf {]bmks∏SpØp∂pt≠m?
$ F√m IpńIƒ°pw AhcptSXmb coXnbn¬ hnPbnbmIm≥ Ahkcsamcp°p∂pt≠m?
$ klIcWmflIhpw klh¿ØnXhpamb ]T\Øn\pw BtcmKyIcambn At\ym\yw
B{ibn°p∂Xn\pw Ahkcw e`n°p∂pt≠m?
$ ]T\{]h¿Ø\ßƒ e£yw ssIhcn°p∂p F∂pd∏m°pIbpw hnebncpØpIbpw
sNøp∂pt≠m?
$ IpńIƒ°nSbnepw A[ym]nIbpambpw \SØp∂ Bibhn\nab`mj BZchpw
klnjvWpXbpw D≈XmtWm?
$ A[ym]nI IpńIƒ ]dbp∂Xv {i≤m]q¿hw tIƒ°pIbpw Ahsc {]tNmZn∏n°pIbpw
Bflhnizmkw hf¿Øp∂ coXnbn¬ CSs]SpIbpw sNøp∂pt≠m?
$ imcocnI am\knI ]T\]cnanXnIƒ A\p`hn°p∂ IpńIsf A¿ln°p∂ coXnbn¬
]cnKWn°pIbpw A\ptbmPyamb ]T\X{¥ßƒ kzoIcn°pIbpw sNøp∂pt≠m?
$ XpS¿]T\\n¿tZißfpw Krl]mThpw IpńIƒ°v Dƒs°m≈m\pw ]q¿ØoIcn°m\pw
km[n°p∂ XcØnep≈XmtWm?

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89

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Cu Imcyßƒ ]cnKWn®mWv \nco£WkqNIßƒ hnIkn∏nt°≠Xv. Xbmdm°nb kqNIw 123456789
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D]tbmKn®v aqt∂m \mtem t]cSßp∂ kwLw ¢mkv a pdnIƒ hnebncpØn dnt∏m¿´v 123456789
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Xbmdm°Ww. 123456789
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Cu dnt∏m¿´pIfpsS AhXcWØneqsS \ΩpsS ¢mkvapdnIfnse ]T\m¥co£w P\m[n]Xy- 123456789
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]camtWm F∂p hnebncpØmw. 123456789
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{]h¿Ø\w 123456789
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ss{]adnXe-Ønse ¢m v apdn-Iƒ P\m-[n-]Xy]c-amtWm F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp 123456789
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Sqƒ Xbm-dm-°p-I. AXp]-tbm-Kn®v ]T\w \SØn dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°p-I. {Kq∏n¬ Ah-X- 123456789
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cn-∏n-°p-I. 123456789
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A[ym]\ss\]pWnIƒ 123456789
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\nch[n ss\]pWnIfpw IeIfpw Dƒt®¿∂ sXmgnemWv A[ym]\w. A[ym]\w 123456789
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^e{]ZamIWsa¶n¬ Fs¥√mw ss\]pWnIƒ BhiyamWv? 123456789
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P\m[n]Xy]camb ¢mkv a pdn {]mtbmKnIamIWsa¶n¬ khntijss\]pWnIƒ 123456789
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Bhiyapt≠m? 123456789
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\ap°v N¿® sNømw

am\h hn`htijn a{¥mebw UNICEF ambn klIcn®v cq]o-I-cn® ADEPTS (Advancement of
Educational Performance Through Teacher Support) F∂ t{]mPIvSv Xbmdm°nb A[ym]\
{]IS\am\Zfißƒ Xmsgs°mSp°p∂p.
1. ssh⁄m\nIXew
$ IpńIsf AdnbpI
$ ]mTy]≤Xn, D≈S°w F∂nh a\ nem°n AX\pkcn®v Hcp°ßƒ \SØpI
$ B[p\nI]T\coXnIfpw IpńIfpsS sshhn[yhpw ]cnKWn®v ê{]Zamb ]T\m\p`hßƒ
Xbmdm°pI.
$ ]T\kma{KnIƒ ê{]Zambn D]tbmKn°pI
$ F√mh¿°pw ]T\w Dd∏m°pI.
$ ê{]Zamb Bibhn\nabw
$ IpńIfpambn tN¿∂p\n¬°¬
$ IpńIƒ°\ptbmPyamb ]T\m¥co£samcp°pI.
$ ¢mkvdqw amt\Pvsa‚ v
$ ]T\Øn\mbp≈ Bkq{XWw
$ hnebncpØepw aqey\n¿Wbhpw \SØpIbpw êw ]T\]ptcmKXn°mbn {]tbmP\s∏Sp-
ØpIbpw sNøp-I.
2. kmaqlyXew (_‘ßƒ, aqeyßƒ)
$ IpńIfpsS kmwkvImcnI]cnkcw a\knem°n hnthN\clnXambn CSs]SpI
$ ]mTym\p_‘{]h¿Ø\ßƒ t{]m’mln∏n°pIbpw aqeyßƒ hnIkn∏n°pIbpw
IpńbpsS ka{KhnImkØn\mhiyamb ]n¥pW \¬IpIbpw sNøpI.

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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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1234567890
1234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ P\m[n]Xy]camb ]T\{]{Inb
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ kl{]h¿ØIcpw kaqlhpambp≈ _‘w
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 3. ùXnIXew
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ hrØnbp≈ A¥co£w
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ ]T\Øn\v A\ptbmPyamb A¥co£w
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 4. kwLS\mXew
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ s{]m^jWemb {]Xn_≤X (Professional commitment) bpw DØchmZnØhpw
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ s{]m^jWemb hnImkØn (Professional development) \p≈ {iaßƒ
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ kl{]h¿ØIcpambn kwLw tN¿∂p {]h¿Øn°¬
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ {]Xnê\mflIamb {]h¿Ø\ßƒ
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
$ amt\Pvsa‚nepw \SØn∏nepw ]¶mfnØw
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 CXn¬ ]eXpw A[ym]\ ss\]pWnIƒ at\m`mhw, aqeyßƒ F∂nhbpambn _‘s∏´XmWv.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 P\m[n]Xy]cambn t_m[\{]{Inb \n¿hln°p∂Xn\v \nch[n aqeyßfpw at\m`mhßfpw
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 \ne]mSpIfpw BhiyamWv.
234567890
234567890
234567890
{]h¿Ø\w
ADEPTS Xbmdm-°nb A[ym-]\ {]I-S\ am\-Z-fi-ßƒ A\p-k-cn®v Hcp ss{]adn A[ym-
]-I\v D≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ A[ym-]\ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-am-sW∂v Is≠-Øp-I.

anI® A[ym]I¿°p≠mbncnt°≠ KpWhntijßƒ

IpńIƒ BÀmZtØmsS Hm¿°p∂ A[ym]I¿ AhcpsS GsX¶nepw Nne khntijKpWßƒ-
sIm≠v IpńIfpsS a\ n¬ ÿm\w t\SnbhcmWv. IpńIsf {]tNmZn∏n®hcmWv.
anI® A[ym-]-I¿:
$ kz¥amb t_m[\ssienbpw hy‡nXzhpw D≈hcmbncn°pw.
$ F√mbvt∏mgpw kPohambn-cn°pw; IpńIfpsS {i≤bmI¿jn°p∂bmfpambncn°pw.
$ Hmtcm ]T\{]h¿Ø\Øn\pw hy‡amb Dt±iyap≠mbncn°pw.
$ ]ptcmKa\]camb coXnbn¬ A®S°w ]men°pw.
$ IpńIfpsS s]cpam‰w, ]T\{]h¿Ø\coXnIƒ, ioeßƒ, ]ckv]cmZchv F∂nh
e£ywsh®psIm≠v ¢mkvdqwamt\Pvsa‚ v anIhp‰Xm°pw.
$ c£nXm°fpambn ê-{]-Z-amb coXnbn¬ Bibhn\nabw \SØpw.
$ IpńIfn¬\n∂pw ]c-am-h[n IgnhpIƒ {]Xo£n°pIbpw AXn\mbn Ahsc {]tNmZn∏n-
°pIbpw sNøpw.
$ ]mTy]≤Xnsb°pdn®v BgØn¬ [mcWbp≠mbncn°pw.
$ ]mTyhnjbØn¬ BgØnep≈ Adnhpw Hu¬kpIyhpw D≈hcmbncn°pw.
$ A[ym]\tØmSv CjvSap≈hcmbncn°pw.
$ IpńIfpambn anI® _‘ßƒ kq£n°p∂hcmbncn°pw.
C\nbpw Fs¥√mw khntij KpWßfmWv A[ym]Isc {]nbs∏´hcm°p∂Xv? anI®
A[ym]Icm°p∂Xv?

108
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89

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{]h¿Ø\w 123456789
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Hcp anI® A[ym-]-I\v kvIqƒ Xs‚ `h\w t]mse-Xs∂ A\p-`-h-s∏-Spw; Ipń-Iƒ Xs‚ 123456789
123456789
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Ipń-I-fpw. anI® A[ym-]-I\v D≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ KpW-hn-ti-j-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn 123456789
123456789
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N¿® sNøp-I. 123456789
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]mTy]≤Xn ImgvN∏mSpIfn¬ ]ptcmKa\]camb \ne]mSpIƒ kzoIcn°m\pw P\m[n]Xy- 123456789
123456789
123456789
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]cambn ]T\t_m[\{]{Inbbv°p t\XrXzw \¬Im\pw F√m A[ym]I¿°pw km[n°p∂n√. 123456789
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F¥psIm≠mbncn°mw Cßs\ kw`hn°p∂Xv F∂v BtemNn°mw. anI® A[ym]Icmhm≥ 123456789
123456789
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IgnhpIfpw [mcWIfpw ss\]pWnIfpw am{Xw t]mcm; at\m`mhw (Attitude) IqSn BhiyamWv. 123456789
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]ptcmKa\]chpw P\m[n]Xy]chpambn A[ym]\{]{Inbbn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂Xn\v A\pIqeamb at\m`mhßƒ. 123456789
123456789
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$ P\m[n]Xyw, atXXcXzw, XpeyX, am\hnIX F∂nhtbmSp≈ ]ptcmKa\]camb 123456789
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123456789
123456789
at\m`mhw. 123456789
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$ kaqlØns‚ \∑, ]ptcmKXn, F∂nhbnep≈ hnizmkw. 123456789
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$ imkv{Xob at\m`mhhpw kmwkvImcnIØ\nabpw hnIk\tØmSp≈ A\pIqe \ne]mSpw. 123456789
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$ ⁄m\w, At\zjWw, ]pXpaIƒ, am‰w F∂nhtbmSp≈ XmXv]cyw. 123456789
123456789
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$ F√m-h-tcmSpw kvt\lw, BZ-c-hv; F√mh¿°pw hfcm\pw hnIkn°m\pw Ahkcßƒ
BhiyamsW∂ t_m[yw.
$ £a, kXyk‘X, klnjvWpX, Xpd∂a\:ÿnXn, ip`{]Xo£.
$ IpńIfpsS {]IrXw, kz`mhw, AhImißƒ F∂nh AwKoIcn°m\p≈ a\ v.
$ AwKoImcw, t{]m’ml\w, Ahkcw, ]n¥pW F∂nh \¬Im\p≈ k∂≤X.
$ in£, iImcw, XmcXayw, Ip‰s∏SpØ¬, òjWn, `bwkrjvSn°¬ F∂nh t_m[]q¿hw
Hgnhm°m\p≈ Xncn®dnhv.
$ kzX{¥amb At\zjWßtfmSpw Xpd∂ kwhmZßtfmSpw P\m[n]Xy]camb kao]\w.
$ ÿm]\Øns‚bpw kaqlØns‚bpw Xs‚ sXmgn-ens‚bpw anIhn\mbn \nc¥cw
]cn{ian°m\p≈ A¥xt—mZ\.
as‰s¥√mw at\m`mhßfmWv anIhp‰ A[ym]Isc cq]s∏SpØp∂Xn¬ \n¿WmbIamIp∂Xv?
$
$
kzX{¥hpw ê{]Zhpamb A[ym]\ssien hnIkn∏ns®Sp°p∂- X n\v A\nhmcyamb
[mcWIƒ.
$ A[ym]\hnjbsØ°pdn®v BgØnep≈ [mcW.
$ ]T\t_m[\{]{Inbsb°pdn®v [mc-W.
$ kaqlw, kmaqlymhImißƒ F∂nhsb°pdn®p≈ [mcW.
$ hnZym`ymk\bßƒ, ÿm]\ßƒ, kwLS\Iƒ F∂nhsb°pdn®v [mcW.
$ ]TnXm°ƒ, ]T\coXnIƒ F∂nhsb°pdn®v [mcW.

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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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1234567890
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234567890
234567890 $ a\pjymhImiw, IpńIfpsS AhImiw, `cWLS\m]chpw \nba]chpamb ]cnc£Iƒ
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 F∂nhsb°pdn®v [mcW.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 C\nbpw Fs¥√mw [mcWIƒ \nßƒ°v Iqńt®¿°m≥ km[n°pw?
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
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234567890
$
234567890
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234567890 $
234567890
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Cßs\ t\Snb hn⁄m\ßsf GtIm]n∏n°m\pw ]ptcmKa\]chpw P\m[n]Xy]chpambn
234567890
234567890
234567890 ]p\xkwhn[m\w sNøm\pw km[n°Ww. Hmtcm ]T\{]iv\sØbpw adnIS°p∂Xn\mbn
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 kz¥amb ]Tt\m]m[nIfpw X{¥ßfpw cq]oIcn°pItbm Is≠ØpItbm sNtø≠Xmbnhcpw.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
Cßs\ {]mtbmKnI amXrIIƒ hnIkn∏n®pw {]tbmKn®pamWv [mcWIsf ê{]Zam°p∂Xv.
234567890
234567890
234567890
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234567890 GsX√mw ]T\{]bmkßsf adnIS°m\mWv {]mtbmKnIamXrIIƒ cq]oIcnt°≠n hcnI?
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
$ IpńIfpsS FÆw IqSpXep≈ ¢mkv apdnIƒ
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ hyXykv X kmwkv I mcnI, kmaqly kmºØnI hn`mKØn¬s∏´ IpńIfpsS
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 A\p`h]camb hnShpIƒ \nIØ¬.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ ]T\thKX, ]T\ssien F∂nhbv°p≈ ]cnKW\.
234567890
234567890
234567890
$ imcocnI am\knI ]cnanXnbp≈ IpńIfpsS hnZym`ymkw.
$ Nne hnjbßfnse ITn\taJeIƒ
F∂nßs\ {]mtbmKnIambn A\p`hs∏Sp∂ {]Xnk‘nIsf adnIS°m\mbn ]mTy]≤Xn
[mcWIsf {]mtbmKnI amXrIIfm°n am‰n {]tbmKn°pIbpw hniIe\ hnt[bam°pIbpw
sNøWw.
A[ym]I¿ t\Snb [mcWIƒ, ss\]pWnIƒ, aqeyßƒ, at\m`mhßƒ, kz¥amb
{]tbmKamXrIIƒ, A\p`hßƒ F∂nhsb√mw tN¿∂mWv sXmgn¬]camb anIhmbn
hnIkn°p∂Xv. hnIkn°Wsa∂pw ImtemNnXambn \hoIcn°Wsa∂pw B{Kln°ptºmgmWv
s{]m^jW¬ hf¿®bp≠mIp∂Xv. kq£vahpw ]ckv]c_‘nXhpamb \nch[n ss\]pWnIƒ
anIhp‰XmIptºmgmWv A[ym]\w ê{]ZamIp∂Xv.
t_m[\imkv{X]camb IgnhpIƒ
]T-\hpw t_m[\hpw ê{]Zhpw ]ptcmKa\]chpam°p∂Xn\v klmbIamb \nch[n
ss\]pWnIfp≠v. Chsb khntijXIfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ hnhn[ taJeIfm°n Xncn°mw.
$ hn`hßƒ Is≠Ø¬
$ Bkq{XW anIhv
$ {]iv\hniIe\ tijn
$ kab amt\Pvsa‚ v
$ ¢mkv amt\Pvsa‚ v
$ kmaqlnI ss\]pWn
$ Bibhn\nab tijn
$ Bflhnizmkhpw {]iv\]cnlmchpw
$ ]cnlmct_m[\w
$ imkv{Xobhpw am\hnIhpamb hnebncpØ¬

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89

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t_m[\imkv{X]camb Cu IgnhpIfpsS G‰°pd®nepIfmWv A[ym]\ssien cq]s∏SpØp∂Xv. 123456789
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t\Snb IgnhpIƒ, [mcWIƒ, at\m`mhßƒ F∂nh {]tbmP\s∏SpØn kμ¿`m\pkcWw 123456789
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kzX{¥hpw A\ptbmPyhpamb t_m[\\ne]mSpIfpw X{¥ßfpw kzoIcn°m≥ IgnbWw. 123456789
123456789
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A[ym]I ˛ hnZym¿∞n _‘Øn¬ c≠phy‡nIƒ XΩnep≈ kzm`mhnI _‘Øn\∏pdw 123456789
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ImØpkq£nt°≠ Nne aqeyßfpw \ne]mSpIfpap≠v. 123456789
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kmaqlyamb \nch[n am\-ß-fp≈ sXmgn¬ F∂ \nebn¬ A[ym]I¿ ]ment°≠ Nne 123456789
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NpaXeIfpw [¿Ωßfpw \ne]mSpIfpw {]Xn_≤XIfpap≠v. 123456789
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$ Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb A[ym]I hnZym¿∞n _‘w 123456789
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$ ]TnXmhns‚ hy‡nXz cq]oIcWØn¬ sNepØp∂ kzm[o\w 123456789
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$ ÿm]\w, c£nXm°ƒ, kl-{]-h¿ØI¿ F∂n-hcp-am-bp≈ \√ _‘w 123456789
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F∂o taJeIfpambn _‘s∏´XmWv Ch. [m¿ΩnIamb Aht_m[w F∂Xns\m∏w 123456789
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\nba]cambn ]men°s∏Sm≥ \njvI¿jn°p∂ aqeyhyhÿ IqSnbmWv CXv. 123456789
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tIcf hnZym`ymk BIvSpw \nbahpw (KER) hnZym`ymk AhImi\nbaw (RTE-Act) F∂nh 123456789
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A[ym]I ss\XnIXsb°pdn®v hy‡ambn {]Xn]mZn°p∂p≠v. d^-d≥kn-ßn-eqsS A[ym-]I 123456789
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ss\Xn-IX
- s
- b-∏‰n IqSp-X¬ hkvXp-XI
- ƒ Is≠Øn ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hn¬ N¿® sNøp-at- √m.

"The mediocre teacher tells

The good teacher Explains
The Superior teacher demonstrates
The Great teacher inspires
- William Arthur Ward

Maintain trust in the profession

Maintain professional relationship with students
Work in collaborative manner with colleagues, parents guardians and carers
Act with Honesty and Integrity
Keep their professional knowledge and practice up to date
Teacher's Code of Ethics and Practice 2012
The council for the Teaching profession in Malta

A[ym]\w \nc¥c KthjW{]h¿Ø\w

t\Snb [mcWIfpw ss\]pWnIfpw {]tbmKn®pt\m°ptºmƒ {]Xo£nXêw e`n®psIm≈W-
sa∂n√. F¥psIm≠nßs\ kw`hn°p∂p? Fßs\ Cu {]iv\ßsf adnIS°pw? {]iv\ßƒ
GXv Afhn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂p? ]cnlmc {]h¿Ø\ßƒ êw sNbvXn´pt≠m? CØcw
tNmZyßƒ°v DØcw tXSnbp≈ imkv{Xob At\zjWamWv Hcp Kth-j-I≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬
A[ym-]I
- ≥ A\p-h¿Øn-t°-≠X- v. ]T\ t_m[\ kμ¿`hpw ]e ImcWßfm¬ hyXykvXamWv.
]T\t_m[\{]{Inb ê-{]-Z-am-h-W-sa-¶n¬ KthjWw Hcp \nc¥c{]h¿Ø\ambn amd-Ww.
A[ym-]-I¿ sXmgn¬]-c-ambn ]men-t°≠ [m¿anI \nb-a-kw-lnX (Code of Professional Ethics
for School Teachers) NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.

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234567890 A[ym-]-I¿ sXmgn¬]-c-ambn ]men-t°≠ [m¿anI \nb-a-kw-lnX
234567890
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234567890
(Code of Professional Ethics for School Teachers)
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234567890 1. hnZym¿Yn-I-tfm-Sp≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ
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234567890 1.1 F√m hnZym¿Yn-I-tfmSpw kvt\l-hm-’-ey-ß-tfmsS s]cp-am-dp∂p.
234567890
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234567890 $ F√m hnZym¿Yn-I-tfmSpw ka-`m-h-\-tbmsS s]cp-am-dpI.
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234567890 $ ]T-\-Øn¬ ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ \¬IpI.
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234567890 $ hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬ Bﬂ-hn-izm-kw, Xm¬∏-cyw, {]Xymi F∂nh P\n-∏n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-em-
234567890
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234567890 hWw s]cp-am-‰w.
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234567890 1.2 PmXn, aXw, h¿Kw, h¿Ww, kmº-ØnI\ne-, `mj, enwKw, P∑-ÿew F∂o ]cn-K-W-\-
234567890
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I-fn-√msX, \oXn, ]£-]m-X-cm-lnXyw F∂o aqey-ßsf _lp-am-\n-°p∂p.
234567890
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234567890 $ A[ym-]-I¿°v P\m-[n-]XyXØz-ß-fn-epw kln-jvWp-X-bnepw kmaq-lnI\oXn-bn-ep-ap≈
234567890
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234567890 hnizmkw hnZym¿Yn-I-fn-te°pw ]I-cp∂-p.
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234567890 $ A[ym-]IcpsS hy‡n-]c- a
- mb hnizm-kß
- ƒ, `c-WL
- S- \mXØz-ßƒ°v FXn-cm-bn-cp∂m¬
234567890
234567890
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234567890 AXv kvIqƒ kwhn-[m-\sØ Kpcp-X-c-ambn _m[n°pw.
234567890

1.3 hnZym¿Yn-bpsS imco-cn-I-hpw _u≤n-I-hpw sshImcn-Ihpw kZm-Nm-c-]chpw kmaq-ln-

Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb hnIm-k-Øn\v A¥-co-£-sam-cp-°p∂-p.
$ imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb tijn-Iƒ AXns‚ ]q¿WXbnte°p hnI-kn-°p∂ Ime-
amWv kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Im-ew.
$ _u≤nI afi-e-Øn-\p-am{Xw hnImkw \¬I-em-h-cpXv hnZym-`ymkw.
$ k¿h-tXm-ap-J-amb hy‡n-Xz-hn-Im-k-am-bn-cn-°Ww hnZym-`ymke£yw.
1.4 kvIqƒ Pohn-XØ-ns‚ F√m Xe-Ønepw hnZym¿Yn-bpsS hy‡nXzw am\n-°-s∏Sp∂p.
$ a\p-jy≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Hcp hnZym¿Yn-°p≈ P\m-[n-]Xy Ah-Im-i-ßfpw A¥ pw
]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ A[ym-]IcpsS `mKØp\n∂p≈ {]Xn-Iq-ea - mb A`n-{]mb{]I-S\
- w hnZym¿Yn-bpsS Bflm-
`n-am-\sØ apdn-s∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw ]T-\sØ _m[n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
$ kvIqfns‚ F√m {]h¿Ø-\-ßfnepw F√m Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw kPo-h-amb ]¶m-fnØw
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-Ww.
$ sFIy- c m- j v { S- k ` AwKo- I - c n- ® Xpw C¥y- I qSn H∏ph®- X p- a mb Ipń- I - f psS Ah-
Imi{]Jym]-\hpw Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-Imikwc-£W IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´pw A[ym-]-I¿
a\- n-em°n {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ kvIqfp-I-fn¬ A®-S°w ]men-°p∂--Xn-\p-th≠n cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \nb-am-hen Ipń-I-fpsS
a\p-jy-Xz-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°p--∂Xm-h-cp-Xv.
1.5 Ipń-IfpsS B¥cn-I-ti-jn-Ifpw {]Xn-`bpw {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m-\p≈ Bkq-{Xn-Xhpw
Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v cq]w \¬I-Ww.
$ tIh- e - a mb A°m- Z - a nIt\´- ß ƒ°v D]- c n- b mbn Hmtcm Ipń- b p- s Sbpw tijnbpw
{]Xn-`bpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I F∂Xv A[ym-]IcpsS {][m-\- ISa-bmWvv.

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$ hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS F√m-hn[ Ign-hp-Ifpw hnI-kn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ D≠m- 123456789
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I-Ww. 123456789
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1.6 `c-W-L-S\ hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ aqey-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ hn[-Øn-em- 123456789
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hWw ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-abw. 123456789
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$ P\m-[n-]-Xyw, aX-\n-c-t]-£-X, ka-Xzw, \oXn, kzmX-{¥yw F∂o `c-W-L-S\maqey-ßƒ 123456789
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]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ {][m\s∏´ B¥-cn-I -[mc-bm-h-Ww. 123456789
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$ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ]uc-∑m-cpsS IS-a-Isf°pdn®v ]d-bp∂ B¿ń-°nƒ 51 F a\- nem°p- 123456789
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Ibpw AXnse F apX¬ sI hsc-bp≈ Jfi-ßƒ Dƒs°m≠v {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw 123456789
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sNø-Ww. 123456789
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1.7 hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ A\pk-cn®v A[ym-]n-I-bpsS/ A[ym-]-Is‚ A[ym-]-\- 123456789
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coXn ]cnjvIcn°p∂p. 123456789
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$ \nc-¥chne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ipń-bpsS {]Ir-Xw, B¿PnXamb Adn-hv, 123456789
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A`n-cp-Nn, ]T-\-coXn XpS-ßn-bh ]cn-K-Wn®v t_m-[-\-X-{¥-ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-amb ]cn-jv°- 123456789
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cWw \n-c-¥cw \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. 123456789
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1.8 Ipń-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ Ah-cpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb hnh-c-ß-fpsS cl-ky-kz-`mhw kq£n-°p- 123456789
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Ibpw B hnh-cß
- ƒ \nb-a]
- c
- a
- mbn ssIam-dm-hp∂h-¿°p-am{Xw ssIam-dp-Ibpw sNøp∂p.
$ Hcp Iu¨k-e¿ IqSn-bmb A[ym-]n-I/A[ym-]-I\v Ipń-bpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb hnh-c-ß-
sf√mw Adnbmw.
$ Cu hnh-c-ßƒ Ipń-bpsS \∑-bv°p-th≠n hnth-I-]q¿hw am{Xta D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥
]mSp≈q.
1.9 Ipń-Isf `b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, D¬°WvTmIpe-cm-°p-I, imco-cn-I-ambn in£n-°pI, am\-
kn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-ambn ]oUn-∏n-°pI F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v Hgn™p \n¬°p∂-p.
$ Ipńsb ssewKnI]oU-\-ß-fpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ]oU-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Ah-K-W-\-bn¬\n∂pw
Nqj-W-Øn¬\n∂pw kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw A[ym-]I¿°p≠v.
$ in£ sa®-s∏´ ]T-\-Øn-te°p \bn°pw F∂ sX‰n≤mcW Xncp-Ø-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ CØcw Imcy-ß-fn¬ Ipń°p e`n-°p∂ \nb-a-]-cn-c-£sb°pdn®pw A[ym-]-I¿ Adn-
™n-cn-°-Ww.
1.10 GXp hnt[-\-bpap≈ ssewKnINqj-W-Øn¬\n∂pw Ipńsb kwc-£n-°p∂p.
$ ssewKnINqj-Ww imco-cn-Ia-- mb BLm-X-ßƒ am{X-a√, hf-sc-°mew Xßn-\n¬°p∂
am\-kn-Im-Lm-XhpwIqSn Ipń°p≠m-°p∂p.
$ _lp-am-\-s∏´ C¥y≥ kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xnbpw F≥.-kn.]n. Bdpw tPmen ÿe-ß-fnepw
kvIqfp-If
- nepw \S-°p∂ ssewKnINqj-WØ
- n-s\-Xnsc \¬In-bn-´p≈ am¿K-\n¿tZ-iß
- ƒ
A[ym]-I¿ ]men-t°-≠-XmWv.
2. c£n-Xm-°-tfmSpw kaq-l-tØm-Sp-ap≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ
2.1 amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSpw c£-mI¿Øm-°-tfmSpw hn\-b-]q¿h-ap≈ _‘w ÿm]n-°p∂p.
$ Ipńsb IqSp-X¬ Adn-bp--∂Xn\v Ah-cpsS c£mI¿Øm-°-fp-ambpw kplr-Øp-°-fp-ambpw
A[ym-]-I¿ \√ _‘w ]pe¿tØ-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.

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234567890 $ A[ym-]Icpw c£-mI¿Øm-°f - p-am-bp≈ kvt\l-]q¿W-amb _‘w Ipńsb A[ym-]Icp-
234567890
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234567890 ambn IqSp-X¬ ASp-∏n°pw.
234567890
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234567890 $ `qcn-]£w c£n-Xm-°fpw Xß-fpsS Ipń-I-fpsS kvIqfn-\-I-Øpw -]p-d-Øp-ap≈ {]h¿Ø-
234567890
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\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS A[ym-]-I-cn¬\n∂v Adn-bm≥ Xm¬∏cy-ap-≈-h-cmWv.
234567890
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$ hf¿®-bpsS L´-Øn¬ Ipń-Iƒ°p kw`-hn-°p∂ ]ng-hp-IƒIqSn t\´-ßt- fm-sSm∏w c£n-
234567890
234567890
234567890 Xm-°f
- p-ambn ]¶p-hb
- v°p--∂Xv henb Zpc-¥ß
- ƒ Hgn-hm-°p∂--Xn\v klm-bI
- a
- m-Ipw.
234567890
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2.2 Ipń-I-fpsS A¥- ns\ l\n-°p∂ GXp {]hr-Øn-bn¬\n∂pw hn´p-\n¬°p∂p.
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234567890 $ a‰p≈ hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS ap∂n¬h®v Bflm-`n-am-\sØ CSn-®p-XmgvØn kwkm-cn-°p∂-Xv
234567890
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234567890 Hgn-hm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
234567890
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234567890 $ AXp-t]mseØs∂ c£n-Xm-°-fpsS A`n-am-\-sØbpw tNmZyw sNøcpXv.
234567890
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234567890 $ GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`mKw Ipń-I-fpsS am{Xw ]›m-Ø-esØ (Pm-Xn, aXw, kmº-Øn-Iw,
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 ....) ]pIgvØn∏d-bp-∂Xv a‰p≈ Ipń-I-fn¬ hntZzjw P\n-∏n°pw.
234567890
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234567890 2.3 Ipń-Iƒ°n-Sbn¬ C¥y-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-Is
- Ø-°p-dn®v A`n-am-\t- _m[w hnI-
234567890
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234567890 kn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p∂p.
234567890
234567890
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234567890 $ At\Iw kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw `mj-I-fp-sSbpw aX-ß-fp-sSbpw hnizm-k-ß-fp-sSbpw
\mSmWv C¥y. CXv Hmtcm ¢mkv apdn-bnepw {]Xn-^-en°pw.
$ F∂m¬ C¥y-bn¬ Cu \m\m-Xz-Ønepw GIXzw cq]w-sIm-≠n-´p-≠v.
$ ]c-kv]-c-ap≈ kln-jvWp-Xbpw F√m kwkvIm-c-ß-sfbpw _lp-am-\n°m-\p≈ a\ pw
thWw.
$ Cu XØzw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn-eq-sS- hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ t_m[-]q¿h-amb {iaw Bh-iy-
am-Wv.
2.4 hnhn[ P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ hntZz-jhpw i{Xp-Xbpw hf¿Øp∂ XcØn-ep≈
{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°Ww.
$ F√m aX-ß-tfmSpw hnizm-k-ß-tfmSpw `mj-I-tfmSpw Xpey-_-lp-am\w hf¿Øp∂ Xc-
Øn-ep≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv ¢mkn¬ \S-t°-≠-Xv.
$ tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-Øns‚ ASn-Ød BZyw C¥y-°m-c≥, ]ns∂ am{Xw Hcp hn`m-K-Ønse
AwKw F∂ [mcWbmWv.
$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`m-KØ
- ns‚ {]Nm-cW
- Ø
- n-\mbn kvIqƒ / ¢mkv D]-tbm-Ks
- ∏-Sp-Øc
- pXv.
$ ImenI-amb kmaqlnI -˛ cmjv{Sob Imcy-ßƒ N¿®-sN-øp-tºmgpw A[ym-]-I≥/A[ym-
]nI GsX-¶nepw Hcp ]£Øp \n∂v kwkm-cn-°-cp-Xv.
3. A[ym-]\w F∂ sXmgn-ent\mSpw kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-tcm-Sp-ap≈ DØ-c-hmZn-Xz-ßƒ.
3.1 sXmgn¬sshZKv[yw hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂X-n\v \nc-¥-cw ]cn-{i-an-°p∂-p.
$ Hcp hnZym¿Ynsb \nc-¥c]Tn-Xmhm-°m≥ {ian-°p∂ A[ym-]I
- \pw Aßs\ BtI-≠X
- p-≠.v
$ \nc-¥cw hnI-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ hn⁄m\taJ-e-I-sf-°p-dn®pw A[ym-]\coXn-I-sf-
°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Adnhv tiJ-cn-°m\pw {]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp-Øm\pw Ign-b-Ww.
$ GsX√mw Xe-ß-fn-¬ \n∂v X\n°v ]pXnb Adn-hp-Iƒ e`n°pw F∂v At\z-jn-
°pIsb∂Xv A[ym-]-Is‚ IS-a-bm-Wv.

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3.2 kl-{]-h¿Ø-I¿ XΩnepw a‰p-≈-h¿ XΩn-ep-ap-≈ t_m[-]q¿h-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b- 123456789
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Øn-eqsS ]pXn-sbm-cp kwcw`w krjvSn-°p∂-p. 123456789
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$ A°m-Z-an-I-amb DW-¿hv P\n-∏n-°p∂--Xpw F√m A[ym-]-I¿°pw Xß-fp-tS-Xmb kw`m- 123456789
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h\ \¬Im≥ Ignbp-∂Xp-amb Hcp ss\Xn-IX kvIqfn¬ krjvSn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. 123456789
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$ Cß-s\-sbm-cp-W¿hv D≠m-°p∂--Xn\v Bkq-{Xn-Xhpw ê-{]-Z-hp-amb kl-I-cWw F√m 123456789
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A[ym-]-I-cn¬\n∂pw D≠m-h-Ww. 123456789
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$ kvIqfnse {]iv\ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p--∂Xn¬ F√m A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw {Inbm-fl-I-amb 123456789
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\n¿tZi-ßfpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw D≠m-I-Ww. 123456789
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$ A[ym-]Isc am{Xa√, kvIqƒ hnj-bß- f
- n¬ Xm¬∏-cy-ap≈ F√m hn`m-Ks
- Øbpw CØcw 123456789
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{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°m≥ A[ym-]-I\v Ign-b-Ww. 123456789
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3.3 kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-tcmSv A¥-t m-sSbpw _lp-am-\-tØm-sSbpw s]cp-am-dp-∂p. 123456789
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$ kvIqfnse F√m A[ym-]-I-tcmSpw Ah-cpsS hnZym-`ymktbmKy-Xtbm Ah¿ GXp hn`m- 123456789
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K-Ønse Ipń-Isf ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-sht∂m ]cnKWn-°msX A¥-t m-sSbpw _lp-am-\- 123456789
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tØm-sSbpw s]cp-am-d-Ww. 123456789
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3.4 A[ym-]-I¿ kzIm-cySyqj≥ FSp-°p-Itbm a‰p kzIm-cy hnZym-`ymk{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬
G¿s∏-Sp-Itbm sNøp∂-n-√.
$ A[ym-]-I≥ kzImcySyqj≥ FSp-°p-∂Xv Ah-cpsS kvIqƒ {]h¿-Ø-\-ßsf {]Xn-Iq-e-
ambn _m[n-°p∂-p.
$ kz¥w {]h¿Ø-\-ta-Je anI-®-Xm-°m-\p≈ kabw Ah¿°v \jvS-am-Ip∂-p.
$ kz¥w hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v kzIm-cySyqj≥ \¬Ip-tºmƒ AXv kvIqfnse ss\XnI XØz-
ßƒ°pXs∂ hnLm-XamI-Ø° s]cp-am-‰-ßƒ°p Imc-W-am-bn-Øo-cpw.
3.5 Xs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw Xocp-am-\-ß-sfbpw kzm[o-\n-°p-sa∂v Adn-bm-hp--∂Xn-\m¬
GsX-¶nepw hn[-Øn-ep≈ kΩm-\-ßtfm a‰p klm-b-ßtfm kzoI-cn-°p∂n√.
$ GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ {]Xo-£n-®p-sIm≠v \¬I-s∏-Sp∂ hne-]n-Sn-
∏p≈ kΩm-\-ßƒ A[ym-]-I¿ hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬\nt∂m c£-I¿Øm-°-fn¬\nt∂m kzoI-
cn-°-cp-Xv.
3.6 kl{]h¿Ø-I¿s°-Xn-scbpw D∂-Xm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒs°-Xn-scbpw A\m-h-iy-amb Btcm-
]-W-ßƒ D-∂bn-°p-∂n-√.
$ ]c-kv]cw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hn`m-KobkwL-ßƒ A[ym-]-I¿°n-S-bn¬ A`n-Im-ay-a-√.
$ kl-{]-h¿Ø-I¿s°-Xn-cmbn sXfn-hp-I-fn-√mØ Btcm-]-W-ßƒ D∂-bn-°-cpXv.
$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp kl-{]-h¿Ø-Is‚/kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-bpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂v Kpcp-X-c-amb
sX‰v ImWp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv ko\n-b¿ A[ym-]-I-cpsS {i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
3.7 kl-{]-h¿Ø-Ic
- p-sStbm hnZym¿Yn-If
- p-sStbm c£n-Xm-°f
- p-sStbm ap∂n¬h®v Hcp kl-
{]-h¿Ø-Is\ A[n-t£-]n®v kwkm-cn-°p∂-n-√.
$ A[ym-]-Isc-°p-dn®v hyXy-kvX-ßfmb A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ D≠mImw. F∂m¬ AXv {]I-Sn-
∏n-°p∂ coXn am\y-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
$ kl-{]-h¿Ø-Is‚ A[ym-]\coXnsb A]-l-kn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ kwkm-cn-°-cpXv.

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234567890 3.8 kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-cpsS A[ym-]-\-\n-e-]m-Sp-Isf am\n-°p-∂p.
234567890
234567890
234567890
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234567890 $ A[ym-]-\-Øn¬ anIhp ]pe¿Øp--∂h-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf «mLn-°p-Ibpw AØcw
234567890
234567890
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234567890 anIhv B¿Pn-°m≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww. F∂m¬ AXv XnI®pw A‘-amb A\p-I-c-
234567890
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234567890 W-am-I-cp-Xv.
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234567890 3.9 kl-{]-h¿ØI-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ kzImcyhnh-c-ßƒ cl-ky-ambn kq£n-°pIbpw \nb-a-
234567890
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234567890 ]-c-ambn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ am{Xw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂p.
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234567890 $ GsX-¶nepw Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn tiJ-cn-°s - ∏-Sp∂, kl-{]-h¿Ø-Isc-°p-dn-®p≈ hy‡n]c-
234567890
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234567890 amb hnh-cß - ƒ clkykz`m-ha
- p-≈X
- m-sW-¶n¬ Ah \nb-a] - c
- a
- mb Imcy-ßƒ°p am{Xta
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234567890 shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]mSp≈q.
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234567890 Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ N¿® sNbvX Bi-b-ßƒ
234567890
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234567890 $ P\m-[n-]Xy aqey-ßsf°pdn-®p≈ [mc-W-Iƒ ssIh-cn-°p-I. Ah Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm-≠v
234567890
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234567890 {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ at\m-`mhw, tijn F∂nh ssIh-cn-°p-I.
234567890
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234567890 $ A[ym-]Iss\]p-Wn-Isf kw_-‘n® [mcW ssIh-cn-°p-I.
234567890
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234567890 $ kzX-{¥hpw ê-{]-Z-hp-amb A[ym-]\ssien hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I.
234567890
234567890
$ A[ym-]Iss\Xn-I-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ [mcW. ss\Xn-IX {]tbmKh¬°-cn-°p-I.
$ A[ym-]-I≥ Hcp Kth-j-I≥.
XpS¿{]-h¿Ø\w / hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]h¿Ø\w
$ \ne-hn-ep≈ ¢mkp-ap-dn-I-fnse CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ P\m-[n-]Xy]c-a√ F∂mWv ]c-s°-bp≈ A`n-
{]m-bw. C°m-cy-Øn¬ \nß-fpsS \ne-]mSv F¥mWv? hni-Z-am-°p-I. ¢mkv apdn-I-fn¬ P\m-[n-
]Xy CS-s]-S-ep-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Fs¥ms° Imcy-ßƒ sNøm≥ Ignbpw?
$ tI{μam\h hn`-h-tijn hnI-k\ a¥m-ebw UNICEF ambn kl-I-cn®v Xbm-dm-°nb A[ym-
]I{]I-S\ am\-Z-fi-ßƒ (Teacher Performance Indicators) GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-
°p-I?
$ \nß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ anI® A[ym-]-I\v D≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ KpW-hn-ti-j-ßƒ Fs¥m-
s°-sb∂v hy‡-am-°p-I?
$ kzX-{¥hpw ê-{]-Z-hp-amb A[ym-]\ssien hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v A\n-hm-cy-amb [mc-
W-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-sb-∂mWv \nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂Xv? hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
$ t_m[-\-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn Hc-[ym-]-I\v D≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ {][m\ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ GsXm-s°-
bmsW∂v hy‡-am-°p-I?
apI-fn¬ sImSpØ tNmZy-ß-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ¢mkn¬ N¿® sNbvXn-´p-≠m-Ip-a-t√m. AXp-
ambn _‘-s∏´ \nß-fpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ IqSn Ub-dn-bn¬ Fgp-X-Ww.
-d^-d≥kv
1. Kerala Education Rules 1959
2. Right to Education Act 2009
3. National curriculum frame work 2005 (NCF 2005)
4. Kerala curriculum Frame work 2007 (KCF 2007)

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bqWn‰v -˛ 3 123456789
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]T-\- co-Xn-Ifpw ]T-\- X-{¥-ßfpw 123456789
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BapJw 123456789
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]T\w ê-{]-Z-am-h-W-sa-¶n¬ ]Tn-Xm-hn¬ Xm¬]-cyhpw Bh-iyhpw P\n-∏n-°p-∂-hn[w ]T-\-{]- 123456789
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{Inb Bkq-{XWw sNbvXv \S-∏m-°-Ww. Hmtcm Ipńbpw a‰p Ipń-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-cm- 123456789
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Wv. Hcp ¢mkv apdn-bn¬ F√m Ipń-I-sfbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ ]T-\ -co-Xnbpw X{¥-ßfpw Bhn- 123456789
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jvI-cn®p \S-∏n-em-°pI F∂Xv GsXm-c-[ym-]-I\pw t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-bm-Wv. Hmtcm A[ym- 123456789
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]-I\pw Ahiyw Adn-bp-Ibpw tijn t\Sp-Ibpw th≠ taJ-e-bm-Wn-Xv. sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ]T-\ 123456789
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-co-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw ]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ kw_-‘n®pw Ah-bpsS hn\n-ab km[y-X-I-sf-°p-dn®pw Cu 123456789
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bqWn-‰n¬ N¿® sNøp-∂p. 123456789
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]T-\-co-Xnbpw ]T-\-X-{¥-ßfpw \n›-bn-°p∂Xv ]mTy-]-≤Xn kao-]-\-amWv. Adnhp \n¿ΩmW 123456789
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{]{In-b-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Ipń kzbw Adnhp \n¿an-°m-\p-X-Ip∂ ]T-\ - 123456789
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co-Xn-Ifpw X{¥-ß-fp-amWv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ AØcw ]T-\ -co-Xn-Ifpw 123456789
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X{¥-ßf - p-amWv ChnsS khn-ti-ja - mbn N¿® sNøp-I. kmaq-lnI ⁄m\-\n¿Ωn-Xn- hm-Zw, hna¿i-
\m-h-t_m-[w, am\-hn-I-Xm-hm-Zw, `mjm-k-a-{K-Xm -Z¿i-\w, \mUo- a-\»m-kv{Xw, _lp-ap-J -_p≤n
XpS-ßnb kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS ASn-Ø-d-bn-emWv \ne-hn-ep≈ kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn kao-]\w ]Sp-
Øp-b¿Øn-bncn-°p-∂Xvv. AXn-\m¬ ]T-\ co-Xnbpw ]T-\ X-{¥-ßfpw Cu kao-]-\-Øn\v tbmPn-
°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
D≈-S°w
1. ]T-\ ssien, ]T-\-th-KX ˛ Zriy-ssi-en, {imhy-ssi-en, Ne-\-ssien
2. ]T-\-coXn ˛ At\z-jW- c - o-Xn, {]iv\]- c- n-lc - W
- - coXn, A]-{K-Y\ - c
- o-Xn,
t{]mPIvSv coXn, BK-a\ - \- n-Ka- \
- c - o-Xn, {]`m-jW
- c
- oXn
3. ]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ ˛ kwhm-Zm-flI
- w, Kth-jW- m-flI
- w, \n¿am-Wm-flI
- w, k¿Km-
fl-Iw, hy‡n-K-X-]-T-\w, kwL-]-T-\w.
4. ]T-\-ss\-]pWn ˛ d^-d≥knMv, Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°¬
5. ]T-\m-¥-co£w ˛ ImgvN-∏mSv
6. ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø\w ˛ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
7. ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ ˛ F¥v? F¥n\v?
8. ùXn-I-ku-I-cy-ßƒ ˛ ka-{K- hn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-X-Ip-∂Xv

1. ]T-\ -ssi-enbpw ]T-\- th-K-Xbpw

F√m Ip´n-Ifpw {]IrXym ]Tn-°m≥ B{K-l-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv, Ign-hp-≈-h-cm-Wv. ]T-\-Øns‚ {][m\
LS-I-ßƒ A¿Y]q¿W-amb ]T\w, Aaq¿Ø-ambn Nn¥n-°m-\p≈ Ignhv hf¿Øp-I, a\\w,
{]h¿Ø\w F∂n-h-bmWv (F≥.kn.-F^v 2005). F∂m¬ Hmtcm Ip´nbpw khn-ti-j-amb Ign-hp-
I-fp-am-bmWv kvIqfn-se-Øp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ Ah¿ ]e coXn-bn-emWv ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv. A\p-
`-h-ß-fn-eqsS sNbvXpw I≠pw \n¿an®pw ]co-£-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw hmb-\, N¿®, tNmZn-°¬,

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234567890 tIƒ°¬, Nn¥n-°¬, a\\w, H‰bv°pw Iq´mbpw kzm`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn-∏n-®p-sa-√m-amWv ]T\w
234567890
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234567890 \S-°p-∂-Xv.
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234567890 1.1. ]T\ssien
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Hmtcm Ipńbpw hyXy-kvX-\m-Wv. `mh-Øn¬, cq]-Øn¬, {]Ir-X-Øn¬, \S-∏n¬ F∂p th≠
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234567890 F√m Imcy-ß-fnepw Hcp Ipń-sb-t∏mse as‰m-cmƒ C√ Xs∂. F¶n¬ F√m-hcpw Htc t]mse
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234567890 Htc ka-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ]T\w ê-{]-Z-ambn ]q¿Øn-bm-°-W-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xnse HuNn-Xy-sa¥v?
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234567890 ChnsS {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-bmWv ]cn-K-Wn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ Cu hy‡n-hy-Xym-ksØ ]msS \ntj-
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234567890 [n-°m-\m-hptam? Fßs\ Cu {]iv\sØ adnIS°mw?
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F¶n¬ BZyw N¿® sNtø-≠Xv F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Cßs\ kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv F∂mWv. Chn-sS-
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234567890 bmWv ]T-\-ssi-en, ]T-\-th-KX XpS-ßnb Bi-b-ßƒ {]k-‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw
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234567890 ]T-\-th-K-Xbpw ]T-\ssi-enbpw hyXy-kvX-am-W-t√m. Fs¥-√m-amWv hyXym-k-ßƒ? {][m-\-
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234567890 ambpw aq∂p-Xcw ]T-\-ssi-en-I-fmWv D≈-Xv.
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$ I≠p ]Tn°p∂-h¿ (Visual Learners)
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234567890 $ tI´p ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿ (Auditory Learners)
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234567890 $ {]h¿Øn®p ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿ (Kinesthetic learners)
1.1.1. Zriy-]-c- ]-T-\-ssien (Visual Learning Style)
Bi-b-ß-sfbpw hnh-c-ß-sfbpw Nn{X-ß-fp-ambn (Images) _‘n-∏n®p ]Tn-°p∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv.
Cu ssien-bn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿°v Ah¿ ]Tn-°m≥ t]mIp∂ Imcy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn{X-ßƒ
ImW-Ww. {Km^p-Iƒ, am∏p-Iƒ, hoUn-tbm, Ub-{Kw, Nm¿´p-Iƒ, ]ń-I-Iƒ F∂nh D]-tbm-K-
s∏-Sp-Øp-tºm-gmWv ]T\w anI® \ne-bn¬ \S-°p-I. Cu ssiensb Zriy˛ÿe-]c ]T\ssien
(Visual -Spacial) F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
1.1.2 {ih-W- ]-T-\ssien (Auditory learning style)
Cu ssien-bn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hn¬ tIƒ°p-∂-Xn-eq-sSbpw ]d-bp-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bp-amWv ]T\w \S-°p-I.
¢mkn¬ A[ym-]-I≥ ]d-bp∂ Bi-b-ßƒ ê-{]-Z-ambn kzmwio-I-cn-°m\pw {]h¿Øn-°m\pw
CØcw ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°p Ign-bpw. Ch¿ anI® {ih-W-ti-jn-bp-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°pw. A[ym-]-I≥
]d™ Imcy-ßƒ Hm¿a-bn¬ kq£n-°m≥ Ch¿°p Ign-bpw. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ Ch-cpsS
¢mkvXe ]¶m-fnØw A\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-∂p. {ih-W- ]T-\ s - si-en-bp-≈h - ¿ Ah¿ sNøm≥ t]mIp∂
Imcy-ßƒ hni-Za - mbn hnh-cn-°pw. Ah-cpsS hnIm-cß
- ƒ, i_vZ h - n-eqsS (Tone, Pitch,
- y-Xn-bm-\Ø
Volume) {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ah¿ tIƒ°p-∂X - n\mWv IqSp-X¬ Xm¬∏cyw ImWn-°p-∂Xv.
1.1.3 Ne-\-]-c- ]-T-\ssien (Kinesthetic learning style)
]Tn-Xm-hns‚ imco-cnI Ne-\-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-®p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-´p-sIm-≠p≈ ]T\
-ssi-en-bm-Wn-Xv. Ch¿°v tI´p ]Tn-°p-∂-Xnt\m I≠p ]Tn°p-∂-Xnt\m Xm¬∏cyw Ipd-hm-bn-cn-
°pw. ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ Xbm-dm-°¬, em_v {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, ]mTy-h-kvXp-hp-ambn {]h¿Ø-\-
ßsf _‘n-∏n-°¬, \mS-Io-I-c-Ww, Ifn-Iƒ F∂nh Ch¿°p≈ ê-{]-Z-amb coXn-Ifm-Wv.
Cßs\ GsX-¶nepw Hcp ssien-bn¬ am{Xw Dd®p \nev°p∂ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cn-
°pw. F∂m¬ Cu aq∂p km[y-X-Ifpw F√m-h¿°pw ]T-\-Øn¬ Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠p
Xs∂ Zriy-]-c-hpw, {ih-W-]-c-hpw, Ne-\-]-c-hp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS DZv{K-Y\w Hmtcm ]mTy-
h-kvXp-hn-epap≈ A\p-`-h-ßƒ Hcp-°p-∂-Xn¬ \mw Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.

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234567890 2.1 At\z-j-Wm-flI coXn (Inquiry Method)
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234567890 At\z-j-Wm-flI coXnsb lyqdn-Ãn°v coXn (Heuristic Method), Is≠-Ø¬ coXn F∂o t]cp-
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234567890 I-fnepw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. lyqdn-Ãn°v coXn-bpsS D]-⁄m-Xm-hmb s{]m^.-sl‚n FUvthUv
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Bwkvt{SmMv Cu coXnsb \n¿h-Nn-®Xv Cß-s\-bm-Wv. "Heuristic method is a method of teaching
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which involves our placing of children as far as possible in the attitude of a discoverer) Ipń-Iƒ kzbw
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234567890 {]iv\-]-cn-lmcw Is≠-Øp-Ibpw I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂- co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. Ipń-bpsS {]Ir-X-
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234567890 hp-ambn Gsd CW-ßp∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. Hcp kμ¿`-hp-amtbm A\p-`-h-hp-amtbm _‘-s∏´v
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234567890 D≠m-Ip∂ kwib\nhm-c-W-Øn-\m-bp≈ At\z-j-W-amWv Cu coXn-bpsS ImX¬. CXns‚
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234567890 ê-ambn [mcmfw A¿Y-]q¿W-amb tNmZy-ßƒ Db¿∂p hcpw. XpS¿∂p≈ At\z-jW{]{In-
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234567890 b-bpsS `mK-ambn Ipń kzbw DØ-c-ß-fn-se-Øp-Ibpw am\-kn-I-ambn Xr]vXn -t\-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw.
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ChnsS A[ym-]-I≥ ]T-\mw-i-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-ßƒ D∂-bn®v Ipń-bn¬ At\z-j-W-
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At\z-j-W-Øns‚ coXn, tNmZy-ßƒ F∂nh A¿Y-]q¿W-am-hm≥ ]tcm-£-ambn klm-bn-°p-
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234567890 Ibpw {]Xy-£-ambn t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw.
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234567890 At\z-j-Wm-fl-I -co-Xn-bpsS anI-hp-Iƒ
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$ kz¥w At\z-j-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw A\p-`-h-Øn-eq-sSbpw Adnhp t\Sp-∂p.
$ {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-Øn¬ B\-μ-a-\p-`-hn-°p-∂p.
$ kz¥-ambn Iev]n-°p∂ hn[n-bn¬ (PUvPvsa‚ v) hniz-kn-°p-∂p.
$ sX‰ns\ `b-s∏-Sp-∂n√
$ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ Ab-hp-≠m-Ip-∂p.
$ F√m tNmZy-ßƒ°pw A¥na DØcw thW-sa∂v iTn-°p-∂n√
$ DØ-ct- Øm-sSm∏w IS-∂p-t]mb {]{In-bbpw {][m-\a
- m-W.v CXv XpS¿]T-\sØ klm-bn-°pw.
$ kzbw]T-\-Øns‚ coXnimkv{Xw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
2.2 {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W -coXn (Problem solving method)
Ipń Xs‚ ]T-\ k-μ¿`-Øntem PohnXkμ¿`-Øntem t\cn-Sp∂ Hcp {]iv\sØ ]cn-l-cn-°p-
∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-Ibpw {]iv\-hn-i-I-e\w sNbvXv ]cn-lmc{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \SØn
{]ivv\w -]-cn-lcn°pIbpw sNøp∂ coXn-bm-Wv.
1983 ¬ tab¿ (Mayer) _lp-Xeßfp≈ Hcp {]{In-b-bmWv {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-coXn F∂v \n¿h-
Nn®p. ChnsS {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-I≥, Xm≥ Ct∏mƒ t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\hpw ap∂\p-`-h-ßfpw XΩn-
ep≈ _‘w Is≠Øn thWw ]cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbn {iaw XpS-cp-hm≥. 1984˛¬ {_m≥kvt^mUv &
sÃbn≥ (Bransford and Stein, 1984) {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-Øn-\mbn sFUn-b¬ tamU¬ (Ideal model)
Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. CXv Aaq¿Ø-amb {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-Wtijn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-am-Wv.
F∂m¬ Hcmƒ°v Cu tijn a‰p kμ¿`-ß-fn-te°v am‰m≥ Ign-bpw. t\cn-Sp∂ ]T-\-{]-iv\sØ
]cn-lc- n-°m≥ \ne-hn-ep≈ [mc-Wbpw ss\]p-Wnbpw aXn-bm-hmsX hcp-tºm-gmWv ]pXnb Adnhp
tXSn t]mtI≠n hcp-I. {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-Øn\v ]pXnb Adnhv A\n-hm-cy-amWv. Cu coXn {]Xn-
^-e-\m-flI Nn¥, bp‡n-Nn¥ F∂nh hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°pw. Hcp ¢mkv apdn-bn¬ ]T-
\-Øns‚ `mKambn {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W -coXn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcp So®¿ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-L-´-
ßƒ ]n¥p-S-c-Ww.

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$ {]iv\w Fs¥∂v \n¿W-bn-°¬ 123456789
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$ {]iv\s
- Ø-°p-dn®pw {]iv\I
- m-cW
- s
- Ø-°p-dn®pw hnhn[ t{kmX- p-If
- p-]t- bm-Kn®v a\- n-em- 123456789
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°¬ 123456789
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$ {]iv\-Im-c-W-ß-fpsS hni-I-e-\hpw km[y-amb ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ \n¿tZ-in-°epw 123456789
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$ ]cn-lm-c-ß-fpsS i‡n-Zu¿_-ey-ßfpw, Zqc-hym-]-I-^-e-ßfpw Is≠-Ø¬ 123456789
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$ e£y-Øn-se-Øp-∂-Xn\v G‰hpw tbmPn® ]cn-lm-c-am¿Kw Xnc-s™-Sp-°¬ 123456789
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$ ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-Øns‚ ^e-{]m]vXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ am\-Z-ﬁ-ßƒ \n›-bn-°¬ 123456789
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A[ym]n-I-bpsS tdmƒ 123456789
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$ {]iv\w \n¿h-Nn-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°¬ 123456789
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$ Hmtcm L´-Ønepw Bh-iy-amb klm-b-sam-cp-°¬ 123456789
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$ \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ klm-bn-°¬ 123456789
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$ Hmtcm \n¿tZ-i-sØbpw hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°¬ 123456789
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$ \nK-a-\-ß-fpsS IrXy-X, bp‡n F∂nh Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°¬ 123456789
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2.3 A]-{K-Y-\ -coXn (Analytical Method)
{]iv\sØ D]-{]-iv\-ß-fm°n am‰n ]cn-lmcw ImWp∂ {]{In-b-bmWv A]-{K-Y\ coXn. X¬^-
e-ambn {]iv\-Øns‚ hnhn[ hi-ßfpw {]iv\-Im-c-Whpw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw. CXv {]iv\sØ
Xe-\m-cngIodn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn\pw A¥¿eo-\-amb Bi-b-ß-sf Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw klm-bn-
°pw. a\- ns‚ Db¿∂ Xe-Øn-ep≈ {]I-S-\-amWv A]-{K-Y-\-sa∂v sXmss≠°v (Thorndike)
]d-bp-∂p.
{][m\ t\´-ßƒ
$ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ F√m kwi-b-ß-tfbpw Zqco-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ bp‡n-k-l-amb coXn-bm-Wv.
$ Is≠-Ø¬]T-\-Øn\pw Bi-b-{K-l-W-Øn\pw G‰hpw tbmPn® coXn.
$ ]T-\-co-Xn-bpsS Hmtcm L´hpw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn hnI-kn®p hcp-∂Xpw bp‡n-k-lhpw \oXo-
I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-am-Wv.
$ Hmtcm L´-Ønepw ]Tn-Xmhv \nc-h[n tNmZy-ßsf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂p. CXv ]Tn-Xm-hns‚
Nn¥m-tijn h¿[n-∏n-°pw.
]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ
$ ssZ¿Ly-ta-dnb {]{In-b-bmWv
$ anIhpw thKhpw B¿Pn-°m≥ {]bmkw
2.4 t{]mPIvSv coXn (Project Method)

t{]mPIvSv Hcp ]T-\c - o-Xn-bm-Wv. CXn¬ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ hy‡n-KX

- a
- mtbm sNdp-kw-Lß - f - mtbm BWv
CXv \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp bYm¿Y Pohn-X-{]-iv\tam kmμ¿`n-I-ambn h∂ptNcp∂ {]iv\tam
\n›nX ka-b] - c
- n-[n-°p-≈n¬ A]-{K-Yn-®v ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øp∂ {]{In-bb - m-Wn-Xv. tPm¨ Uyqbn-
bpsS {]mtbm-Kn-I-hm-Z-hp-ambn _‘-ap≈ Hcp coXn-bm-WnXv.

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John Alford Stevenson : "A project is a problematic act carried to the completion
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in its natural settings"
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Ballord : "A project is a bit of real life that has been imported into
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234567890 William Head Kilpatrick : "A project is a whole hearted purposeful activity
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proceeding in a social environment."
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234567890 Cu \n¿h-N-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \nco-£n-°m-hp-∂-Xv.
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234567890 $ t{]mPIvSv Hcp {]h¿Ø-\-amWv
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234567890 $ AXn\v Nne e£y-ß-fp-≠v.
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234567890 $ CXv kmaq-ln-Ihpw kzm`m-hn-I-hp-amb kμ¿`-Øn-emWv \n¿hln-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
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234567890 t{]mPIvSv coXn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
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$ {]iv\m[njvTnXw : F√m t{]mP-IvSp-Ifpw ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-]-cn-
(Problem based) l-c-W-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wv. {]iv\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv
t{]mPIvSvcoXn-bpsS BZy-L-´w.
$ Dt±iym[njvTnXw : t{]mPIvSvcoXn-bpsS hnPbw Dt±iyw kw_-‘n®v ]Tn-
(Objective based) Xm-°ƒ°p≈ IrXy-amb [mc-W-bm-Wv.
$ {]h¿Ø\m[njvTnXw : Dt±iyw IrXy-am-bn-°-gn-™m¬ ]T-\m-¥-co£w D≠m-°-Ww.
(Activity based) ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ kzbw Bkq-{X-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw N¿®-bn-eq-sSbpw
kwL-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fneq-sSbpw ]T\w XpS-ßpw.
$ bmYm¿Yyw : ^e-{]-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v bYm¿Y Pohn-X-k-μ¿`w D≠m-°-Ww.
(Realistic)
$ kzmX{¥yw : ]T\w ^e-{]-Z-ambn \S-°-W-sa-¶n¬ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v kzX-
(Freedom) {¥-ambn {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ sNøm≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°Ww
$ D]-tbmK£aX : t\Snb Adnhv ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-
(Usability) Xn\v klm-bn-°-Ww.
$ DZv{K-Y\w : bYm¿Y Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-XmWv Cu coXn. Hcp
(Integration) hnj-bsØ am{Xw ]cn-K-Wn-®√ t{]mPIvSvcoXn apt∂-dp-∂-Xv. Hcp
{]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS DZv{K-Y\w \S-
t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ P\m-[n-]-Xy-aq-ey-ßƒ : CsXm-cp-kw-L-{]-h¿Ø-\-amWv. Bi-b-ßƒ sIm≠pw
(Democratic Values) sImSp-Øp-amWv t{]mPIvSv coXn apt∂-dp-∂-Xv. N¿®, kwhmZw
F∂o P\m-[n-]-Xy-co-Xn-Iƒ CXns‚ `mK-am-Wv.
t{]mPIvSv coXn-bpsS anI-hp-Iƒ
$ kPo-h-amb ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bmWv t{]mPIvSvcoXn

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$ ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS kºq¿W]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°p-∂p. 123456789
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$ ka{K hy‡n-Xz-hn-I-k\w km[y-am-Ip∂p 123456789
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$ bYm¿Y PohnX{]iv\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-ap-≈-Xm-I-bm¬ `mhn Pohn-X-Øn¬ Cu coXn-bn- 123456789
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ep≈ ]T\w klm-bn-°p-∂p. 123456789
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$ ]Tn-Xmhv ]q¿WkzmX{¥yw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p. CXv Bfl-hn-izmkw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw DØ- 123456789
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c-hm-Zn-Xz-t_m-[-ap≈hcm-°p-∂-Xn\pw klm-bn-°pw. 123456789
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$ kl-I-c-Ww, kwL-{]-h¿Ø-\w, XymKw XpS-ßnb kmaq-ly-Kp-W-ßƒ B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xn\v 123456789
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klm-bn-°p-∂p. 123456789
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$ B¥-cnI {]tNm-Z-\-Øn-eqsS ]T-\-Øn¬ Xm¬]-cy-ap-≈-h-cm-Ip-∂p. 123456789
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$ {]iv\]
- c
- n-lc
- W
- Ø
- n¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ B\μw XpS¿]T-\sØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. 123456789
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$ 123456789
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2.5 BK-a\ \nK-a\ coXn-Iƒ (Inductive and Deductive Methods) 123456789
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]T-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ [mcm-f-ambn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]T-\-co-Xn-bmWv BK-a\ \nK-a-\-co-Xn. BK- 123456789
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a-\-coXnbn¬ DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw s]mXp-X-Øz-Øn-te°pw \nK-a-\-coXnbn¬ s]mXp-X-Øz- 123456789
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Øn¬ \n∂v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-te°pw FØn-t®-cp-∂p.
2.5.1 BK-a-\ coXn (Inductive Method)
A[ym-]nI Bi-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ [mcmfw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw DZm-l-c-
W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw A\p-`-h-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw s]mXpXØz-Øn-te°v FØn-t®-cp-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]T-
\-co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ \nco-£-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw hni-I-e-\-Øn-eq-sS-bp-amWv Bi-b-cq-
]o-I-cWw \S-°p-∂-Xv. kzm`m-hn-I-amb Adnhv kzmb-Ø-am-°p-∂- co-Xn-bm-Wv CXv. Cu L´-
Øn¬ ]Tn-Xmhv Ah-cpsS _p≤n, ap∂-\p-`-hw, Nn¥m-tijn F∂o am\-knI {]{InbIƒ ]T-\-
Øn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
]Tn-Xm-hn\v \n›nX hnj-b-Øn¬ ImgvN-∏mSv cq]o-I-cn-°m\pw AXp-hgn Bi-b-{K-lWw Ffp-∏-
am-°m\pw Ign-bpw. kz¥-ambn Bibw cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpIhgn Zo¿L-Imew Hm¿a-bn¬ \ne-\n¿Øp-
∂-Xn\pw Ign-bp-∂p.
anI-hp-Iƒ
$ \nco-£n® hkvXp-°-sf-°p-dn®v bp‡n-]-c-amb \nK-a\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø-p∂-Xn\p≈ kzm`m-hn-
I-amb coXn
$ Pohn-X-hp-ambn t\cn´p_‘-ap≈ kw`-h-ß-sfbpw {]Xn-`m-k-ß-sfbpw kw_-‘n®v hnh-c-
ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p-∂p.
$ \nco-£n® hnh-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ipń-Iƒ°v hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn Nn¥n-°m\pw hne-bn-cp-
Øm\pw t_m[y-s∏-Sm\pw AXp-hgn bp‡n-]-c-amb \nK-a-\-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m\pw klm-
bn-°p-∂p.
$ At\z-j-Wm-fl-I- ]-T-\w, {]iv\m-[n-jvTn-X- ]-T-\w, t{]mPIvSv coXn-bn-ep≈ ]T-\w, F∂n-h-
bn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv BK-a\coXn-bnse {]{In-b-bm-Wv.
$ ]T-\-Øn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ kPo-h-]-¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.
$ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ kzbw s]mXp-X-Øz-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p.

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234567890 $ hni-I-e-\m-flI Nn¥ hf¿Øm\pw Db¿∂ Xe-Øn-ep≈ Nn¥m-tijn hnI-kn-∏n-°m\pw
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234567890 $ BK-a-\-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ ]T-\-{]-{Inb ka-b-°q-Sp-X¬, `mh-\, k¿Km-fl-IX F∂nh Bh-iy-
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234567890 $ \S-∏n-em°p∂Xn\v IqSp-X¬ A[ym]\sshZKv[yw Bh-iy-am-Wv.
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234567890 \nKa\co-Xn-bn¬ BZyw kn≤m¥w AYhm \nbaw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]ns∂ kμ¿`-ß-fn-eq-
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234567890 sSbpw DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Bibw hni-Z-am-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. A[ym-]ItI{μnXcoXn-bm-
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WnXv. Ipń kzbw ]pXnb Adn-hn-te°v \bn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn√. Cu coXn-bn¬ hn\n-abw sNø-s∏-
Sp∂ Bi-b-ßƒ ap≥Iqń \n›-bn-°-s∏-´-h-bm-bn-cn-°pw. hyh-lm-c- hm-Z-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb ]mTy-
]-≤-Xn- ]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ ¢mkpapdn-bn¬ Cu coXn-bmWv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. Ipń-I-fn¬ B{in-
XXzw hf¿Øp∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv.
DZm: `qan-im-kv{X-]-T-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Imem-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®p ]Tn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ A[ym-]-I≥,
""Imem-h-ÿbpw hkv{X-[m-c-W-co-Xnbpw XΩn¬ _‘-ap≠v'' F∂p {]kvXm-hn-®-tijw C¥y-
bnse hnhn[ kwÿm-\ß - f
- nse/temI-Ønse hnhn[ cmPy-ßf - nse hkv{X-[m-cW - c- o-Xnbpw Imem-
h-ÿbpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-eqsS Imem-h-ÿbpw hkv{X-[m-c-W-co-Xnbpw XΩn¬ _‘-
ap≠v F∂p Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. ChnsS Ipń ]pXp-Xm-sbm∂pw Is≠-Øp-∂n-√. So®-dpsS {]kvXm-
h\ icn-hb - v°p-∂X
- n-\p≈ Ah-kc - s
- am-cp-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ BK-a\- c
- o-Xn-bn-¬ hnhn[ cmPy-ßfnse
Imem-h-ÿbpw hkv{X-[m-c-W-co-Xnbpw Is≠-Øm\pw Xmc-Xayw sNøm\pw Ah-kcw \¬Ip-
∂Xn-eqsS Imem-h-ÿbpw hkv{X-[m-c-W-co-Xn-Ifpw XΩn¬ _‘-ap-s≠∂pw AXv F{]-Im-c-am-
bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw Ipń \nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØp-∂p. BK-a-\-co-Xn-bn¬ ]Tn-Xmhv Adnhv kzbw \n¿Ωn-
°p-tºmƒ \nK-a-\-co-Xn-bn¬ A[ym-]-I≥ Adnhv ]I¿∂p \¬Ip-∂p.
BK-a-\- \n-K-a-\- co-Xn-Iƒ ˛ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ H‰-t\m-´-Øn¬

BK-a-\-coXn (Inductive Method) \nK-a-\-coXn (Deductive Method)

$ inip-tI-{μnXw $ A[ym-]I tI{μnXw
$ Adn-hns‚ Hgp°v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn¬ $ Adn- h ns‚ Hgp°v s]mXp- X - Ø z- Ø n¬
\n∂v s]mXp-X-Øz-Øn-te°v \n∂v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-te°v
$ kzm{i-b-ioew hf¿Øp∂p $ B{in-XXzw hf¿Øp∂p
$ ]pXnb Adn-hn-te°v \bn-°p∂p $ A[ym-]I
- ≥ Adnhp ]I¿∂psImSp-°p-∂p.
$ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS ]pXnb Bi-b- $ A[ym-]-I≥- Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂p.

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$ kabw A[nIw th≠n hcp∂p $ Ipd®p ka-bta Bh-iy-ap-ffp 123456789
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$ Ipń-I-fpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn-\p -tbm-Pn-®Xv $ ap≥Iqń \n›-bn-°-s∏-´Xv 123456789
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$ At\z-j-Wm-fl-I-co-Xn, t{]mPIvSv coXn $ {]`m-jW
- c
- o-Xn, sUtam¨kvt{S-j≥ coXn 123456789
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{]iv\m-]-{K-Y-\-coXn F∂n-h-bn¬ D]- F∂n-h-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. 123456789
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tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. 123456789
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$ Bi-b-ßƒ tI´p ]Tn-°p-∂p. 123456789
$ hni-I-e-\m-flI Nn¥ hf¿Øp-∂p. 123456789
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$ $ 123456789
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2.6 {]`m-j-W-coXn 123456789
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A[ym-]-I-tI-{μnX ]T-\-co-Xn-bmWv {]`m-j-W-coXn. hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp ]T-\- 123456789
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kn-≤m¥w ASn-ÿm-\-am°n \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Cu coXn°v {]mapJyw D≠m-bn-cp- 123456789
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∂p. A[ym-]-I≥ kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw Ipń-Iƒ tIhew tIƒhn-°m-cmbn Ccn-°p-I-bp-amWv sNøp- 123456789
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∂-Xv. CXn¬ Ipń-I-fpsS {Inbm-fl-I-amb ]¶m-fnØw D≠m-hn-√. CXv hnh-c-ßƒ Ipń-I-fn¬ \nd-
bv°p-hm≥ IqSn e£y-an-Sp∂ ]T-\ -co-Xn-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ Nne hnj-b-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v
{]`m-j-W-coXn klm-b-I-am-hpw. Wronski, Stanley XpS-ßn-b-h¿ {]`m-j-W-co-Xn-bpsS 4 [¿Ω-ßƒ
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. (1) Ipń-I-fn¬ Xm¬∏cy-ap-W¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ (to motivate) (2) hy‡-X -h-cp-Øp-
hm≥ (to clarify) (3) Ah-tem-I\w sNøm≥ (to review) (4) hn]p-eo-I-cn-°m≥ (to expand)
{]`m-j-W-coXn Bkq-{XWw sNøp-∂-Xn\p apºmbn A[ym-]nI IrXy-amb Bkq-{XWw \S-Ø-
Ww. Cu kμ¿`-Øn¬ BcmWv t{imXm-°ƒ, {]`m-j-W-Øns‚ e£y-sa¥v? e`n-°p∂ kabw
F{X? D≈-S-°-sa¥v? XpS-ßnb tNmZy-ßƒ a\- n¬ D≠m-I-Ww.
{]`m-j-Wco-Xn-bpsS e£yw:
$ Hcp hnj-bsØ°pdn-®p≈ s]mXp-hn-hcw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\v,
$ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ ]pXnb Bi-b-ßƒ°v AwKo-Im-chpw hy‡-Xbpw hcp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v,
$ ASn-ÿm-\- a-t\m-`m-h-Øn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v,
$ {]tXy-I-tijn t\Sp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\v.
{]`m-j-WsØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ
$ {]`m-j-Is‚ D≈-S°[mc-W
$ `mjmss\-]p-Wn,
$ Ah-XcWØnse kpXm-cy-X,
$ Zriy-{imhy D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-Kw,
$ Ipń-I-fpsS {i≤bpw _u≤nI ]¶m-fn-Øhpw
{]`m-j-W -co-Xn-bpsS {][m-\-KpWßƒ
$ AXv sNehp Ipd™ coXn-bmWv.
$ IqSp-X¬ t]sc Htc-k-abw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p,

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234567890 $ a‰p ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, em_v, sse{_dn H∂pw Xs∂ Bh-iy-an-√.
234567890
234567890
234567890
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234567890 $ thK-Øn¬ Adnhv hn\n-abw sNøm\pw ]mTy-hkvXp thK-Øn¬ ]Tn-∏n®p Xo¿°m\pw
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 klm-bn-°pw.
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234567890
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234567890 $ \√ {]`m-jW
- ß- ƒ Ipń-If
- psS A`n-t{]-cW h¿[n-∏n-°m\pw Ah-cpsS k¿Kmfl-IN -- n-¥-\-
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234567890 sØ {]tNm-Zn-∏n-°m\pw klm-bn-°pw.
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{]h¿Ø\w
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234567890 {]`m-jWcoXn°v ]cn-an-Xn-I-fpt≠m? Fs¥m-s°-bm-Wh?
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234567890 3. sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ
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234567890 Ipń-I-fpsS hy‡n-hy-Xym-kw, A`n-cp-Nn, ]T-\-tijn F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-®p≈ ]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ
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kw_-‘n® N¿®-I-fmWv Cu L´-Øn¬ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. CXn¬ kwhm-Zm-fl-Ihpw Kth-j-Wm-fl-
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Ihpw \n¿Ωm-Wm-fl-Ihpw k¿Km-fl-I-hp-amb ]T-\-X-{¥-ß-fmWv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
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234567890 3.1. kwhm-Zm-flI ]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ
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Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ ss{]adn ¢mkp-I-fn¬ {][m-\-ambpw hcp-∂Xv N¿®, kwhm-Zw, skan-\m¿ F∂n-
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h-bm-Wv. CXn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ eLp-hn-hcw Xmsg \¬Ip-∂p.-A-tXm-sSm∏w \nßƒ sNtø≠ ]T-
\-{]-h¿Ø-\-hpw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
3.1.1. N¿® (Discussion)
Hcp \n›nX e£yw t\Sp∂Xn\v Bi-b-ßfpw hnh-c-ßfpw apJm-apJw ssIam-dp∂ {]{In-b-
bmWv N¿®.
N¿®-Iƒ c≠p Xc-ap≠v Hu]-Nm-cn-Ihpw A\u-]-Nm-cn-Ihpw, \ΩpsS ¢mkp-ap-dn-I-fn¬ km[m-c-
W- ]-T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn A\u-]-Nm-cnI N¿®-I-fmWv \S-°p-∂-Xv. ¢mkp-ap-dn-bn¬
sNdp-kw-L-ß-fmbpw Nne-t∏mƒ ¢mkvXe-Ønepw N¿®-Iƒ \S-°pw. kwhm-Zw, ]m\¬ N¿®-
Iƒ, skan-\m¿, knwt]m-knbw F∂nh Hu]-Nm-cn-I-amb N¿®m cq]-ß-fm-Wv.

{]h¿Ø\w
kwhm- Z m- ﬂ I ]T- \ - X - { ¥- s a∂ \ne- b n¬ N¿®bv ° p≈ {]k- ‡ nbpw {]m[m- \ yhpw
Is≠-Øp-I.

3.1.2. kwhmZw (Debate)

ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ Hcp hnj-bsØ kw_-‘n®v hyXy-kvXamb A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ
bp‡nkl-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ N¿®mcq]-amWv kwhm-Zw. hfsc P\m-[n-]-Xy-kz-`m-h-ap≈ Hcp
Bi-b-hn-\n-ab coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. Ipń-Isf {]tNm-Zn-∏n-°p-Ibpw tijn hnIm-k-Øn\v klm-bn-°p-
Ibpw sNøpw. Ipń-I-fpsS hna¿i-\-Nn¥ (Critical thinking) sb hf¿Øp-Ibpw Hcp hnj-b-Øns‚
hnhn[ ImgvN-∏m-SpIƒ hni-I-e\w sNøm≥ {]m]vX-cm-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn h¿[n-∏n-°m\pw {]Xn-]£ _lp-am\w hf¿Øm\pw klm-
bn-°pw. Ipń-If
- n-sem-cmtfm A[ym-]I
- t\m tamU-td-‰d
- mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw c≠p hmZ-ßs
- fbpw
t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw. ¢mkp-ap-dn-bn¬ \S-°p∂ kwhm-Z-ßƒ Hcp Zni-bn¬ h∂p tNc-
W-sa-∂n√. F∂m¬ [mc-W-Iƒ `c-W-L-S\maqey-ßƒ°v hncp-≤-am-h-cp-Xv.

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{]h¿Ø\w 123456789
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kwhmZw Hcp ]T\X{¥-am-Wv. CXns‚ {]m[m\yw N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°p-I. 123456789
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3.1.3 skan-\m¿ (Seminar) 123456789
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Bi-b-ß-fpsS hni-I-e-\-Øn\pw hni-Zo-I-c-W-Øn\pw klm-bn-°p∂ Hcp \qX\ ]T-\-X-{¥-am- 123456789
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Wv skan-\m¿. ap≥Iq´n \n›-bn® Hcp hnj-b-Øn¬ Ht∂m AXn¬ IqSp-Xtem ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ 123456789
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{]_‘w Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw tamU-td-‰-dp-sSbpw a‰p kl-]-Tn-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw ap∂n¬ hnjbw Ah- 123456789
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X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw. H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ t]¿ hnj-b-a-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ {]kvXpX hnj- 123456789
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b-Øn¬ hnhn[hi-ßƒ Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°mw. XpS¿∂v tNmtZym-Øc
- k
- a
- b
- hpw N¿®bpw 123456789
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\S-°pw. HSp-hn¬ tamU-td-‰¿ skan-\m-dnse Bi-b-ßƒ t{ImUo-I-cn-°pw. 123456789
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{]h¿Ø\w 123456789
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skan-\m-dns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠ØpI. 123456789
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3.2 Kth-j-Wm-ﬂI ]T-\X-{¥-ßƒ 123456789
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A[ym-]-I≥ BXy-¥n-I-ambn Hcp Kth-j-I-\m-Wv. hnh-c-ß-fp-sSbpw hkvXp-X-I-fp-sSbpw ASn- 123456789
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ÿm-\-Øn¬ bp‡n-k-l-ambn Nn¥n®v {]iv\w -]-cn-l-cn-°p∂ X{¥-am-Wn-Xv. t{]mP-IvSv, k¿th
F∂nhbmWv Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂-Xv.
3.2.1 t{]mPIvSv ˛ Hcp ]T-\-X{¥w
t{]mPIvSv Hcp ]T-\-co-Xn-bmbpw ]T-\-X-{¥-ambpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. hnim-e-amb
A¿YØn¬ t{]mPIvSv Hcp coXn-im-kv{X-am-Wv. F∂m¬ ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS `mK-ambn ¢mkp-ap-dn-
bn¬ Hcp ]T-\-X-{¥-ambpw {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. ChnsS A[ym-]nI ]T-\-e£yw \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw
]Tn-Xmhv ]T\hn-jbw Bg-Øn¬ ]Tn-°p-Ibpw t{]mPIvSv ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn Xbm-dm°n ka¿∏n-
°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXns‚ Hmtcm L´-Ønepw ({]iv\w \n¿W-bn-°¬, {]iv\-hn-i-I-e-\w, ]cnI-
ev]-\ -cq-]o-I-c-Ww, ]T\-coXn \n›-bn-°¬, ZØ-ti-J-c-W-Øn-\p≈ D]m[n Xbm-dm-°¬, ZØ-
ti-J-c-Whpw hni-I-e-\hpw Is≠-Ø¬, \nK-a-\-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°¬, dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°¬, hn\n-
abw sNø¬) A[ym-]nI Hcp klm-bn-bmbn IqsS h¿Øn-°-Ww.
t{]mPIvSvcoXn {]mtbm-Kn-I-hmZ Z¿i-\-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS ]T\w F∂ XØz-
amWv ChnsS kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv tPm¨ Uyqbn BWv Cu coXn- t_m[-\-cw-KØv BZy-ambn D]-
tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.

{]h¿Ø\w
1. \memw ¢m nse ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp taJe Xnc-s™-SpØv t{]mPIvSv
cq]-tcJ Xbm-dm-°p-I.
2. t{]mPIvSv coXn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ipdn-°p-I.

3.3 \n¿Ωm-Wm-ﬂI ]T\X{¥-ßƒ

]T-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS `mK-ambn ]e D¬∏-∂-ßfpw \n¿an-t°-≠-Xmbn hcpw. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ imco-cn-I-
amb tijn Dƒs°m-≈p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv Cu hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ D≠m-hp-I. tamU-ep-I-fpsS
\n¿am-Ww, cq]-ßƒ, ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS \n¿an-Xn, sF.kn.Sn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn

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234567890 Xbm-dm-°p∂ kma-{Kn-Iƒ F∂nh DZm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv. Ne-\-]-c-ssien (Kinesthetic method) -]T-\-
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Øn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v Cu ]T-\-X{¥w Gsd KpW-I-c-am-Wv.
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234567890 3.3.1. anI-hp-Iƒ
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234567890 $ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ GIm-{K-X-tbm-sS-bp≈ {]h¿Ø\w Dd-∏m-°m-\m-hp-∂p.
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234567890 $ ]T-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn aq¿Ø-amb D¬∏∂-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p.
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234567890 $ Bfl-hn-izm-khpw B\-μhpw e`n-°p-∂p.
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234567890 3.4 k¿Km-flI ]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ
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234567890 ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS `mK-ambn k¿Km-flI{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°nSw \¬Ip∂ X{¥-am-WnXv. ]mT-`m-K-
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234567890 ß-fnse Bibw \mS-I-am-°¬, tdmƒtπ, ]mh-\m-S-Iw. kwKo-Xm-hn-jvIm-cw, Nn{X-h¬°-c-Ww,
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\rØmhnjvIm-cw, inev]-im-e-Iƒ F∂nßs\ k¿Km-flI km[y-X-Isf {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
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234567890 k¿Khm-k-\-bp≈ Ipń-I-sf Is≠Øn ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m≥ Cu X{¥w klm-b-I-am-Wv.
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234567890 3.5 hy‡n-KX ]T\w
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234567890 P¿Ω≥ t_m[-\-coXn imkv{X-⁄-\mb t{^ms_¬ BWv Cu coXn°v ASn-ÿm-\-an-´-Xv. Ipń-
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234567890 I-fpsS khn-tij Ign-hp-Ifpw Xm¬∏-cyhpw ]cn-K-Wn®p apt∂-dm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-amWv Cu X{¥-
Øn-eqsS km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. kzbw ]Tn®p apt∂-dm≥ km[n-°p-∂-h¿°v AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ah-k-
c-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p. A[ym-]n-I-bpsS ]n¥pW th≠-h¿°v Ah-cpsS tijn ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p≈
klmbw \¬Ip-∂p.
kzbw hmbn®v Bibw {Kln-°¬, d^-d≥knMv, hmbn®v Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°¬ XpS-ßnb \nc-
h[n kμ¿`-ßƒ hy‡n-K-X-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ Ah-k-c-am-Wv.
3.6 kwL-]-T-\X-{¥-ßƒ
]T\w Hcp kmaq-lnI{]{In-b-bm-Wv. A¿Y-]q¿W-ambn ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂Xpw
bp‡n-`{- Z-ambn {]iv\ß
- ƒ°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xpw kwL-{ia-ßf - n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. kwL-
Nn-¥-bnepw (Collective thinking) Iq´mb {]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw D≈ Du∂¬ ]Tn-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw
A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw tdmfn¬ henb am‰w Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. kwL-]-T-\-X-{¥-ßsf {][m-\-ambpw
aq∂mbn Xncn-°mw. ka-kw-L-]-T-\w, kl-I-c-Wm-fl-I-]-T-\w, kl-h¿ØnXz]T-\w.
3.6.1. ka-kw-L-]-T\w (Peer Learning)
kam\ Xm¬∏-cy-ap≈ c≠p ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS kwLw Ah¿ \n›nX ]T-\-e£yw t\Sp-∂-Xn\v
]c-kv]cw N¿®-Iƒ, kwhm-Zß - ƒ F∂nh \S-Øp∂ ]T-\{- ]-{In-bb
- mWv ka-kw-L] - T
- \
- w. ChnsS
a‰-[n-Im-cn-Itfm hy‡n-Itfm CS-s]-Sp-∂n-√. Bi-b-ßƒ ]c-kv]cw hni-Zo-I-cn®pw {]h¿Ø-\-
ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-bmbpw ]T-\-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.
hnP-b-I-c-ambn \S-°p∂ Cu {]{Inb ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS ]T-\-t\´w h¿[n-°m≥ klm-bn-°pw. ChnsS
kwL-Ønse Ipń-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw ]T\w Dd-∏m-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu {]{Inb ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ
]c-kv]cw Bkq-{XWw sNbvXv kwL-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cpØn apt∂-
dp-∂-Xn\pw Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-∂p.
3.6.2. kl-I-c-Wm-flI ]T\w (Coperative Learning)
kl-I-c-Wm-flI ]T\w F∂Xv ¢mkvap-dn-I-fn¬ A°m-Z-an-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb A\p-`-h-
ßƒ ]¶p-h-bv°p∂ Hcp ]T\kwhn-[m-\-am-Wv. CXv tIhew Ipń-Isf kwL-ß-fm°n ]Tn-∏n-
°p-∂-Xn-ep-]cn Ipń-I-fn¬ ]c-kv]-cm-{in-XXzw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ {]{In-b-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. hyXy-kvX-\n-
e-hm-c-°mcmb Ipń-I-fpsS sNdp-kw-L-ß-fn¬ e`n-°p∂ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ]T-\m-\p-`-h-ßƒ, Ah-

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cpsS [mc-W-Ifpw tijn-Ifpw hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xn\v 123456789
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klm-bn-°pw. kwL-Ønse Hmtcm AwK-Øn\pw kwL-]-T\w 123456789
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kz¥w ]T-\-Ønepw kwL-Ønse a‰p-≈-h-cpsS ""kwL-]-T\w Cs∂mcp ^mj-\mbncn°p-∂p. 123456789
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]T-\-Ønepw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. AXp- F√m-bv-t∏mgpw Ipń-Isf kwL-ambn Ccp- 123456789
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sIm≠v Hcp Ipń-bpsS hnPbw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS hnP- Øp∂-Xp-sIm≠v Hcp Imcy-hp-an-√. shdpsX 123456789
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kabw \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv''' 123456789
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b-Øn\v klm-bn-°pw. Bi-b-ß-fpsS ssIam‰w 123456789
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]Tn-Xm-°-fn¬ Xm¬∏cy-ap-f-hm-°p-Ibpw hna¿i- 123456789
A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e\ thf-bn¬ Db¿∂p h∂ 123456789
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\m-flINn¥ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. hna¿i-\-am-WnXv. CXn-t\mSv \nß-fpsS {]Xn- 123456789
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kl-I-c-Wm-flI]T\w ]Tn-Xm-°-fp-sS: I-c-W-sa-¥mWv? tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m? 123456789
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$ ]T- \ - k w- L - s Ø - h n- I - k n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - X n\pw Hmtcm ]T-\-X-{¥-Øn\pw IrXy-amb {]{In-b- 123456789
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I-fp≠v. Ah ]men®v \S-Øp∂ {]h¿Ø-\- 123456789
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_lp- k z- c X hf¿Øp- ∂ - X n\pw klm- b n- 123456789
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ßƒ shdp-sX-bm-hn-√. 123456789
°p∂p 123456789
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kwL-{]-h¿Ø\w Bkq-{XWw sNøp-tºmƒ 123456789
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$ ]T-\-hn-j-b-ß-fn-ep≈ ss\]p-Wnbpw ]c- 123456789
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kv]cw ]¶p-h-bv°-ens‚ aqeyhpw a\ n-em- $ ]T\{]h¿Ø\w kwL- { ]- h ¿Ø\w 123456789
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°m≥ Ign-bpw. Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m? 123456789
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$ kl-Ic - W
- m-flI]T\Øn¬ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ ]c- $ kwL-Ønse AwK-ßf
- psS FÆw F{X 123456789
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kv]cw {Inbm-flIN¿®-Iƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw ]Tn- thWw? 123456789
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°m-\p-≈h H∂n®v ]Tn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. 123456789
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$ kwL-Øn¬ \¬Im-\p≈ kma-{Kn-Iƒ
(h¿°vjo-‰v, Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ, hmb\ k m a -
{Kn-Iƒ) e`y-amtWm?
$ {]h¿Ø- \ - { Iaw IrXy- a mtWm F√m-
h¿°pw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-™n-´pt≠m?

{]h¿Ø\w
kl-Ic
- W
- mﬂI ]T-\Ø
- ns‚ anI-hp-Ifpw khn-ti-jX
- I
- fpw Is≠Øn Fgp-Xp-I.

3.6.3 kl-h¿Øn-Xz-]-T\w (Collaborative learning)

ct≠m AXn-e -[ n-Itam AwK-ß -fp≈ kwL {]h¿Ø\w Bkq-{XWw
kwLw Hcp {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn- sNøp-tºmƒ
t\m, Hcp {]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-
$ kwL-ambn {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ `uXnI kuI-cy-ap-
Xnt\m Hcp D¬∏∂w krjv S n- ° p- ∂ -
t≠m?
Xnt\m D≈ {ia- Ø n¬ Dƒt®¿∂p
$ F√m AwK-ßƒ°pw IrXy-amb tdmƒ Dt≠m?
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂-XmWv kl-h¿ØnX ]T-
$ {Kq∏p-eo-U¿, Npa-Xe \¬In-bn-´pt≠m?
\w.
$ {]h¿Ø\w {Kq∏ns‚ \ne-hm-c-Øn\v tbmPn-®-XmtWm?
kl-h¿Øn-X- ]-T\w Hcp ]T-\-X-{¥-am- $ Bh-iy-amb klmbw \¬Im≥ kwhn-[m-\a- pt≠m? (s^kn-
Wv. `n∂-\n-e-hm-c-°m-cmb ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ en-t‰-j≥)
Htc e£yw km£m-Xv°c - n-°m\mbn kw- $ {]tXyIw {i≤n-t°≠ Ip´n-I-fp≈ kwL-Øn¬ {i≤-
L-ambmWv {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-∂-Xv. bpt≠m?
hy‡n- K - X - ] - T - \ - s Ø- ° mƒ kl- $ D≠m- t I≠ D¬∏∂w, \S- t °≠ {]{Inb F∂nh
h¿ØnX]T- \ - Ø n- e qsS B¿Pn- ° p∂ kw_-‘n®v [mcW \¬In-bn-´pt≠m?
hnhcw Zo¿L-Imew ]Tn-Xm-hn¬ \ne- XpS-ßnb L´-ß-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ Hcp kwL-
\n¬°pw. ]¶m- f n- Ø - ] - T \w ]Tn- X m- {]-h¿Ø\w Hcn-°epw ]mgmbnt∏mhp-I-bn√.
°ƒ°v N¿®-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v Ah-
k-c-sam-cp-°pw. CXv Ah-cpsS ]T-\sØ

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234567890 klm-bn-°p-Ibpw hna¿i-\m-flI Nn¥-bp-≈h - c
- m-°pIbpw sNøpw. ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ Ah-sc-Øs - ∂bpw
234567890
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234567890 a‰p-≈-h-scbpw kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ Ah-sc-Ø-s∂bpw a‰p-≈-h-scbpw kzbw
234567890
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234567890 hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. {Kq∏ns‚ hnPbw hy‡n-I-fpsS hnP-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. A[ym-]nI
234567890
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234567890 {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \nc-¥cw hne-bn-cp-Ø-W-sa-∂n-√.
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234567890 3.6.3.1 klh¿ØnX]T\w ˛ anIhpIƒ
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234567890 $ Nn¥mtijn, Hm¿Ωi‡n, Bflhnizmkw, `mjWtijn kmaqly CSs]S¬ tijn,
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234567890 hy‡ym¥c_‘w F∂nh hnIkn°p∂p.
234567890
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234567890 $ hna¿i\mflINn¥ D±o]n∏n°pIbpw N¿®IfneqsSbpw kwhmZØneqsSbpw
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Bibhy‡X Dd∏phcpØpIbpw sNøp∂p.
234567890
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234567890 $ {]iv\]cnlcWØn\v \qX\amb ]cnlmcßƒ Is≠Øp∂p.
234567890
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$ ⁄m\\n¿ΩnXnhmZkao]\hpambn tbmPn®pt]mIp∂p.
234567890
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234567890 $ ]TnXm°ƒ°v ]ckv]cw klmbn°m\pw hnIkn°m\pw DØchmZnØap-≠mIp∂p.
234567890
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$ ]T\ssienbnep≈ hyXymkw A`nkwt_m[\ sNøpIbpw \qX\]T\ coXn-Ifpw
234567890
234567890
234567890 X{¥ßfpw hnIkn∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂p.
$
$
$

klIcWmﬂI ]T\w klh¿ØnXz]T\w

Hcp {]h¿Ø\Øns‚ `mKambn (structured activity) Hcp kwLw ]TnXm°ƒ HsØmcpan®v
sNdnb kwLßfn¬ Hcpan®v {]h¿Øn°p∂p. Htc e£yØn\mbn {]h¿Øn°p∂p.
Ip´nIsf sNdpk¶ckwLßƒ B°p∂p. k¶c kwLw Hcp s]mXp-e-£y-Øn-
\mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
]T\mibsØ°pdn®pw {]h¿Ø\L´-
Xm≥ sNøp∂ {]h¿Ø\sØ°pdn®v
ßsf°pdn®pw F√mh¿°pw Hcpt]mse
am{Xw [mcWbp≠mIpw
[mcWbp≠mIpw (shared vision).
A[ym]Icpw Ip´nIfpw XΩn¬ Adnhpw A[ym]I≥ Hcp klmbnsb∂ \ne-
A[nImchpw ]¶phbv°pw. bn¬ am{Xw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
]T\e£yw, NpaXe Ch \n›bn°p∂Xn\v ]T\e£yhpw NpaXebpw A[ym]I≥
]TnXm°ƒ°v IqSn Ahkcw. \n›bn°pw.

3.6.3.2 klIcWmﬂI ]T\hpw klh¿ØnXz ]T\hpw Hcp XmcXayw

kwL]T\w ^e{]ZamIWsa¶n¬ IrXyamb Bkq{XWw BhiyamWv. ]ckv]c _lpam\w,
]ckv]c klIcWw, ]¶phbv°m\p≈ at\m`mhw, F√mhscbpw Dƒs°m≈¬ F∂nh
kwL]T\w ^e{]Zam°p∂Xn\p≈ ap≥ D]m[nbmWv. CXn\mbn ]TnXm°fn¬ NnetijnIƒ
hftc≠Xp≠v.
$ ]¶phbv°m\p≈ tijn (Sharing skills):

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89

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$ ]¶mfnØtijn (Participation Skills): 123456789
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$ Bibhn\nabtijnIƒ (Communication Skills) : 123456789
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$ {ihWtijnIƒ (Listening Skills) : 123456789
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{]h¿Ø\w 123456789
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kwL{]h¿Ø\w Imcy£aam°m≥ Bkp-{XWØn¬ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcyßƒ ˛ Ipdn∏v 123456789
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Xøm-dm-°p-I. 123456789
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4. ]T\ss\]pWn (Learning Skill) 123456789
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hnhctiJcWw ]T\{]{InbbpsS Ahn`mPyLSIamWv. \mw t\cnSp∂ Hcp ]T\{]iv\w 123456789
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]cnlcn°p∂Xn\mbn hnhn[ taJeIfn¬ \n∂v hnhcßƒ tiJcnt°≠nhcpw. AXn\v 123456789
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klmbIcamb {][m\s∏´ ]T\ss\]pWnbmWv d^d≥knßpw Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°epw. 123456789
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sshhn[yam¿∂ ]pkvXIßfn¬ \n∂pw sh_vssk‰pIfn¬ \n∂pw Bhiyamb hnhcw 123456789
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tiJcn°m\pw Ah eLp Ipdn∏pIfmbn FgpXnsbSp°m\pap≈ ss\]pWnbmWnXv. kzbw]T\w 123456789
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ê{]Zam°p∂Xn\v d^d≥knMvss\]pWn A\nhmcyamWv. D∂X]T\cwKØpw 123456789
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d^d≥knMns‚ {]m[m\yw Gsd hepXmWv. 123456789
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5. ]T\m¥co£w (Learning Atmosphere)
ùXnIhpw sshImcnIhpamb inip kulrZm¥co£w Hmtcm hnZymeb-Ønepw D≠mIWw.
]T\{]{In-bbn¬ kvIqfnse ùXnIhpw sshImcnIhpamb kmlNcy-ßfpsS {]m[m\yw \mw
C\nbpw ]q¿Wambn Xncn®dn-™nń√. ]T\m¥-co£w kw_-‘n®p≈ kao]\w ]ptcmKa\-
]chpw ]T\{]{Inbbv ° v A\p- t bmPy- h pamIWw. AhbpsS hym]\w Dd∏m°p∂Xn¬
Un.]n.C.]n, Fkv.Fkv.F, B¿.Fw.Fkv.-F, {XnXe ]©mbØpIƒ, P\{]Xn-\n[nIƒ,
F≥.Pn.H, s]mXp-P\ßƒ F∂nhcpsS CSs]S¬ ê{]-Zambn \S∂n´p-≠v. ]T\m¥co£w
kw_‘n-®v tIcfØnse ]mTy-]≤XnIƒ apt∂m´p- hbv°p∂ ImgvN∏mSv Cßs\ kw{Kln°mw.
$ IpńbpsS {]IrXsØ ]cnKWn°p-∂Xv.
$ AhImißsf kwc-£n-°p∂Xv.
$ ]T\kao]\Øn\v tbmPn®Xv. ¢mkvapdnbnse CSw
$ P\m[n]Xy atXXc aqeyßƒ ]cnKWn- FgpØv ]cnioen°p∂Xn\papºp≈
°p∂Xv. ss\]p- W nIƒ hnIkn∏n°p∂Xn\pw
`n∂kwJy Isf a\ n- e m°p∂Xn\pw
$ AhkcXpeyX Dd∏m-°p∂Xv. klmbn°p∂ coXnbn¬ ¢m nse
$ IpńIsf BI¿jn-°p∂Xv. P\¬{Kn√pIƒ cq]Iev ] \ sNømhp∂-
XmWv . tImWpIsf°pdn®v hniZam°p-
$ ]pdwhmXn¬ ]T\-Øn\v km[yX-bp≈Xv.
∂Xn\mbn hmXn¬-]mfnIfntem Xdbntem
$ Ifnbp]IcWßƒ, ]Tt\m]Ic- W ßƒ ]ehn[w tImWp Iƒ Dƒs°m≈n°mw.
F∂nh BhiyØn\p-≈Xv. ¢m v a pdn bnse sNdnb AeamcIsf
$ {]okvIqƒ A\p`hßƒ°v XpS- ¿ ® AhnSsØ sse{_dn Ifmbn am‰mw.
koenwKv ^m\p Ifn¬ If¿ \¬In \nc¥cw
e`n°p∂Xv. amdn-s°m≠ncn-°p∂ cq]ßƒ IpńIƒ°v
$ amXr`mjbn¬ ]Tn°m\p≈ Ahkcw I≠v ckn°mw. Cßs\ ]T\ {]{Inbsb
Dd∏m°p∂Xv. klmbn°p∂ XcØn¬ ¢mkv A¥co£w
BI¿jI am°m≥ Ignbpw.
$ `bclnXhpw kulrZ]q¿Whp-amb A¥
(F≥.-kn.-F-^v. 2005)
co£w Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xv.

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234567890 $ s]mXp[mcWbpsS ASnÿm- \ Øn¬
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]pdwtemIw
234567890
234567890 A[ym]I¿°pw IpńIƒ- ° pw {]h¿Øn-
234567890
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kv I qfns‚ sIńSØns‚ \ngep≠mIp∂
234567890 °m\hkcw.
234567890 Znimam‰hpw \ofhyXymkhpw kab]T\Øn
234567890
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$ kzX{¥amb ¢mkv{]h¿Ø\Øn\p \mbn {]tbmP\-s∏SpØmw. XWp∏pImeØv
234567890
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234567890 hgßp∂ Ccn∏nSkuIcyw, hrØnbp≈ Ces]mgnbp∂ hr£ßƒ \´p]nSn∏n®m¬
234567890
234567890
234567890 EXpam‰w \nco£n®p a\ nem°mw. th\¬
234567890
234567890 ¢m vapdn.
234567890 °meØv ]pdw]T\Øn\p≈ CSßfmhp
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ Im‰pw shfn®hpw e`n°p∂ AS®pd∏p≈ Ibpw sNøpw.
234567890
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234567890 ¢m vapdn. D]tbmKiq\yamb SbdpIƒ a‰p kma{KnIƒ
234567890
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234567890 F∂nh D]tbmKn®v kmlkßƒ°p≈ Ifn
234567890
234567890 $ ¢m v s se{_dn, em_v , Ifnt°m∏paqe
234567890 ÿew Hcp°mw. aÆpw sNfnbpw D]tbmKn®v
234567890
234567890
234567890 XpSßnb kuIcyw.
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\n¿an® C¥ybpsS Hcp tcJm`q]SØn¬
234567890
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234567890 $ ¢m papdnbn¬ IpSnsh≈ e`yX. HmtcmcpØ¿°pw aeIfpw Ip∂pIfpw
234567890
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234567890 ]pgIfpw XmgvhcIfpw \n¿an°mw. agsh≈
234567890
234567890 $ btYjvSw D]tbmKn°mhp∂ t_m¿UpIƒ.
234567890
234567890 kw`cWnIƒ D≠m°mw. _lncmImi ]cn
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ sF.kn.Sn. A[njvTnX ]T\kuIcyw. thjWw BteJ\w sNømw. {Xnam\ÿe-
234567890
234567890
234567890 ap≠m°mw. iet`mZym\w, ssPhssh-
234567890 $ Sn.F¬.Fw. ^Ãv FbnUv In‰v, Ifnbp]Ic-
234567890
234567890
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234567890
hn[y]m¿°v F∂nh \n¿Ωn°mw.
234567890 Wßƒ.
234567890
234567890 (F≥.kn.F^v 2005)
$ IpńIfpsS \n¿anXnIƒ, cN\Iƒ F∂nh
{]Z¿in∏n°p∂Xn\pw t{]m’mln∏n°p∂Xn\pw Ahkcw.
$ sIńSsØ ]Tt\m]IcWam°nam‰p∂ ]≤Xn (Building as Learning Aid - BALA).
$ kaqlhpw hnZymebhpw XΩn¬ Dujvafamb _‘w.
$ `n∂tijn kulrZamb \n¿anXnIƒ. Cßs\ hn]peamb ImgvN∏mSpIƒ hnZymebm¥
co£sØ°pdn®v cq]s∏SpØn {]mtZinI BhiyßƒIqSn ]cnKWn®v Ah
\S∏nem°Ww. AXn\mbn kvIqƒ hnIk\]≤Xn hnIkn∏n°pIbpwthWw.
6. ]T\{]h¿Ø\w (Learning Activity)
{]h¿Ø\m[njvTnX ]mTy]≤XnbmWv C∂v tIcfØn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂Xv. ]TnXmhv t\tS≠
Bibßƒ, [mcWIƒ, tijnIƒ, ss\]pWnIƒ, at\m`mhßƒ, aqeyßƒ F∂nh
]T\{]h¿Ø\ßfneqsSbmWv kzmbØamt°≠Xv . AXn\m¬ Hmtcm ]T\m\p`hhpw
{]h¿Ø\ßfneqsSbmWv ¢m n¬ hn\nabw sNøp∂Xv.
1996se ]pXnb ]mTy]≤XnbmWv {]h¿Ø\m[njvTnX]T\w tIcfØn¬ Dd∏m-°nbXv. CXns‚
`mKambn ]mT]pkvXIßƒ, ssI∏pkvXIßƒ, ]cnioe\ßƒ, a‰v A\p_‘kma{KnIƒ
F√mw ]T\{]h¿Ø\ßƒ°\pKpWam°m≥ \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn®p.
Hmtcm ¢m nsebpw IpńbpsS Bhiyßƒ ]cnKWn®v {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ am‰w \n¿tZin®p.
]T\{]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v \n›nX khntijXIƒ D≠mbncn°Wsa∂v ]mTy]≤Xn
\n¿tZin°p∂p≠v.
6.1. ]T\{]h¿Ø\w ˛ khntijXIƒ
$ ]TnXmhns‚ _u≤nI\nehmcØn\v tbmPn®Xv.
$ sh√phnfn Db¿Øp∂Xv
$ ]T\t\´Ønte°v \bn°p∂Xv.

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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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89

123456789
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$ F√mhcpsSbpw ]¶mfnØw Dd∏m°p∂Xv. 123456789
123456789
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123456789
$ k¿KmflIXbp≈Xv (`mh\, IY, Ifn, ]m´v) 123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
$ kzbw]T\Øn\pw ]ckv]c]T\Øn\pw Ahkcsamcp°p∂Xv. 123456789
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$ \nc¥chnebncpØ¬ km[yXbp≈Xv. 123456789
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$ 123456789
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Hmtcm A[ym]I\pw Xm≥ Xbmdm°nb ]T\{]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v , apIfn¬ sImSpØ 123456789
123456789
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khntijXIƒ Dt≠m F∂v (F√m {]h¿Ø\ßƒ°pw F√m khntijXIfpw 123456789
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D≠mIWsa∂n√) hnebncpØpIbpw Bhiysa¶n¬ am‰ßtfmsS ¢m n¬ AhXcn∏n°pIbpw 123456789
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thWw. {]h¿Ø\m[njvTnX ]T\w IpńIfpsS kPohamb ]T\]¶mfnØw Dd∏m°pw. 123456789
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7. ]T\kma{KnIƒ (Learning Materials) 123456789
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]T\w ê{]Zam°p∂Xn\v A\ptbmPyamb ]T\kma{KnIƒ BhiyamWv. Hmtcm IpńbpsSbpw 123456789
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]T\ssienbpw ]T\thKXbpw hyXykvXamsW∂v \mw N¿® sNbvXp-ht√m. ]T\ssien, 123456789
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]T\thKX F∂nh ]cnKWn®v \nch[n ]T\kma{KnIƒ ¢m vapdnbn¬ Hcpt°≠Xp≠v. ¢m v, 123456789
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hnjbw F∂nhbpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ hyXykvXXcØnep≈ kma{KnIƒ Bhiyambnhcpw. 123456789
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B[p\nI ImeØv sF.kn.Sn. F√m ¢m nepw A\nhmcyamb Hcp ]T\kma{KnbmWv. 123456789
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{]h¿Ø\w
ss{]adnXe-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ ]T\kma-{Kn-Iƒ Gh? Ch-bpsS {]k‡n F¥v?

7.1 ]Tt\m]IcW\n¿amW inev]ime

Hmtcm {]h¿Ø\Øn\pw A\ptbmPyamb ]T\t\m]IcWßƒ D]tbmKn°Ww. AhbpsS
\n¿amWhpw Hcp ]T\{]h¿Ø\amWv. ]Tt\m]IcW \n¿amWinev]imebn¬ ]TnXm°ƒ,
c£nXm°ƒ, A[ym]I¿, hnZKv[¿ F∂nhsc ]s¶Sp∏n®v Hmtcm tSante°pap≈ kma{KnIƒ
Xbmdm°mw.

8. `uXnIkuIcyßƒ (Physical Facilities)

ê{]Zambn ]T\w \S°Wsa¶n¬ ASnÿm\ ùXnIkuIcyßƒ Hcp°nbncn-°Ww.
¢m vapdn, sse{_dn, et_md´dn, ipNnapdnIƒ, IpSnsh≈ kuIcyw, Ifnÿew, Hmôkv
kwhn[m\w XpSßnb ASnÿm\kuIcyßsf√mw ùXnIkuIcyßƒ F∂ taJebn¬ hcpw.
]pXnb ]mTy]≤Xn, s]mXphnZym`ymk kwc£Wb⁄w F∂nhbpsS `mKambn anI®
hnZymebØns‚ Imgv N ∏mSv cq]s∏SpØpIbpw amXrImhnZymebßƒ k¿°m¿ Xs∂
ÿm]n°p∂Xn\p≈ \S- ] - S n- I ƒ kzoI- c n- ° p- I bpw sNøp∂p≠v . F√m sslkv I qƒ,
lb¿sk°≠dn ¢m pIfnepw sslsSIv D]IcWßƒ e`yam°n XpS¿h¿jßfn¬ bq.]n,
F¬.]n ¢m pIfnepw Ah e`yam°psa∂v {]Jym]n®n´p≠v. Cu L´Øn¬ B[p\nI
temIØn\\p-tbm-Py-amb hnZymebw hn`mh\w sNtø≠Xv `mhn A[ym]Icmb ]TnXm°fmWv.
apIfn¬ kqNn∏n® ¢m vapdn, sse{_dn XpSßnbh ê{]Zamb ]T\Øn\p-XIpw hn[w Fßs\
hn`mh\w sNøWsa∂XmWv \mw t\cnSp∂ sh√phnfn. DZmlcWambn ¢m vapdn F∂p
]dbptºmƒ AXns‚ hnkv X o¿Ww F{XthWw? AhnSsØ Ccn∏nSkuIcyßƒ
Fßs\bmbncn°Ww? NpacpIsf Fßs\ {]tbmP\-s∏SpØmw? P\epIƒ, hmXnepIƒ, Xd
F∂nh Fßs\bmbncn°Ww? hnZymeb-Ønse Hmtcm CStØbpw Cßs\ hniIe\w

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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678

1234567890
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234567890
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234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 sNøpIbpw inip kulrZ]chpw {]h¿Ø\m[njvTnXhpamb ]T\Øn\v klmbIamIpw hn[w
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 hnIkn∏n°m\p≈ [mcWIƒ t\SpIbpw thWw.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ N¿® sNbvX Bi-b-ßƒ
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
1. Hmtcm Ipń-sbbpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p≈ ]T-\-Øn¬ ]T-\-ssi-en, ]T-\-th-KX XpS-ßnb Bi-b-
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 ßƒ {][m-\-am-Wv.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
2. hy‡n-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ sshhn-[y-ap≈ ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ (At\z-j-W- co-Xn, BK-a-\-
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
\n-K-a-\-co-Xn, A]-{K-Y-\-co-Xn, {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-co-Xn) ê-{]-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn-\mbn {]tb-mP-
234567890
234567890
234567890 \-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 3. ]T-\-X-{¥-ßsf kwhm-Zm-fl-Iw, Kth-j-Wm-fl-Iw, \n¿am-Wm-fl-Iw, k¿Km-flIw F∂p
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 4. N¿®-Ifpw kwhm-Z-ßfpw skan-\mdpw kwhm-Zm-flI ]T-\-X-{¥-ß-fm-Wv.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 5. t{]mP-IvSv, k¿tΔ F∂nh Kth-j-Wm-flI ]T-\-X-{¥-ßfpw D]-I-c-W-\n¿an-Xn, amXr-I- hn-
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 I-kn-∏n-°¬, sF.kn.Sn D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ \n¿am-W-ßƒ F∂nh \n¿am-Wm-flI ]T-\-X-{¥-
234567890
234567890
234567890 ß-fp-am-Wv.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 6. \mS-Io-I-c-Ww, tdmƒtπ, kwKo-Xm-hn-jvImcw, Nn{X-c-N-\, ]mh-\m-S-Iw, XpS-ßnb k¿Kkm[y-
234567890
234567890
X-Isf {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØp∂ ]T-\X{¥ßfmWv k¿Km-flI ]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ.
7. hy‡n-]-T-\w, kwL-]-T\w (kakwL-]-T-\w, kl-I-c-Wm-fl-I-]-T-\w, kl-h¿Øn-Xz-]-T\w)
XpS-ßnb ]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ kw_-‘n® [mcW ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\v klm-bn-°pw.
8. sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ]T-\-ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ (d^-d≥knMv, Ipdn-∏p-X-bm-dm-°¬,.....) kw_-‘n®
[mcW `mhn A[ym-]-I\v A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
9. P\m-[n-]X
- y-]c- hpw A`n-t{]-cW krjvSn-°p-∂X- p-amb ]T-\m-¥c
- o-£Ø - ns‚ khn-ti-jX - I- ƒ,
F√m Ipń-If - p-sSbpw k¿htXm-apJ hnIm-kØ - n\v DX-Ip∂ hnZym-eb - ˛- ¢
- mkvdqw kuI-cy-ßƒ
kw_-‘n® [mc-WI - ƒ F∂nh `mhn A[ym-]Is‚ Bkq-{X-Wa - n-Ih- n\v klm-bI- a
- m-Ipw.
10. ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X, Ah-bpsS KpWX hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ coXn F∂nh Adn-
bp-∂-Xv ]T-\-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db-cm≥ klm-b-I-am-Ipw.
11. ]T- \ - { ]- h ¿Ø- \ - Ø n¬ ]T- \ - k m- a - { Kn- I - f psS {]m[m- \ yw, Ah- b psS sshhn- [ y- Ø ns‚
A\nhmcyX F∂nh kw_-‘n® [mcW A[ym-]-I\v ]T-\-{]-{Inb ê-{]-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn\v
klm-bn-°pw.
aqe-y-\n¿Wb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ/XpS¿{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ
1. ]T\ssien, ]T-\-th-KX F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂-sX-¥mWv?
2. {][m-\-ambpw F{X-Xcw ]T\ssien-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv? Ahsb Fßs\ kao]n-°Ww?
3. ]T-\-th-KX ]cn-K-Wn®v ]T-\-{]-{Inb Bkq-{XWw sNøp∂ Hc-[-ym-]nI t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-
fn-Iƒ Fs¥√mw? Ah Fßs\ adn-I-S-°mw?
4. ]T-\-ssien, ]T-\-th-KX F∂nh A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNøp-∂-Xn\v ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS
]s¶¥v?
5. At\-z-j-Wm-flI ]T-\-coXn F∂m-se¥v? Cu coXnbpsS {][m\ anI-hp-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
6. {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W- coXn Adn-hp-\n¿ΩmWØne-[n-jvTn-X-amb ]mT-y-]-≤Xn°v tbmPn-®-XmtWm?
kzm-`n-{]mbw ka¿Yn-°p-I.

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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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89

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7. {]iv\-]-cn-l-cWcoXn-bpsS L´-ßƒ Fs¥√mw? 123456789
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8. A]-{K-Y-\-coXn F∂m-se¥v? {][m-\- t\-´-ßfpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Fs¥√mw? 123456789
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9. t{]mPIvSvcoXn F∂m-se¥v? AXns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥√mw? 123456789
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10. BK-a-\-\n-K-a-\ co-Xn-Iƒ F∂m-se¥v? inip-tI-{μn-Xhpw {]{In-bm-[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb ]T\coXn- 123456789
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°-\p-tbm-P-y-amb ]T-\-co-Xn-bmtWm CXv? ka¿Yn-°p-I. 123456789
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11. BK-a\coXn-bpsS anI-hp-Iƒ Fs¥√mw? 123456789
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12. BK-a\\nK-a\coXn-Iƒ Xmc-X-ayw sNbvXv kma-y-h-y-X-ym-k-ßƒ hy-‡-am-°p-I. 123456789
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13. ]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ \n¿W-bn-°p∂ LS-I-ßƒ Fs¥√mw? 123456789
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14. {][m-\s-- ∏´ kwhm-Z-m-flI ]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ Fs¥√mw? P\m-[n-]-Xy cmP-yØv Cu coXn-bpsS 123456789
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{]m[m-\-y-sa¥v? 123456789
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15. ¢mkvapdn {]{In-b-bn¬ kwhmZw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xv ¢mkn-sebpw kvIqfn-sebpw A®-S-°- 123456789
123456789
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sØ tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°pw. AXn-\m¬ A[-ym-]-I¿ ¢m v FSp-°p-Ibpw Ipń-Iƒ AXv 123456789
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tI´p ]Tn-°p-IbpamWv th≠Xv? kwhm-Zm-flI ]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hc- 123456789
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[ym-]-I≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Xm¶-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-sa¥v? 123456789
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16. Kth-jWm-flI ]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ GsX√mw? Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-Iƒ Fs¥√mw? 123456789
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17. \n¿[m-c-Wm-fl-Ihpw k¿Km-fl-Ihpamb ]T\X-{¥-ßƒ ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn \S-∏m-°p-∂-
Xn¬ ]cn-an-Xn-bp-≠v. hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ka¿Yn-°p-I.
18. \n¿[m-c-Wm-fl-Ihpw k¿Km-fl-I-hp-amb ]T\X{¥w ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ \n¿Wm-bI kzm[o\w
sNep-Øp-∂p-≠v. Fß-s\-bmWv ka¿Yn-°p-I.
19. hy-‡n-KX]T\w F∂m-se¥v? {]m[m-\yw F{X-am{Xw?
20. kwL-]T
- \
- Ø
- ns‚ {]m[m-\yw Fs¥√mw? sshhn-[y- a
- m¿∂ kwL-]T
- \
- X
- {- ¥-ßƒ Fs¥√mw?
21. kl-I-c-Wm-flI]T\w, kl-h¿ØnXz]T\w F∂mse¥v? Ah Fßs\ hy-Xym-k-s∏-ń-cn-
°p-∂p.
22. kl- h ¿ØnX]T- \ - Ø ns‚ anI- h p- I ƒ Fs¥√mw? DZm- l - c - W - k- l nXw ka¿Yn--°pI
23. kwL-]-T\w t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Fs¥√mw? Fßs\ adn-I-S°mw?
24. ]T-\ ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ Fs¥√mw? d^-d≥knMv, Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°¬ F∂n-hbv°v D≈
{]m[m\yw F{X-am{Xw?
25. kvIqfn¬ Hcp--t°≠ ùXn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb A¥-co£w Fßs\bmbn-cn-°-Ww.
26. anI® {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
27. ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø\w F∂m-se¥v? t{]m{Km-ap-I-fn¬ ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-bpsS {]m[m-\yw F{X-am{Xw?
28. ss{]a-dn-¢m-kp-I-fn¬ D]-tbm--Kn-t°≠ {][m\ ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
d^-d≥kv
1. tZio-b-]m-T-y-]-≤Xn N´-°qSv 2005
2. tIcf]mT-y-]-≤Xn N´-°qSv 2007
3. hnZ-ym-`-ymk ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v Hcm-apJw ˛ tIc-f-im-kv{X-km-ln-X-y-]-cn-jØv
4. \mj-W¬ C≥Ãn-‰-yq´v Hm^v Hm∏¨ kvIqfnMv ˛ Un.F¬.-FUv ]T-\-km-a{Kn
5. Fkv.-sI.-tIm-®m¿ ˛ satØUvkv Hm^v So®nwKv

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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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1234567890
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234567890
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bqWn‰v -˛ 4
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hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
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A[ym-]IhnZym¿Yn-I-fmb \nßƒ°v hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ coXn-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw hne-
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234567890 bn-cp-Ø¬ {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ignhv B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xn\v Ahk-c-sam-cp-°p-
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234567890 ∂-Xn-\p-amWv "hne-bn-cp-Ø¬' F∂ bqWn‰v Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
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234567890 hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F¥v?, F¥n\v?, Fßs\?, Fs¥m-s°-bmWv hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-tS-≠Xv F∂-dn-bp-
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234567890 I, hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ hnhn[ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I, am\-hn-Ihpw P\m-
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234567890 [n-]-Xy-]-c-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ k{º-Zm-b-sØ-°p-dn®v [mc-W-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-I, \nc-¥-chpw
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234567890 ka-{Khpw ]T-\sØ Imcy-£-a-am-°p-∂-Xp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ km[y-X-Iƒ, X{¥-ßƒ F∂n-h-
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234567890 bn¬ {]mtbm-Kn-I-ti-jn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°pI XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv "hne-bn-cp-Ø¬' F∂ bqWn-‰ns‚
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234567890 hn\n-a-b-Øn-eqsS e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv.
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• hne-bn-cp-Øepw aqey-\n¿W-bhpw : hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ImgvN-∏mSpw \n¿h-N-\hpw
: hne-bn-cp-Øepw aqey-\n¿W-bhpw
: hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ aq∂p -X-e-ßƒ
• hnhn-[-Xcw hne-bn-cp-Øepw : ]cn-amWm-flI hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
tSw aqey-\n¿W-bhpw : KpWm-flI hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
: _mly hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
: t]m¿´vt^m-fntbm hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
: tSw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
•. \nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb : kzbwhne-bn-cp-Ø¬
hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ : ]c-kv]chne-bn-cp-Ø¬
: hy‡n-KXhne-bn-cp-Ø¬
: kwLhne-bn-cp-Ø¬
•. hnhn-[-Xcw ]co-£-Iƒ
Fgp-Øp-]-co-£-Iƒ : tim[-I-ßƒ°p-≠m-tI≠ KpW-ßƒ
: kn≤n-tim-[-I-ßƒ
: \nZm-\-tim-[-I-ßƒ
: am\-Io-IrXtim[-I-ßƒ
: _p≤n-tim-[I-ßƒ
• CXc ]co-£Iƒ : {]I-S\ ]co-£-Iƒ
: hmNnI ]co-£-Iƒ
: Hm¨sse≥ ]co-£-Iƒ
: HmÜn-am‚ v ]co-£-Iƒ
: Xpd∂ ]pkvXI ]co-£-Iƒ

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• a‰p hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ taJ-e-Iƒ : t_m[-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ 123456789
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: hnZym-`ym-k -kw-hn-[m-\-Øns‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ 123456789
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: hnZym-ebhne-bn-cp-Ø¬ 123456789
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: hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ 123456789
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$ kl-c-£m-I¿Ør-Xzhpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw 123456789
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• 123456789
]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p≈ D]m-[n-Iƒ 123456789
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• kvtImdnwKpw t{KUnwKpw 123456789
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• hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ tcJ : ]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn tcJ 123456789
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• bqWn-‰v-˛-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw 123456789
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• d^-d≥kv 123456789
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1. hne-bn-cp-Øepw aqey-\n¿W-bhpw 123456789
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\nßƒ {]mY-anI]T-\-Imew apX¬Xs∂ ]co-£-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠m-hpw. F¥n-\p-th-≠n-bmWv 123456789
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A∂v ]co-£-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bXv? ]co-£sb A∂v Fß-s\-bmWv t\m°n-°-≠n-cp-∂Xv? Fgp-Øp- 123456789
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]-co-£-I-fn¬ am{X-amtWm \nßƒ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂Xv? ]n∂oSv kvIqƒ Ime-L-´-Ønse Db¿∂ 123456789
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¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-®-t∏mƒ Fgp-Øp-]-co-£-tbm-sSm∏w kn.C. F∂ t]cn-ep≈ kvtIm¿ \nßƒ 123456789
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]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠m-Ipw. F¥mWv kn.C. F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv?

1.1 hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ
GXp {]h¿Ø\w hnP-b-I-cam-I-W-sa-¶nepw IrXy-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. \nc-
¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, ]T-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ Xs∂
]T-\w, ]T-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, Ipń-Iƒ ˛ ]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ ˛ kma-{Kn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS
hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, A[ym-]-\-Øns‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, hnZym-e-b-Øns‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, hnZym-`ymk
kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, hne-bn-cp-Øens‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ XpS-ßn-bh hnhn[ Dt±-iy-
ß-tfmsS \S-Øp∂ hne-bn-cp-ØepI-fm-Wv.
1.2 hne-bn-cp-Øepw aqey-\n¿Wbhpw (Assessment & Evaluation)
ap≥Iqń \n›-bn® ]T-\-t\-´-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ ]cn-tim-[-\-bmWv hne-bn-cp-Øepw
aqey-\n¿W-b-hpw. ]T-\-t_m-[-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ hfsc {]m[m-\y-ta-dnb LS-I-ß-fmWv CXp c≠pw.
hne-bn-cp-Øepw aqey-\n¿W-bhpw ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-ß-fm-Wv. ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ e£y-ßƒ
F{X-tØmfw ]Tn-Xmhv ssIh-cn®p F∂v A∏-t∏mƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw \n›nX CS-th-f-I-
fn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Ipńsb ]T-\-Øn¬ klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS Ign-
bpw. \nc-¥-c-ambn \S-°p∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens\ kwc-N-\m-aq-ey-\n¿Wb (formative evaluation)
sa∂pw L´w-L-´-ambn \S-°p∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens\ BXy-¥nIaqey-\n¿Wbw (summative
evaluation) F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p
hne-bn-cp-Øe
- n-s‚bpw aqey-\n¿W-bØ
- n-s‚bpw [¿Ωßƒ XΩn¬ Npcp°w Nne hyXym-kß
- f
- p-≠.v

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ aqey-\n¿Wbw
$ {]h¿Ø-\t- Øm-sS∏w \nc-¥cw \S-°p-∂p. $ Hcp \n›n-X-L´w Ign™p \S-°p-∂p.
$ hnebncpØ¬ ]cnamWmﬂIamWv (quanti- $ aqey\n¿Wbw KpWmﬂIamWv (quali-
tative) tative)

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234567890 $ ]T-\-Øn¬ Ipń A\p-`-hn-°p∂ {]iv\-ßƒ $ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]T-\t- \-´Ø
- ns‚ \ne F{X-
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234567890 Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\v tØm-f-sa∂v \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v.
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234567890 $ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v $ ÿm\-\n¿W-b-Øn\v
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234567890 $ ]Tn-Xm-hns\ hne-bn-cpØn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv $ tSans‚ Ah-km-\Ø - ntem bqWn‰v/]mTw
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234567890 {][m- \ - a mbpw A[ym- ] n- I - b psS So®nwKv Ign-bp-tºmtgm \S-°p∂ ]co£ aqey-
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am\zens‚ (Sn.Fw.) {]Xn-I-cWt∏Pn-em-Wv. \n¿W-b-am-Wv.
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234567890 $ ¢mkp-I-b-‰-Øn-\p≈ A¿lX \n¿W-bn-
234567890 $ {]{In-bbv°v {]m[m\yw
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234567890 °p-∂Xn\v.
234567890 $ kzbw sa®-s∏-S-en\v klm-bn-°p-∂-p
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234567890 1.3 hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ aq∂v Xe-ßƒ
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ap≥Iqń \n›-bn® ]T-\-t\-´-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ ]cn-tim-[-\-bmWv hne-bn-cp-Ø¬.
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234567890 ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bp-ambn Cg-tN¿∂p \n¬°p-∂-XmWv hne-bn-cp-Ø¬. Ipń°v ]T-\-t\´w B¿Pn-°p-
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234567890 ∂-Xn\v \nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ Bh-iy-am-Wv. ]T-\hpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw XΩn-
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234567890 ep≈ _‘w ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]{In-bbv°v aq∂p Xe-ß-fp-≈-Xmbn ImWm≥
Ign-bpw.
$ ]T-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (Assessment for learning)
$ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ Xs∂ ]T\w (Assessment as learning)
$ ]T-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (Assessment of learning)
1.3.1. ]T-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (Assessment for learning)
]T\w \S-°p∂ ka-bØv AXns‚ ê-{]m-]vXn-°mbn hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-°-Ww. A[ym-]n-Ibpw
kl-]m-Tn-Ifpw ]T-\sØ apt∂m´p \bn-°ptºmƒ AØcw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.
hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ A[ym-]n-Ibpw kl-]m-Tn-Ifpw \¬Ip∂ klm-b-ßfpw
ôUv_m°pw ]T-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ `mK-am-Wv.
1.3.2. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ Xs∂ ]T\w (Assessment as learning)
Xs‚ ]T-\sØ kzbw hna¿i-\-]-c-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ Hcp Ipń Xs‚ Ign-hp-Ifpw ]cn-
an-Xn-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-bp∂ {]{In-b-bm-Wn-Xv. kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS \S-°p∂ Xncp-Ø¬ {]{In-
bbpw ]T\w Xs∂-bm-Wv. CØcw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, ê-{]m-]vXn-bp≈ ]T\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øpw.
1.3.3. ]T-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (Assessment of learning)
Hcp \n›nX Ime-b-f-hnse ]T-\-Øn-\p-tijw Ipń-bpsS ]T-\-\n-e-hmcw Af-°p∂ coXn-bm-Wn-
Xv. ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bn-eqsS Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hn\pw e`n® ]T-\-t\´w a\- n-em-°m≥ CXn-eqsS Ign-bp-
∂p. Cßs\ e`n-°p∂ ôUv_m°v A[ym-]n-Ibv°v Xs‚ ]T-\-X-{¥-sØbpw ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-I-
sfbpw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-∂p. c£I¿Øm-°ƒ°pw kaq-l-Øn\pw ]T-\-Im-cy-
ß-fn¬ klm-bn-°m≥ kpXm-cy-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS km[n-°p-∂p.
2. hnh-[-Xcw hne-bn-cp-Øepw tSw aqey-\n-¿W-bhpw
hnhn[ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ k{º-Zm-b-ßsf Ipdn®v kw£n-]vX-ambn NphsS sImSp-°p-∂p.

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2.1. ]cn-am-Wm-flI hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (Quantitative assessment) 123456789
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Ipń-I-fpsS {]I-S-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kvtImdp-Iƒ°pw FÆ-Øn\pw {]m[m\yw sImSp-°p∂ 123456789
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hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. k¿th, C‚¿hyq, tNmZym-hen XpS-ßnb coXn-Iƒ CXn-epƒs∏-Sp- 123456789
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∂p. IqSp-X¬ hkvXp-\n-jvTX CØcw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\p-≠v. Bg-Øn-ep≈ Hcp hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v 123456789
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Cu coXn ]e-t∏mgpw klm-b-I-a-√. kabw IqSp-X-se-Sp-°p-∂Xpw CØcw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬coXn- 123456789
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bpsS tIm´-ambn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. 123456789
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2.2. KpWm-flI hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (Qualitative assessment) 123456789
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Ipń-I-fpsS tijn-I-sfbpw ss\]p-WnI-sfbpw Bg-Øn¬ Af-°m≥ KpWm-flI hne-bn-cp-Ø- 123456789
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en\v km[n-°p-∂p. \nco-£-Ww, tUmIyp-sa‚ v ]cn-tim-[-\, t]m¿´vt^m-fntbm hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, 123456789
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{]I-S\ ]cn-tim-[\ XpS-ßnb coXn-Iƒ CXn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. IqSp-X¬ Bg-Øn¬ Ipń-Isf 123456789
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Af-°m≥ Cu coXn-bn-eqsS Ign-bp-∂p. Ipń-I-fpsS {]I-S-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kvtImdp-Iƒ°pw 123456789
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a‰pw {]m[m-\y-an-√. Ãm‰n-ÃnIvkv t]mep≈ kt¶-X-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂n-√. ]cn-am-Wm-flI coXn- 123456789
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tb-°mƒ kabw Ipd-®p-a-Xn-sb-∂p≈ ta∑ CXn-\p-≠v. 123456789
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2.3. _mly hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ (External assessment) 123456789
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]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS ]T-\-hp-ambn t\cn´v _‘-an-√mØ Hcp _mly GP≥kn \S-Øp∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-
em-Wn-Xv. s]mXp-]-co-£-Iƒ _mly- h-ne-bn-cpØens‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂p. CØcw hne-bn-cp-
Ø¬ \S-Øp-∂Xv ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn t\cn´v _‘-ap≈ A[ym-]-I-c-√. Hcp kvIqfnse
Xs∂ ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS ]T-\-hp-ambn _‘-an-√mØ a‰-[ym-]-I¿ \S-Øp∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-em-bmepw
AXv _mly- hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcpw. D∂-X-]-T-\-Øns‚ tbmKyX Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-
Xn\v _mly -hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ Bh-iy-am-Wv.
2.4. t]m¿´vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ D¬∏-∂-ß-fmWv t]m¿´vt^mfn-tbm-Iƒ. Ipń-I-fpsS cN-\-
Iƒ, {]_-‘-ßƒ, Ipń-Iƒ \n¿an® kn\n-a-Iƒ, B¿´v t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ, hnhn[ tiJ-c-ßƒ
XpSßn Ipń ]T-\-Øn-\mbn cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb kma-{Kn-I-fm-Wn-h. CØcw t]m¿´vt^mfn-tbm-Isf
hne-bn-cpØn ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ \ne-hmcw/t\Snb ]T-\-t\-´-ß-fpsS Afhv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn-bmWv
t]m¿´vt^m-fntbm hne-bn-cp-Ø¬. Ch-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\mbn kzbw-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬, ]c-kv]c
hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂o coXnIƒ kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
2.5. tSw -aqey-\n¿Wbw (Term Evaluation)
Hmtcm tSan-s‚bpw Ah-km\w \S-Øp∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-emWv tSw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬. Hcp tSan¬
hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fn-embn t\tS≠ hnhn[ ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v F{X-am{Xw ssIh-cn-
°m≥ Ign-™n-´p≠v F∂-XmWv CXn-eqsS hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xv. Hcp {]tXyI Ime-b-f-hn¬ ]Tn-
Xmhv t\tS≠ tijn-Iƒ ChnsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p. \nc-¥chne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ `mK-ambn
\¬Inb ôUv_m-°p-I-fpsS êw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw tSw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS km[n-°pw. tSw
hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-Øp-∂Xv Hcp ]co-£-bpsS coXn-bn-em-Wv. ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS {]I-S-\-Øns‚ ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ah-sc ]e t{KUp-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ]T-\-t_m-[\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ê-
{]m]vXn Af-°m\pw CXn-eqsS Ign-bp-∂p. \nc-¥chne-bn-cp-Øepw tSw hne-bn-cp-Øepw ]c-kv]-
c-_-‘n-Xhpw ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-hp-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v sI.kn.-F-^v. 2007 Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p.

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3. \nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (Continous and comprehensive evaluation)
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\nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ coXn-bmWv C¥y≥ hn-Zym-`ymkcoXn-bn¬ kvIqƒ Xe-
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Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv. CXn\v c≠v Xe-amWv Df-f-Xv. H∂v˛ \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, c≠v˛
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234567890 Sp∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-em-Wv. Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-tSbpw anI-hpw, Ign-hpw, t\´-hpw, t]mcm-bvabpw I≠pw
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ka-{K-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ k¿h-tXm-ap-J-amb hnIm-k-
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hnebncp-Ø¬ \n¿h-ln-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ \Ωƒ \n¿h-ln-°p∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ka-{K-
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am-Ip-∂p.
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\nc-¥c
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hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Hmtcm ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´pw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-
°-Ww. A[ym-]-I¿°pw kl-]-Tn-Xm-°ƒ°pw C°m-cy-Øn¬ {][m\ ]¶p-≠v. ]T-\-t\-´-ß-fp-
ambn _‘-s∏´ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ kqN-I-ßƒ Xbm-dm°n AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv hne-bn-
cp-Ø¬ \S-tØ-≠-Xv.
3.1.1. kzbw-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ (Self assessment)
kmaq-ly-⁄m-\-\n¿an-Xn-hm-Z-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Adn-hp-\n¿am-W-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb
¢mkn¬, ]Tn-Xm-hns\ icn-bmb Zni-bn¬ \bn-°m≥ ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ Bh-
iy-am-Wv. ]T-\-t\´w ]q¿W-ambn B¿Pn-°m≥ ]Tn-Xmhv ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\sØ kzbw hne-bn-cp-
Øp-∂Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ D¬∏∂hpw hne-bn-cp-tØ-
≠-Xp-≠v. Xm≥ IS-∂p-t]m∂ hgn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ kzbwhne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS km[n-°p-∂p.
Xs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]q¿W-Xtbm ]cn-an-Xntbm F{X-am-{X-sa∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-eqsS IqSp-
X¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ CXn-eqsS Ign-bpw. sN°ven-Ãv, td‰nMv kvsIbn¬ XpS-ßnb X{¥-ßfpw
CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
3.1.2. ]c-kv]c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ (Peer assessment)
kmaq-ly-⁄m\-\n¿an-Xn-]-c-amb ¢mknse as‰mcp hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ coXn-bmWv ]c-kv]chne-bn-
cp-Ø¬. Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hn-s‚bpw t\´w Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ kl-]-Tn-Xm-°-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ A\n-
hm-cy-am-Wv. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]{In-b-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂ kl-]-Tn-Xm-°ƒ°pw Ah-c-h-cp-sS kz¥w
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ta∑ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ CXv klm-b-I-am-Ipw. ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS hnhn[ßfmb tijo-
hn-I-k-\-Øn\v CØcw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ Bh-iy-am-Wv.
3.1.3. hy‡n-KX hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ (Individual assessment)
Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hn-s\bpw ]T-\-t\-´-Øn-se-Øn-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv ]T-\-t_m-[-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚
BXy-¥n-I -e-£yw. AXn-\mbn hy‡n-]-c-ambn Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hn-s\bpw \nc-¥cw hne-bn-cp-tØ-
≠-Xp≠v. A[ym-]n-I-bpsS ssZ\w-Zn-\m-kq-{X-W-tc-J-bmb So®nMv am\z-ens‚ {]Xn-I-c-W-t∏-Pnse

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tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øepw AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ^oUv_m°pw ]p\-cm-kq-{X-Whpw ChnsS {it≤-b-am- 123456789
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Wv. ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-th-f-bn¬Øs∂ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hn-s\bpw hy‡n-]-c-ambn A[ym-]nI klm- 123456789
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bn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ]c-kv]chne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ `mK-ambn kl-]-Tn-Xm-°ƒ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hn-s\bpw 123456789
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hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p-≠v. 123456789
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3.1.4. kwL-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ (Group assessment) 123456789
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kwL-ß-fm-bp≈ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. N¿®, {Kq∏p-N¿®, skan- 123456789
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\m¿, ]m\¬ N¿®, t{]mP-IvSv, ^o¬Uv {Sn∏v XpS-ßnb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ kwL-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø- 123456789
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\-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. H∏w kwL-Øn-ep≈ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hns\bpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. hne- 123456789
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bn-cp-Ø¬ kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. 123456789
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4. hnhn[Xcw ]co-£-Iƒ 123456789
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4.1 Fgp-Øp-]-co-£-Iƒ (Written exams) 123456789
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hfsc km[m-c-W-bmbn \S-Øm-dp≈ Hcp hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ tNmZy- 123456789
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ßƒ Fgp-Øp-]-co-£-bpsS tNmZy-t]-∏-dn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw. hkvXp-\njvT (objective type) tNmZy- 123456789
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ßƒ, _lp-hn-Iev] (Multiple choice) tNmZy-ßƒ, {ltkzm-Øc (short answer) tNmZy-ßƒ, D]- 123456789
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\ymk (essay) amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-ßƒ XpSßn ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ tNmZy-ß-fp-≠v. Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn 123456789
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Xøm-dm-°nb "hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ am¿K-tcJ 2017-˛18' F∂ tcJ \n¿_-‘-ambpw hmbn®v Ipdn∏v

Xøm-dm-°-Ww. Htc kabw IqSp-X¬ ]Tn-Xm-°sf hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Fgp-Øp-]-co-£-bn-eqsS Ign-
bpw. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]{In-bbv°v kmh-Imiw e`n-°m≥ Fgp-Øp-]-co£ klm-bn-°pw.
4.1.1. \√ tim[-I-ßƒ°p-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ KpW-ßƒ
1. ]T-\-t\-´m-[n-jvTnXw (Learning outcome based)
]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ ]‰n-b-Xm-h-Ww.
2. ka-{KX (Comprehensiveness)
Hcp bqWn‰v/]mT-Ønse F√m ]T-\t- \-´ß
- f
- p-ambn _‘-s∏´ tNmZy-ßf
- p-≠m-hW
- w.
3. hkvXp-\n-jvTX (Objectivity)
Htc tNmZy-Øn\v icn-bmb ]e DØ-c-ßƒ D≠m-I-cp-Xv. Hcp-Ø-cta D≠m-Im-hq.
4. km[pX (Validity)
F¥mtWm hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Dt±-in-®Xv AXp-Xs∂ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-I.
5. hnizm-kyX (Reliability)
tim[Iw \¬Ip-∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn Hcp Ip´nsb kw_-‘n®v In´p∂ hnh-c-ßƒ Gsd-
°psd ÿnc-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. B KpW-amWv hnizm-ky-X.
6. hnth-N\w (discrimination)
Hcp ¢mkn¬ hnhn[ \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep≈ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw
\ne-hmcw th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-b-Ww. tim[-I-Øn¬ \n∂p In´p∂ Af-hp-Iƒ CXn\v
]cym-]vXa
- m-bn-cn-°W
- w. Cu KpW-sØ-bmWv hnth-N\w F∂p ]d-bp-∂X
- v.
4.1.2. kn≤n-tim-[-I-ßƒ (Achievement tests)
]Tn-Xm-°ƒ hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fn-embn At\Iw ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ B¿Pn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. t\csØ
Bkq-{XWw sNbvX Xc-Øn¬ ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ B¿Pnt®m F∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ tim[-
I-ßf - mWv kn≤n-tim-[I
- ß
- ƒ. hmNn-I, enJn-X, \n¿h-lW
- c
- o-Xn-If
- n¬ Cu tim[-Iß
- ƒ \SØmw.

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4.1.3. \nZm\tim-[-I-ßƒ (diagnostic tests)
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4.1.5. _p≤ntim-[-I-ßƒ (Intelligence tests)
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234567890 sSÃm-WnXv. _p≤ntim-[-Ißƒ Hcp am\-IoIr-X-tim-[Iw IqSn-bm-Wv. {]Xn-`m-k-º-∂sc Xnc-
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234567890 s™-Sp-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
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234567890 4.2. CX-c -]-co-£-Iƒ
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4.2.1. {]I-S-\ -]-co-£-Iƒ (Performance exams)
]TnXm°ƒ°v e`n-t°≠ ]T-\t- \-´ß - ƒ apgp-h\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Fgp-Øp-]c - o-£b- n-eqsS am{Xw
Ign-bp-Ib
- n-√. AXn-\mbn {]I-S\
- ]
- c
- o-£I
- fpw \S-tØ-≠X - p-≠v. DZm-lc
- W
- a
- mbn Hcp IhnX sNm√m-
\p≈ tijn-bmWv hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-sX-¶n¬ ]Tn-Xmhv IhnX sNm√p-Ibpw AXns\ a‰p-≈-h¿
hne-bn-cp-Ø¬kqN-I-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw thWw. {]kw-Kw, \nL-≠p-
\n¿am-Ww, t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ, ]co-£-W-ßƒ, hmb-\, IY-]-d-®n¬, ÿe-k-μ¿i-\hpw hnh-c-ti-J-
c-Whpw, N¿®, skan-\m¿, A`n-\bw XpSßn \nc-h[n tijn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v {]I-S-\-]-
co-£I- ƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ am{Xta Ign-bq. CXn¬ an°Xpw ]T-\k - a- b
- ØpXs∂ \nc-¥c - h
- n-eb
- n-cp-Ø-
en-eqsS \n¿h-ln-°m≥ Ign-bpw. F∂mepw {]I-S\ - ]
- c
- o-£I- f
- psS {]m[m\yw hfsc hep-Xm-Wv.
4.2.2. hmNn-I -]-co-£Iƒ (Oral exams)
Fgp-Øp-]-co-£-bn¬ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ Xß-fpsS Bi-b-ßƒ FgpXn {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ hmNn-I-]-
co-£b- n¬ ]d™v Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p-Ib
- mWv sNøp-∂X
- v. A`n-apJw Hcp hmNnI ]co-£b - m-Wv. kvIqfp-
I-fn¬ apJy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. hmNn-I-ambn `mj D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ tijn
hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw CXn-eqsS km[n-°p-∂p. C∂v sXmgn¬cw-KØpw _ncp-Z_ - n-cp-Zm-\¥
- c- K
- th-jWcw-
KØpw hmNn-I-]-co-£-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
4.2.3. Hm¨sse≥ ]co-£-Iƒ (Online exams)
Hcp {]tXyItaJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS Adnhv Af-°m-\mbn Hm¨sse-\n-
eqsS \S-Øp∂ ]co-£m-co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v Ah-cpsS ka-b-a-\p-k-cn®v Ah-c-h-cpsS
Iºyq-´-dn¬ sNøm-hp∂ ]co-£-bm-Wn-Xv. CØcw ]co-£-Iƒ°v C‚¿s\‰v IWIvj≥ Bh-
iy-amWv. sNe-hp-Ip-d™ ]co-£m-co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. ¢m p-ap-dn, kq∏¿ssh-k¿am¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS
Bh-iy-an-√. an° F≥{S≥kv ]co-£-Ifpw Hm¨sse≥ coXn-bn-emWv \SØp-∂-Xv. ]co-£-bpsS
^ew DS≥Xs∂ Adn-bm\pw ^oUv_m°v In´m\pw CXn-eqsS Ign-bp-∂p.

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Hm¨sse≥ ]co-£-bpsS t\´-ßƒ 123456789
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1. t]∏¿ Bh-iy-an-√. 123456789
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2. kabw em`n-°p-∂p. 123456789
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3. ]co-£m-\-S-Øn-∏ns‚ sNehv em`n-°p-∂p. 123456789
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4. hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS ]co-£m-s®-ehv Ipd-bv°p-∂p. 123456789
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5. IqSp-X¬ cl-ky-kz-`mhw D≠m-Ipw. 123456789
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4.2.4. Hm¨ Unam‚ v ]co-£-Iƒ (On demand exams) 123456789
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]Tn-Xmhv Xbm-dm-Ip∂ ka-b-Øp-am{Xw/Unam‚ v sNøp∂ L´-Øn¬am{Xw \S-Øp∂ ]co-£- 123456789
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bmWv Hm¨ Unam‚ v ]co-£-Iƒ. 123456789
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t\´-ßƒ 123456789
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$ ]Tn-Xmhv Xbm-dm-Ip-tºmƒ am{Xw ]co£. 123456789
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$ kΩ¿Z-an-√msX ]co-£-sb-gp-Xm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. 123456789
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$ ]cm-P-b-`oXn Hgn-hm-Ip-∂p. 123456789
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$ \ncm-i, hnjmZw, kl-]m-Tn-I-fpsS ]cn-lmkw XpS-ßn-bh C√mØ coXn.
$ ]co-£m-^ew DS-\Sn Adn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ Hmtcm hnZym¿Yn-bp-sSbpw hy‡n-XzsØ _lp-am-\n-°p-∂p.

apI-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in® hnhn[ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ k{º-Zm-b-ß-fpsS t\´-ßfpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Is≠Øn

¢mkn¬ N¿® sNøWw; Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°-Ww.

4.2.5. Xpd∂ ]pkvX-I- ]-co£ (OTE-Open text Examination)

A[ym-]-I¿°v CS-bv°n-Sbv°v {]tbm-Kn®p t\m°m-hp∂ Hcp hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ co-Xn-bm-WnXv. Ipń
B¿Pn® [mc-W-Iƒ, hkvXp-X-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS tIh-e-]-cn-tim-[-\-b-√n-Xv. ]T\-{]-{In-b-bn-
eqsS Ipń t\Snb [mc-WI - ƒ, A\p-`h
- ß
- ƒ, hkvXp-XI
- ƒ XpS-ßnbh Bh-iym-\p-kc- Ww {]tbm-
P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Cu coXn klm-b-I-am-Ipw. Ipń-bpsS hna¿i-\m-fl-I-Nn-¥, {Inbm-fl-I-Nn-¥,
{]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-ti-jn, k¿Km-fl-IX XpS-ßnbh hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Xpd∂ ]pkvX-I-]-co£ klm-
bn-°p-∂p.
"Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ Ihn-X-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ' F∂ hnj-bsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ipdn∏v Xbm-
dm-°¬, tIc-f-Øns‚ `q{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Isf Ipdn®v hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°¬ XpS-ßnb
kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ Xpd∂ ]pkvXI ]co-£m-coXn D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
Xpd∂ ]pkvX-I- ]-co£ Fßs\?
$ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ, t\m´p-_p-°p-Iƒ, a‰p kma-{Kn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh
]co-£m-k-μ¿`-Øn¬Øs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
$ A[ym-]-I¿ am\-Io-IrXtNmZy-ßƒ (standardised questions) ]co-£m-Zn-h-k-Øn\p apºp-
Xs∂ sImSp-°p-∂p. AXns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Ipń-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°nb kma-{Kn-I-fpsS klmbw
]co-£m-k-μ¿`-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
$ t\csØ sImSp-°p∂ tNmZy-ß-fpsS DØ-c-ßƒ Hcp {]tXyI Imem-h-[n-°p-≈n¬, a‰p-
≈-h-cpsS klmbw IqSm-sX, Is≠Øn A[ym-]-I¿°v Xncn-®p-sIm-Sp-°mw.

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234567890 5. a‰v hnebn-cp-Ø¬ taJ-e-Iƒ
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5.1. t_m[-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
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234567890 ]T-\-t_m-[-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS `mK-ambn A[ym-]nI ka-{K-amb Bkq-{XWw \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. ]mT-
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234567890 `m-K-Øns‚ / bqWn-‰ns‚ t_m[-\-im-kv{X-]-c-amb A]-{K-Y-\hpw ssZ\w-Zn-\m-kq-{X-Whpw \S-
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Ø-Ww. ssZ\w-Zn-\m-kq-{X-W-tc-J-bpsS (So®nMv am\z-en-s‚) hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ t]Pnse tcJ-s∏-Sp-
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Ø-ep-Iƒ \nc-¥-c-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]{In-b-bnse kp{]-[m-\-tc-J-bm-Wv. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ kpXm-
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cy-am-°m≥ CXv klm-b-I-am-Ipw. slUvam-Ã¿am¿ \n¿h-ln-°p∂ So®nMv am\z¬ ˛ Bkq-{X-W-
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234567890 tc-J-I-fpsS ]cn-tim-[\, ¢mkv tamWn-‰-dnwKv F∂nh t_m[-\-{]-{In-bbpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ BWv.
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234567890 Fkv.-B¿.Pn (kvIqƒ dntkmgvkv {Kq∏v) ao‰nw-Kp-I-fnse N¿®bpw CXn\v klm-b-I-am-Ipw.
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234567890 5.2. hnZym-`ymkkwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
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234567890 KpW-]-c-X-bp≈ ]T\w Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v hnZym-`ym-k-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn\v Gsd sNøm-\p-≠v. ùXnI
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234567890 kuI-cy-ßƒ Hcp-°p-I, IrXy-amb ]cn-io-e-\m-h-k-c-ßƒ Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØpI F∂-Xn-s\m∏w hnZym-
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`ym-k-h-Ip-∏ns‚ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fmb kn.B¿.kn (¢Ã¿ dntkmgvkv sk‚¿), _n.B¿.kn (tªm°v
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234567890 dntkmgvkv sk‚¿), Ub‰v (DIET - District Institute of Education and Training), F.C.H (Assistant
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234567890 Education Officer), Un.C.H (District Education Officer), Un.Un.C (Deputy Director of Education)
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XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS tamWn-‰-dnwKpw ]n¥p-Wbpw hnZym-`ymk hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ `mK-am-Wv.
5.3. hnZym-ebhne-bn-cp-Ø¬
ta¬∏-d™ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ hnZym-e-b-ßsf \nc-¥-c-ambn hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠Xv ]c-a-{]-[m-\-am-
Wv. H∏w {XnXe]©m-b-Øns‚ CS-s]-Sepw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. ê-{]-Z-ambn Hcp hnZym-e-b-Øns‚
F√m LS-I-ßfpw HØp-tN¿∂n-´pt≠m F∂v hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw AXn-\m-h-iy-amb ka-{K-]n-¥pW
sImSp-°m\pw {i≤n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. kvIqƒ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øn\pw PTA (Parent
Teacher Association) bv°pw hnZym-ebhne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬ \n¿Wm-bI ]¶m-Wp-≈-Xv.
5.4. hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ B¿Pn-®n-´pt≠m F∂-dn-bp-∂-Xn\v hnhn-[-ß-fmb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ X{¥-ß-fp-≠v.
B hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ coXn-Iƒ F{X-tØmfw ê-{]-Z-ambn F∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv hne-
bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ip-∏nse kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw A[ym-
]Icpw hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw "hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬' \SØn {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Ip‰-a-‰-Xm-
°p-∂-Xn\v {ian-°-Ww.
\nc-¥-c-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øepw aqey-\n¿W-bhpw \S-°p-tºmƒ am{X-amWv ka-{K-amb hne-bn-cp-
Ø¬ \S-°p-I. AXmWv \nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (CCE - Continuous and
Comprehensive Evaluation) \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-s‚bpw (CE - Continuous evaluation), tSw hne-
bn-cp-Ø-en-s‚bpw (TE - Term and evaluation) ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Ipń-bpsS ]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn
\n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xv.
6. kl-c-£-mI¿Ør-X-zhpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw (Mentoring & Assesment)
Ipń-bpsS {]Ir-Xw, {]tX-y-I-X-Iƒ, A`n-cp-Nn-Iƒ, Bh-i-y-ßƒ, {]iv\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬
{i≤bpw Xm¬]c-yhpw FSp-t°≠ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw Hmtcm c£m-I¿Øm-hn\p-ap-≠v. CXn¬ hcp∂
{i≤-°p-dhv Ipń-bpsS ka-{K-hn-Ik
- \
- sØ {]Xn-Iq-ea
- mbn _m[n°pw. kl-c£
- m- I¿Ør-Xzw F∂p
]d-bp-∂Xv c£-mI¿Ør-Xzw F∂-Xn-t\mSv tN¿∂p\n¬°p∂ {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp Bi-b-am-Wv. Hc-

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[-ym-]-I≥ ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS ka-{K-hn-Im-k-Øn-te°v \bn-°p∂ km[-y-amb F√m LS-I-ß-sfbpw 123456789
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Iqń-tbm-Pn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Ipń-Isf klm-bn-t°≠ hy-‡n-bm-Wv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ A[ym-]-I≥ 123456789
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Hcp kl-c-£m-I¿Øm-hns‚ Xe-Øn-te-°p-b-cp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. hoń¬ e`n-°p∂ c£- 123456789
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mI¿Ør-X-z-Øns‚ XW¬ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v kvIqfnepw ¢mkn-\IØpw e`n-°-Ww. kpc-£n-X-t_m- 123456789
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[-tØmSpw \n¿`-b-ambpw ]T-\-{]{In-b-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ Ipń°v CXn-eqsS Ign-bpw. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ 123456789
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ka-{K-hn-I-k-\-Øn\v hgn-sX-fn-°m\pw ]T\w hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw ]T-\-Ønse {]bm-k-ßƒ a\- 123456789
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n-em°n ]cn-lm-c-t_m-[-\-Øn-\p≈ ssIØmßv \¬Ip-hm\pw kl-c-£-mI¿Øm-hmb A[-ym- 123456789
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]-I\v Ign-b-Ww. 123456789
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7. ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {][m\ D]m-[n-Iƒ 123456789
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$ tNmZy-t]∏¿ \¬In-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ 123456789
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$ \nco-£Ww (Observation) 123456789
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$ A`n-apJw (Interview) 123456789
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$ tIkv ÃUn (Case study) 123456789
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$ kaq-l-anXn (Sociometry) 123456789
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aqey-\n¿W-tbm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ 123456789
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$ sN°venÃv (Check list)

$ td‰nwKv kvsIbn¬ (Rating scale)
$ D]m-Jym-\-tcJ (Anecdotal record)
$ k©n-X-tcJ (Cumulative record)
$ C≥sh‚dn (Inventory)
$ tim[-I-ßƒ (Tests)
$ hmNnIw (Oral)
$ enJnXw (Written)
$ \n¿h-lWw (Performance)
hnhn[ aqey-\n¿W-tbm-]-I-c-W-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Un.F¬.-FUv H∂mw ska-Ã-dnse "hnZym-`ymk
a\»mkv{Xw' t]∏-dn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv {i≤n-°p-a-t√m.
8. kvtImdnßpw t{KUnßpw
Hu]-Nm-cnIhnZym-`ymkw Bcw`n® Imew apX¬ Xs∂ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-
Øm≥ kzoI-cn®p hcp∂ {][m\ D]m-[n-bm-Wv, tNmZy-t]∏¿ D]-tbm-Kn®psIm≠p≈ ]co-£bpw
kvtImdnßpw. kvtImdnMv coXn-bpsS t]mcm-bva-Iƒ a\- n-em-°n-s°m≠v ]n∂oSv t{KUnMv coXn-
bn-tebv°v amdn.
kvtImdnßv coXn-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ
$ ]e ]cn-tim[I¿ \¬Ip∂ kvtIm¿ hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°pw.
$ ]cn-tim[-I¿ \¬Ip∂ kvtImdn¬ 5 iX-am-\-tØmfw hyXymkw D≠m-Im-dp-≠v.
$ Ht∂m ct≠m kvtImdns‚ hyXym-k-Øn¬ Ip´n-Isf Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv Ip´n-I-fn¬ am\-
knI {]iv\-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂p.

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234567890 $ ]e hnj-b-ßƒ°mbn Ipń-Iƒ°v e`n-°p∂ kvtImdnMvtd©v hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°pw.
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$ ]Tn-Xm-°-fn¬ A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb a’cat\m-`mhw D≠m-Ip∂p; c£n-Xm-°-fpsS A\-`n-
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e-j-Wo-b-amb CS-s]-S-en\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.
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234567890 apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® tIm´-ßƒ {][m-\a
- mbpw hnh-cW
- m-flI tNmZy-ßf
- p-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv D≠m-
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234567890 Im-dp-≈-Xv.
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234567890 t{KUnMv
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234567890 kvtImdnMv coXn-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-I-ƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\mbn G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ coXn-bm-Wn-
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Xv. em‰n≥]-Z-amb 'gradus' F∂ ]Z-Øn¬ \n∂mWv Grading F∂ ]Zw D≠m-b-Xv. ]Sn (Step)
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234567890 F∂m-Wn-Xns‚ A¿Yw
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234567890 t{KUnMv coXn-bpsS ta∑-Iƒ
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234567890 $ Ht∂m ct≠m kvtImdns‚ hyXymkw h®p sIm≠v ]Tn-Xm-°sf th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ coXn Hgn-
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234567890 hmIp-∂p.
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$ Ipń-I-fn¬ A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb a’cw Ipd-bv°m≥ km[n-°p-∂p.
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$ ]cn-tim-[-I¿ \¬Ip∂ kvtIm¿, td©ns‚ ]cn-[n-bn-tebv°v hcp-tºmƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬
hcp∂ ]mI-∏ngbpsS Afhv Ipd-bp-∂p.
t{KUnMv c≠p Xc-Øn-ep-≠v. Ub-dIvSv t{KUnMpw (Direct grading) kwJym-[n-jvTnX t{KUnMpw
(Absoulute grading). ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ hne-bn-cpØn t\cn´v e‰¿ t{KUv \¬Ip∂
coXnbmb (A+, A, B+ etc) Ub-dIvSv t{KUn-ßv kl-ssh-⁄m-\nI (Co-cognitive) taJ-e-bnse
hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\mWv km[m-c-W-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. 3 t]mbn‚ v, 5 t]mbn‚ v kvsIbn-ep-I-
fmWv s]mXpsh D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ e`n-°p∂ kvtImdns\ e‰¿ t{KUn-tebv°v
am‰p∂ coXn-bmWv kwJym-[n-jvTnX t{KUn-ßv (Absolute grading.)
LP, UP, HS Xe-ß-fn¬ bYm-{Iaw UbdIvSv, 5 t]mbn‚,v 9 t]mbn‚ v kvsIbn-ep-I-fmWv CXn-
\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
\nc-¥c aqe-y-\n¿Wb (Continuous evaluation - C.E) Øns‚bpw tSw aqe-y-\n¿Wb (Term end
Evaluation- T.E) Øns‚bpw kvtImdp-Iƒ Hcp-an®p tN¿ØmWv ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS Over all grade Xocp-
am-\n-°p-∂X
- .v ¢mkv Ib-‰Ø
- n\pw D]-cn-]T
- \ - n\pw Over all grade ASn-ÿm-\a
- Ø - m-°p-∂p.
t{KUnMv coXn-bpsS t{ImUoIcWw Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.

I Term II Term III Term

\º¿ Ip´n-bpsS t]cv Total Grade
CE TE CE TE CE TE

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UP, HS Xe-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v e`n-°p∂ kvtImdns\ t{KUn-ßn-te°v am‰p∂ coXn Xmsg 123456789
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sImSp-°p-∂p. Hmtcm Ime-L´- Ø
- nepw Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ kvtImdnwKv td©n¬ am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øm-dp-≠.v 123456789
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UP Xe-w 5 t]mbn‚ v kvsIbn¬ 123456789
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{Iaw kvtImdns‚ td©v % t{KUv hni-Zo-I-cWw 123456789
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1 75-100 A Excellent 123456789
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2 60-74 B Very good 123456789
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3 45-59 C Good 123456789
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4 33-44 D Average 123456789
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5 Below 33 E Below average 123456789
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HS Xe-w 9 t]mbn‚ v kvsIbn¬ 123456789
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{Iaw kvtImdns‚ td©v % t{KUv hni-Zo-I-cWw 123456789
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1 90-100 A+ Outstanding 123456789
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2 80-89 A Excellent 123456789

3 70-79 B+ Very good

4 60-69 B Good
5 50-59 C+ Above average
6 40-49 C Average
7 30-39 D+ Below average
8 20-29 D Need Improvement
9 Below 20 E Need Improvement
F¬.]n. XeØn¬ t\cn´v t{KUv \¬Ip∂ coXn D]tbmKn°p∂p. AXn\mbn am\Zﬁßƒ
hnjb_‘nXambn Xocpam\n°p∂p. bq.]n. Xe-Øn¬ ¢mkv Ib-‰-Øn\v A¿lX t\S-W-sa-
¶n¬ Ipd-™Xv Un t{KUv (33˛44%) F√m hnj-bß
- ƒ°pw t\S-Ww. sslkvIqƒ Xe-Øn¬ ¢mkvI-
+
b‰w thW-sa-¶n¬ Ipd-™Xv Un t{KUv (30-˛39%) F√m hnj-bß
- ƒ°pw t\Snbn-cn-°W
- w.
9. hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ cq]-tcJ
hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ cq]-tcJ F∂Xv aqe-y-\n¿Wb taJ-e-Iƒ, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ kqN-I-ßƒ, aqe-y-
\n¿Wb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ F∂nh hni-Z-am-°p∂ tcJ-bm-Wv. CXnse Hmtcm L´hpw \nßƒ
{Kln--t°-≠-Xp-≠v. F¶n¬ am{Xta sa®-s∏´ aqe-y-\n¿Wb {]h¿Ø\w Xbm-dm-°p-hm≥ {]m]vX-
cm-hp-I-bp-≈q.
hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ tcJ Xbm-dm-°¬ L´-ßƒ
1. ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-ßƒ/{]mY-anI hnh-c-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
2. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ taJ-e-Ifpw kqN-I-ßfpw \n›-bn-°p-∂p.
Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ taJ-e-Iƒ hy-X-y-kvX-am-Wv. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ taJe \n›-
bn-°-emWv BZyw sNtø-≠-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw B taJ-e-bnse aqe-y-\n¿Wb {]h¿Ø-\-

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234567890 ßƒ GsXms° Bi-b-ßƒ/[mc-W-Iƒ F∂nh hne-bn-cp-Øm-\m-sW∂v Is≠Øn tcJ-
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234567890 s∏-Sp-ØWw. aq∂m-asØ tImf-Øn¬ Cu taJe hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v \n›-bn-°-s∏-ń-´p≈
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234567890 kqN-I-ßfpw ASpØ tImf-Øn¬ kvtImdpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
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234567890 3. aqe-y-\n¿Wb {]h¿Ø\w
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234567890 aqe-y-\n¿Wb taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\p-t±-in-°p∂ Bi-b-ßƒ hnebncp-
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234567890 Øm-\p-X-Ip∂ {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-hnsS tcJs∏SptØ-≠-Xv.
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234567890 4. kqN-I-ß-fpsS hym-J-ym\w
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\¬Inb aqe-y-\n¿Wb {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hym-J-ym-\n®v
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234567890 Fgp-Xp-I-bmWv th≠Xv.
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9.1. ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn-tcJ (Student Evaluation Profile - SEP)
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234567890 ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn CØ-c-Øn¬ \n›-bn®p Ign-™m¬ AXv c£-mI¿Øm-hns\bpw,
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234567890 Ipń-I-sfbpw Adn-bn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Ipń-bpsS ]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn IqSp-X¬ hni-Z-ambn tcJ-s∏-SpØn
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\¬Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn Xbm-dm-°n-bn-´p≈ tcJ-bmWv SEP. ¢mkv ]n.Sn.F (CPTA) -tbmK-Øn¬ h®v
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Ipń-I-fpsS SEP Ah¿°v hnX-cWw sNøp-Ibpw N¿® \S-Øp-Ibpw sNø-Ww. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚
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234567890 ]T\-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bn¬ c£-mI¿Øm-°-fpsS ]¶v ]c-a-{]-[m-\-am-Wv.
apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ cq]-tc-J, kvtImdn-Mv, t{KUn-Mv, SEP, \nc-¥-c aqey-\n¿Wbw
XpS-ßnb Imc-y-ßsf°pdn®v \nßƒ A[-ym-]n-I-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS IqSp-X¬ N¿® \S-tØ-
≠-Xm-Wv. hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-h-Ip-∏pw, SCERT, SSA, ka-{K-in£m tIcf (SSK) XpS-ßnb GP≥kn-
Ifpw Xbmdm-°n-bn-´p≈ hnhn[ hne-bn-cpØ¬ tcJ-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v ¢mkn¬ N¿® sNbvXv hni-
I-e\w \StØ≠-Xm-Wv. hni-I-e-\-°p-dn∏pw Xbm-dm-°-Ww. kvIqƒ A\p-`-h-]-cn-]m-Sn-bpsS `mK-
ambpwa‰pw \nßƒ°v hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øm-\p-≠v. AXn\v klmb-I-amb hn[-
Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬ Bh-i-y-amb ss\]pWn B¿Pn--t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
\ne-hn-ep≈ aqe-y-\n¿Wbk{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ, anI-hp-Iƒ, F∂n-hsb°pdn-®p≈
kwhmZw ¢mkn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-°m≥ {i≤n-°p-a-t√m. Bh-i-y-amb Ipdn-∏p-I-sf-SpØv dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-
dm-°-Ww.
kmt¶-XnIhnZ-y-I-fpsS klm-bt-- Øm-sS-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ coXn-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
Hm¨sse≥, Hm¨ Un-am‚ v ]co-£-Iƒ AØ-c-Øn¬s∏´-Xm-Wv. AXn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Nne kqN-
\-Iƒ apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-´p≈Xv {i≤n-°p-at- √m. Hm¨sse≥, Hm¨ Un-am‚ v ]co-£I- sf°pdn®pw
kmt¶-XnhnZ-yb- p-sS klm-bt- ØmsS \nc-¥c
- a
- q-ey- \
- n¿Wb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ Fßs\ sNømw F∂-
Xn-s\-°p-dn®pw {]mtbm-KnI\n¿tZ-i-ßƒ Xbm-dm-°m≥ {i≤n-°-Ww.
Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ N¿®-sNbvX Bi-b-ßƒ
1. ]T-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ Xs∂ ]T-\w, ]T-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
F∂o Xe-ß-fn¬ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v.
2. hne-bn-cp-Øepw aqey-\n¿W-bhpw XΩn-ep≈ kmay-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ Xncn-®-dnbp-∂Xv ]T-\-{]-
{Inb ê-{]-Z-am-°m≥ klm-bn-°pw.
3. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ kw_-‘n® [mc-W-Iƒ \nc-¥cw ka-{K-ambn ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂-
Xn\v klm-bn-°pw.

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4. aqey-\n¿-Wbw F¥n\v F∂ Xncn-®-dnhv Hmtcm A[ym-]-I\pw ]T-\-{]-{Inb ê-{]-Z-am-°m≥ 123456789
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A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. 123456789
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5. hnZym-e-b-Ønse F√m {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpw \nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºm-gmWv 123456789
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hnZym-e-b-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ (-]-T-\-{]-{In-b, ]T-\-km-a-{Kn, amt\-Pvsa‚ v, hnZym-eb Bkq-{X-Ww, 123456789
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hnZym-`ymk kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\w) anI-hp-‰-Xm-Ip-∂-Xv. 123456789
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6. hnhn[ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ k{º-Zm-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v A[ym-]-I¿°p≈ Adnhv ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\- 123456789
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Øns‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬ klm-bn-°pw. 123456789
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7. ]cn-amWm-fl-Ihpw KpWm-fl-I-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Øepw tSw hne- 123456789
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bncpØepw, kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, ]c-kv]chne-bn-cp-Ø¬, _mly-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬, hy‡n- 123456789
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KX hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, kwL-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ XpS-ßnb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ coXn-IfpsS kmay-hy- 123456789
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Xym-k-ßƒ A[ym-]IhnZym¿∞n Xncn-®-dn-bp-tºmƒ A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn {]tbm-Kn-°m≥ 123456789
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Ign-bpw. 123456789
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8. ]co-£-Iƒ°v sshhn-[y-am¿∂ coXn-I-fp-≠v. (FgpØv ]co-£, {]I-S\ ]co-£, hmNnI 123456789
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]co-£, Hm¨sse≥ ]co-£, Hm¨ Un-am‚ v ]co-£, Xpd∂ ]co-£) 123456789
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9. Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw A`n-cp-Nnbpw {]iv\-ßfpw Xncn-®-dn™v klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw am¿K- 123456789
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Z¿i\w sNøp-∂-Xn\pw sa‚-dnwKv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
10. Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw ]T-\-\ne hne-bn-cpØn AXns‚ \ne tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v t{KUnwKv,
kvtImdnwKv F∂o coXn-I-fp-≠v. t{KUnßn¬Øs∂ hnhn[ coXnIfp≠v.
11. Ipń-I-fpsS ]T-\-\ne hni-Z-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv ]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn tcJ-bn-em-Wv.
hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ / XpS¿{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ
1. ""]T-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v {]Y-a-ÿm-\-am-Wp-≈-Xv'. Cu A`n-{]m-b-tØmSv \nßƒ
tbmPn-°p-∂pthm? F¥p-sIm≠v?
2. A[-ym-]-I≥ Hcp kl-c-£-mI¿Ømhv BtI-≠-Xpt≠m? hni-Z-am-°pI.
3. ]T-\-Øn¬ "hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ Xs∂ ]T\w' F∂ Bi-b-Øns‚ {]m[m-\-y-sa¥v?
4. ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ ]Tn-Xm-°sf hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p-≠v. hnZ-ym-e-b-sØbpw hnebncptØ-≠-Xns‚
Bh-i-y-apt≠m? km[q-I-cn-°p-I.
5. "hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ Xs∂ ]T\w' F∂ Bibhpw kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
\nß-fpsS A`n-{]mbw hni-Z-am-°p-I.
6. \ΩpsS hnZ-ym-e-b-ß-fn¬ "Xpd∂ ]pkvX-I-]-co£' F{X--tØmfw {]mtbm-Kn-I-amWv? hne-bn-
cp-Øp-I.
7. "hne-bn-cp-Ø¬', "aqe-y-\n¿Wbw' F∂nh sIm≠v A¿Y-am-°p-∂-sX¥v?
8. "t{KUnMv coXn' G‰hpw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ coXn-bmWv CXns\ Ipdn-®p≈ \nß-
fpsS A`n-{]m-b-sa-¥mWv?
apI-fn¬ sImSpØ tNmZ-y-ß-tfm-Sp≈ \nß-fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw hnj-b- U-b-dn-bn¬ Ipdn-°p-I.
Cu bqWn-‰p-ambn _‘-s∏´ d^-d≥kv kma-{Kn-Iƒ NphsS tN¿°p-∂p. d^-d≥kv \SØn IqSp-
X¬ Imc-y-ßƒ Adn-bp-Ibpw N¿® sNøp-Ibpw thWw. Is≠Ø-ep-Iƒ \nß-fpsS Ub-dn-bn¬
Ipdn-°p-I.

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234567890 d^-d≥kv kma-{Kn-Iƒ
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234567890 1. ]S-hp-Iƒ ˛ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn., tIcfw
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234567890 2. D.Ed A[ym-]I klmbn skaÃ¿ 1,
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234567890 Volume 1 - Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn., tIcfw
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234567890 3. Dt±-i-ym-[n-jvTnX t_m[\w - tUm. sI. tkm-a≥
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234567890 (Pages 71 to 116) tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰-yq´v
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234567890 4. - tIcf k¿°m¿,
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tIc-f- kvIqƒ]mT-y-]-≤Xn (2013)
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\b-tcJ hnZ-ym-`-ymk hIp∏v
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234567890 5. aqe-y-\n¿Wb tcJ - Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn., tIcfw
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234567890 6. Grading in Schools - NCERT
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7. Using Assessment for School Improvement - Mary James
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Heinemann Educational Publishers, Oxford.
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234567890 8. Assessment for learning (Pages 3 to 348) - Surendra Pal
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234567890 Arjun Publishing House , New Delhi 110002
234567890
Ph: 23272541
email. arjunbooks [email protected]
9. Educational Evaluation - Mujibul Hasan Siddiqui
APH Publishing Corporation, Ansari road,
Darya Ganj, New Delhi. 110002
10. Educational measurement and evaluation - Dr. R.S.S Nehru
APH Publishing corporation New Delhi.
11. National Curriculum framework NCF 2005 - NCERT, NewDelhi
12. Kerala Curriculum framework - SCERT, Kerala
KCF 2007
13. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ am¿K-tcJ 2017˛18 ˛ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn, tIcfw

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bqWn‰v -˛ 5 123456789
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kmt¶-XnI hnZ-ybpw hnZ-ym-`y- m-khpw 123456789
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BapJw 123456789
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t_m[\ ˛ ]T-\ -{]-{InbIƒ Bcw-`n® Imew apX¬ Xs∂ hnhn-[-ß-fmb t_m[\]T-t\m-]-I- 123456789
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c-W-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®p h∂n-cp-∂p. Iºp-sI-´p-Iƒ, I√p-Iƒ, a©m-Sn-°pcp t]mse-bp≈ ImbvIƒ 123456789
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F∂nh ss{]adn ¢mkp-Ifn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®ncp-∂p. ]n∂oSv A£-c-Im¿Up-Iƒ, Nm¿´p-Iƒ, Nn{X- 123456789
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ßƒ apX-em-b-h-IqSn D]-tbm-Kn°m≥ XpS-ßn. tdUntbm, tS∏v dn°m¿U¿, ^nenw s{]mP-IvS¿ 123456789
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apX-em-bh ]n¬°m-eØv D]-tbm-Kn®p. imkv{X, hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI cwK-Øp-≠mb ]ptcm-K-Xn- 123456789
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bpsS `mK-ambn F¬. kn. Un. s{]mP-IvS¿, samss_¬ t^mWp-Iƒ, C‚¿s\‰v, C‚-dm-IvSohv 123456789
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t_m¿Up-Iƒ F∂nh ]T-\-cw-KØv IS-∂p-h-∂n-´p-≠v. \ΩpsS hnZ-ym-e-b-ßƒ sslsS°v Bbn 123456789
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amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp Ime-bf
- h
- n-emWv \nßƒ A[-ym-]I
- c
- m-Im-\p≈ ]cn-io-e\
- Ø
- n¬ G¿s∏- 123456789
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ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. A[ym]I¿ t\c-tØ Iqń- X-bm-dm°p-∂-hbv°v ]pdta ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\n-S- 123456789
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bn¬ A[-ym-]-Icpw Ipń-Ifpw Xbm-dm-°p∂ D]I-c-W-ßfpw kma-{Kn-Ifpw ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W- 123456789
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Øn¬s∏Spw. Nn{X-ßƒ, Nm¿´p-Iƒ, amXr-I-Iƒ, ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ, ]co-£-tWm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ XpSßn 123456789
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hnhn[ D]-I-c-W-ßfpw kma-{Kn-Ifpw ]T-\sØ klm-bn-°m≥ Bh-i-y-am-Wv. 123456789
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hnZ-ym-`y- mk kmt¶XnI hnZ-ys

- b-°p-dn®v Adn-bp-∂X
- n-\pw hy‡nhy-Xymkw ]cn-KW
- n-®p≈ ]T\hn`-
h-ßƒ, D]-I-c-W-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v a\- n-em-°p∂-Xn\pw ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ {Kln-°p-∂-Xn-\pw -]-T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ A[-ym-]-I¿°v s{]m^-
j-W¬ anIhv t\Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xn-\pamWv Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS e£-y-an-Sp-∂-Xv.
]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v e`n-t°≠ ]T-\-t\-´sØ AXns‚ G‰hpw Db¿∂ \ne-bn¬ FØn-°p-I
F∂XmWv GsXmcp ]T-\ -t_m-[\ {]{In-b-bpsSbpw Dt±-iyw. AXn-\mbn A[-ym-]-I¿ hnhn[
coXn-Ifpw am¿K-ßfpw kzo-I-cn-°p-∂p. AXn¬ {][m-\-amWv hnZ-ym-`ymk kmt¶-XnI hnZy (Edu-
cational Technology) "Educational Technology involves different activities and Processes aim-
ing at effective and efficient functioning and application of various media''

'Effective interpretation of Technology is achieved when students are able to select

technology tools to help them obtain information in a timely manner, analyses and syntheses
the information and present it professionally. The technology should become an integral
part of how the classroom functions are accessible as all other tools’ – International society
for Technology in Education.

Iº-yq-´¿, Sn. hn, tdUntbm, F¬.-kn.-Un. s{]mP-IvS¿ XpS-ßn-bp≈ B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnI hnZyIƒ
am{X-a√ hnZ-ym-`-ymk kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øns‚ Bcw`-Imew apX¬
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂ ªm°v t_m¿Uv, aWn-®-´w, Nm¿´v, Im¿Up-Iƒ, amXr-I-Iƒ XpSßn F√m D]-
I-c-W-ßfpw kma-{Kn-Ifpw sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ]T-\-X-{¥-ßfpw coXn-Ifpw hnZym`ymk kmt¶-XnI
hnZ-y-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂p.
]T-\ t_m[-\ -km-a-{Kn-Iƒ (Teaching Learning Materials - TLM)
]T-\-t_m-[\ {]{In-b-bn¬ Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hmØ Hcp LS-I-amWv ]T-\ -t_m-[\ kma-{Kn-Iƒ.
hmb-\, Fgp-Øv, KWn-Xw, bp‡n-Nn-¥, k¿Km-ﬂIX XpS-ßnb taJ-eI -- f
- n¬ Bg-Øn-ep≈ ]T\w
Ffp-∏-Øn¬ km[-y-am-°m\pw Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn\pw, Bi-b-{K-l-W-Øn\pw TLM klm-bn-

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234567890 °p-∂p. Ip´n-Iƒ°pw A[ym-]-I¿°pw Hcpt]mse Ch {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]Tn-Xm-hn¬ ]T-\ -
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234567890 Xm-ev]-cyw D≠m-°m\pw Pn⁄mk P\n-∏n-°m\pw Chbv°v km[n-°p-∂p. F√m C{μn-b-ß-fp-
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sSbpw klm-b-tØm-sS IqSp-X¬ Bg-Øn¬ Adnhv t\Sm≥ TLM - s‚ D]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS Ign-
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234567890 bp-∂p. ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bnse hnc-k-X-b-I‰n XmXv]-c-y-ap-≠m-Im≥ DNn-X-amb kmt¶-XnIhnZy {]tbm-
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234567890 P-\-s∏-Sp--∂p. Bi-b-ßfpw hkvXp-X-Ifpw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Adn-bm\pw AXn-eqsS kabw em`n-°p-
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∂-Xn\pw TLM - klm-bn-°p-∂p.
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234567890 ]T-\ -t_m-[\ kma-{Kn-Iƒ F¥n\v?
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234567890 $ ]T-\-Øn¬ Xmev]-cyw P\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v
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234567890 $ Bi-b-cq-]o-I-cWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v
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$ Bi-b-h-y-‡X ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v
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234567890 $ Bi-b-[m-cW Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v
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$ ]T\w ck-I-c-am-°p∂Xn\v
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234567890 $ kzbw]T-\sØ klm-bn-°p-∂Xn\v.
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IqSp-X¬ Imc-y-ßƒ N¿®-bn-eqsS Is≠Øn Cu enÃv ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.
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Nne ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ß-fpw, kma-{Kn-Ifpw klm-bn-Ifpw ¢mkn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS cq]o-I-cn-°m-
hp∂ B-i-bßfpw, a‰p LS-I-ßfpw
$ A_m-°kv ˛ kwJ-ym- t_m[w
$ t•m_v ˛ {`aWw, ]cn-{I-aWw, h≥I-c-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh
$ ipNn-X-z-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hoUntbm ¢n∏nßv ˛ ipNn-X-z- t_m[w
$ Ihn-I-fpsS {][m-\-s∏´ hcn-I-fpsS tiJcw ˛ Ihn-X-bnse CuWw, `mhw Ihn-X-I-tfm-Spw,
Ihn-I-tfmSpw Xmev]-cyw
$ C¥-y-bpsS Imem-h-ÿm-`q-]Sw ˛ hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse Imem-hÿ Xmc-X-ayw sNbvXv
\nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øn-t®-c¬.
 ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ°v/kma-{Kn-Iƒ°v D≠m-tI≠ Nne khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

{]tbm-K-km-[-y-X-bp-≈-Xv. efn-X-ambn \n¿an-°m-hp-∂Xv

\n¿am-W-Ønepw tiJ-c-W-Ønepw Ip´n-
Iƒ°pw c£-I¿Øm-°ƒ°pw ]¶m-fn-Ø- ]T-\-£-aX
ap-≈-Xv. Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂Xv

]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-tSbpw
Ip´n-I-fpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ - sNehp Ipd-™Xv
kma-{Kn-I-fp-tSbpw
]cnK-Wn-°p-∂Xv (Low Cost)
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

H´pw sNe-hn-√m-ØXv
Ip´n-I-fpsS khn-ti-jXIƒ -
(Zero cost)
]cnK-Wn-°p-∂Xv
]p\-cp-]-tbmK {]mtZ-inI hn`-h-ßƒ {]tbm-P-\-
km[-y-X-bp-≈-Xv. s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv

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apI-fn¬ sImSpØ enÃn¬ IqSp-X¬ Ipń-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ hcp-Øm≥ \nßƒ H‰bv°pw Iq´mbpw 123456789
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{ian-°Ww. AsXs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v \nß-fpsS Ub-dn-bn¬ Ipdn-°m\pw {i≤n-°-Ww. {]kvXpX 123456789
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khnti-jX-Isf°pdn-®p≈ [mc-W-Iƒ ¢mknse Iq´mb N¿®-bn¬ \n∂v cq]oI-cnt°≠Xp≠v. 123456789
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A[-ym-]n-I-bpsS klmbtØmsS AXn-\p-th≠n {ian-°p-a-t√m. 123456789
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$ \nß-fpsS ÿm]-\-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ ss{]adn kvIqfp-Iƒ kμ¿in-°p-Ibpw ¢mkv \nco-£Ww 123456789
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\SØn AhnsS D]-tbmKn® ]T-t\m-]I-cW-ß-fpsS A\p-tbm-P-y-X, ta∑-Iƒ, ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ 123456789
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F∂nh Is≠Øn dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw AXp-ambn _‘--s∏´ N¿® \nß-fpsS ¢mkn¬ 123456789
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kwL-Sn-∏n®v ]Tt\m-]I-cWw kw_‘n®v icn-bmb [mcW Dd-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw. N¿®m- 123456789
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°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°-Ww. 123456789
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$ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W- km[-yXIƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kvIqfp-Iƒ kμ¿in®v dnt∏m¿´v Xbm- 123456789
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dm-°-Ww. 123456789
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$ 1 apX¬ 8 hsc ¢mkp-I-fnse ]T-\-t\-´-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ \n¿an- 123456789
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°m-\p≈ inev]-ime kwL-Sn-∏n-°-Ww; ]T-t\m-]-I-cWßfpw kma-{Kn-Ifpw \n¿an-°-Ww. 123456789
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ªm°v t_m¿Uv, _p≈-‰n≥ t_m¿Uv, Nm¿´v, ta∏v, t•m_v , sse{_dn ]pkvX-I-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS D]-tbmKw 123456789
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hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-amWv ªm°vt_m¿Uv. ªm°vt_m¿Uv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- 123456789
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Xn-ep≈ {]mho-Wyw {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp A[-ym-]\ -ss\-]p-Wn-bm-Wv. ªm°v t_m¿Un\p ]Icw
{Ko≥t_m¿Uv, ssh‰vt_m¿Uv XpS-ßn-bh C∂v km¿h-{Xn-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂p. UnPn-
‰¬ C‚-dm-IvSohv t_m¿Up-I-fpsS Ime-am-Wn-Xv.F∂m¬ t]mepw ªm°vt_m¿UpIfpsS {]m[m-
\yw Ipd-™n-ń-√. hfsc Ipd™ sNe-hn¬ Ipń-Iƒ°pw A[-ym-]-I¿°pw Fgp-Xm\pw Nn{Xw
hc-bv°m\pw IW°p Iq´m\pw Ign-bp∂ Hcp sNe-hp-Ip-d™ ]Tt\m]-I-c-W-amWv ªm°v
t_m¿Uv.
v
Ipń-Iƒ°v ad-bmsX I
n™
g ¬ a‰pw
w v° pw
Fgp-X¬ bmK v amb ƒ ° p∏w
Fgp-Xp--tºmgpw hc-bv°p-- -t e
D] m¿U -c-ß{X h
tºm-gpw Bi-bhp-ambn t_ £
A th≠
_‘-s∏-´-Xm-I-Ww.

Npcp-ßnb, hrØn
IrX-y-X-bp≈ (Neatness)
FgpØv
ªm°v t_m¿Uv D]-tbmKw Bi-b-ß-fpsS
{i≤n-t°-≠h {Iao-I-cWw
A£-c-ßfpw hy-‡X
hcn-Ifpw CSp-ßm≥
]mSn-√.

DNn-X-amb
ƒ kvs]bn-knßv
-{K-ß
Ub kmwK-X-y-ap≈
{]m[m-\yw Imc-y-ßƒ
\¬Im≥ If¿
tNm°v Hmh¿ ssd‰nwKv
{]m[m-\-y-ap-≈-hbv°v
ASn-h-c-bn-S¬ ]mSn√

153
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234567890 _p≈-‰n≥ t_m¿UpIƒ as‰mcp kt¶-X-amWv. {][m\s∏´ hm¿Ø-Ifpw Nn{X-ßfpw ]T-\-h-
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 kvXp-XI
- f
- p-sa√mw Hń®p h®v a‰p-≈h
- ¿°v Adnhv ]I¿∂p \¬Ip∂Xn\mWv _p≈-‰n≥ t_m¿Up-
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234567890 Iƒ D]-tbmKn-°p-∂-Xv. _p≈-‰n≥ t_m¿Up-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Ipń-Iƒ kzbw Adnhv
234567890
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234567890 tiJ-cn-°p-∂p. a‰p-≈-h¿°v ssIam-dp-∂p.
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k¿h-km-[m-c-W-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Hcp ]T-t\m-]-I-cWamWv Nm¿´v. ]e-Xcw Nm¿´p-I-fp≠v.
234567890
234567890
234567890 A£-c-®m¿´v, ]Z-®m¿´v, hmI-y-Nm¿´v, kwJ-ym-Nm¿´v, Nn{X-Nm¿´v, Ihn-Xm-Nm¿´v XpS-ßn-bh. Ffp-
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234567890 ∏Øn¬ \n¿Ωn-°m-hp∂ Hcp ]Tt\m-]I-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. Ipń-Iƒ°v Nm¿´p-Iƒ kzbw \n¿an°m≥
234567890
234567890
234567890 km[n-°pw.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 kmaq-l-y-im-kv{X -]-T-\-hp-ambn _‘--s∏´ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßfmWv ta∏p-Ifpw t•m_pw. `qan-sb-
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 °p-dn®pw a‰p {Kl-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn\v ta∏v klm-b-I-am-Ipw. ta∏v doUnßv hfsc
234567890
234567890
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234567890 {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp ss\]p-Wn-bm-Wv. hnhn[ {]tZi-ß-fp-sS `qan-imkv{X-]c-amb {]-tX-y-I-X-Iƒ,
234567890
234567890
234567890 AXn-cp-Iƒ, KXm-K-Xw, Irjn, Imem-hÿ XpSßn Ht´sd Imc-y-ßƒ \ap°v `q]-S-ØneqsS
234567890
234567890
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Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m\pw ]Tn-°m\pw km[n-°pw.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 `qan-bpsS {àWw, ]cn-{I-a-Ww, h≥I-c-Iƒ, A£mw-i tcJmw-i-ßƒ, {[ph-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ XpS-ßn-
234567890
234567890
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234567890 bhsb kw_-‘n® Bi-b-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn°m≥ t•m_n-eqsS Ign-bp-∂p.
234567890
234567890
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Adnhp\n¿amW{]{In-b-bnse Ahn-`m-P-y-L-S-I-amWv hmb-\. UnPn-‰¬bpK-amb h¿Ø-am\-Ime-
b-f-hnepw hmb-\-bpsS {]m[m-\-y-Øn\v Cf°w Xń-bn-ń-√. Ipń-Iƒ°v Ffp∏Øn¬ Adnhv tiJ-
cn-°m≥ hmb-\-bn-eqsS Ign-bp-∂p. F√m hnjb-ß-fp-ambpw _‘-s∏´ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ ¢mknse
hmb-\-aq-e-bn¬/ ¢mkv sse{_-dn-bn¬ D≠m-I-Ww. ]pkvX-I-ßƒ, _me-am-kn-I-Iƒ, hnhn-[- ti-
J-c-ßƒ F∂nh Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-h-Ww. F√m kvIqfnepw Hcp kvIqƒsse{_dn kPo-h-ambn
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv ]T-\- t_m-[\ {]{In-bsb Gsd klm-bn-°pw.
ªm°vt_m¿Uv D]-tbm-Kn-°p--tºmƒ C\n Fs¥ms° {i≤n-°Ww. \nßƒ N¿® sNbvXv,
Is≠Øn Fgp-Xq. CXp-t]mse Hmtcm ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßfpw kma-{Kn-Ifpw \n¿an-°p--tºmgpw D]-
tbm-Kn-°p-tºmgpw th≠{X {i≤ sImSp-°-Ww. AsX-s¥m-s°-bm-hm-sa∂v Iq´mbn N¿® sNøp-
a-t√m.
$ t^mt´m {Km^p-Iƒ
$ Nn{X-ßƒ
$ t]mÃ-dp-Iƒ.
$ Nm¿´p-Iƒ
$ Ub-{K-ßƒ (Diagrams)
$ `q]-S-ßƒ
$ tcJm-Nn-{X-ßƒ
$ Im¿´q-Wp-Iƒ
$ ªm°v t_m¿Uv, {Ko≥ t_m¿Uv, ssh‰v t_m¿Uv, UnPn-‰¬ t_m¿Uv
$ ^vfm\¬ t_m¿Uv
$ _p≈-‰n≥ t_m¿Uv
$ am·-‰nIv t_m¿Uv
$ amXr-I-Iƒ (Models)

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$ kvs]kn-sa-\p-Iƒ 123456789
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$ ]mh-Iƒ 123456789
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$ ]co-£-W-ßƒ 123456789
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$ ^o¬Uv{Sn∏v 123456789
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$ \mS-Io-I-cWw 123456789
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$ s{]mP-IvS-dp-Iƒ 123456789
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$ ss…Up-Iƒ 123456789
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$ C‚¿s\‰v, Wi Fi, C ˛ sabn¬, bqSq_v XpS-ßn-bh 123456789
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$ kvam¿´v ssh‰v t_m¿Uv 123456789
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$ F¬. kn. Un. s{]mP-IvS¿ 123456789
123456789
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$ kvam¿´v t_m¿Uv C‚-dm-IvSohv Unkvtπ 123456789
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$ Social Networking and blogs 123456789
123456789
123456789
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$ HmUntbm ^b-ep-Iƒ 123456789
123456789
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$ Tablets 123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
$ UnPn-‰¬ Iym-ad
$ UnPn-‰¬ HmUntbm dn°m¿Up-Iƒ
$ CD/DVD, Digital duplicators
$ hnZ-ym-`-ymk tkm^v‰v shb-dp-Iƒ
$ Mimio vote, mimio view, Mimio Pad, Mimio Capture, Mimio tech
$ hb¿ekv Iot_m¿Uv & aukv
$ Un.hn.-Un. tπb¿

\nßƒ FgpXn Xbm-dm-°p∂Xpƒs∏sSbp≈ ]T-\-k-lm-bn-Isf Nn{Xo-I-cW klm-bn-

Iƒ, Unkvtπ klm-bn-Iƒ, {Xnam\ klm-bn-Iƒ, {]h¿Ø-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ, {]t£]k-
lm-bn-Iƒ (Projecting Aids) F∂n-ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn-°m≥ Ign-bptam? {ian®p t\m°q.

]T-\-t_m-[\ kma-{Kn-Isf lm¿Uv shb¿ (Hardware) tkm^v‰v shb¿ (Software) F∂n-ßs\

Xcw Xncn-°mw. s{]mP-IvSd
- p-Iƒ, tS∏v dn°m¿Up-Iƒ, sSen-hn-j≥, tdUn-tbm, Iº-yq-´¿ XpSßnbh
lm¿Uv shb¿ hn`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏Sp-∂p. \yqkv t]∏-dp-Iƒ, ]pkvX-I-ß-ƒ, amkn-I-Iƒ,
hnZym`ymk sKbnap-Iƒ, Nm¿´v, A£-c-°m¿Up-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh tkm^v‰v shb¿ hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-
Sp-∂p. lm¿Uv shb-dn¬ F©n-\o-bd - nwKv XØ-zß
- f
- p-]t- bm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠p-≠m-°p∂ CeIvt{Smsa°m-
\n-°¬ D]-I-c-W-ß-fmWv Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]T-\-Ønse k¶o¿ÆX Ipd-bv°m\pw ]T\w ck-I-c-
am-°m\pw D]tbm-Kn-°p∂ kma-{Kn-Ifpw klm-bn-I-fp-amWv tkm^v‰v shb¿ hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv. apIfn¬t®¿Ø ]T-\-t_m-[-\- D-]-I-c-W-ß-sfbpw klm-bn-I-sfbpw lm¿Uv shb¿,
tkm^v‰v shb¿ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn enÃv sNøWw.
 Zri-y{- im-hy D]-Ic
- W
- ß
- ƒ, Iº-yq-´d
- p-Iƒ, A\p-_‘
- - D-]I
- c
- W
- ß
- ƒ F∂n-hb
- psS
D]-tbmKw
B[p-\nI hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øn¬ Zri-y-{im-hy D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-tSbpw Iº-yq-´-dns‚bpw A\p-_-‘ -D-]-
I-c-W-ß-fp-sSbpw {]m[m-\yw hfsc hep-Xm-Wv.

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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678

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 hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {][m-\-s∏´ Zri-y-{im-hy D]-I-c-W-ßƒ
234567890
234567890
234567890
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234567890
sSen-hn-j≥
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 tdUntbm
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
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234567890
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Iº-yq-´¿ tS∏v dnt°m¿U¿
234567890
234567890
234567890
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234567890 ªqSqØv tπb¿ ]ªnIv A{U v knÃw
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
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234567890 apI-fn¬ sImSpØ D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS enÃv ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 \ΩpsS kwÿm-\Øv ¢mkv apdn-Isf sslsSIvv B°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-∂p-hc-- n-I-
234567890
234567890
234567890
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234567890 bm-W-t√m. F¥mWv sslsSIv ¢mkvap-dn-Iƒ?
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 sslsSIv ¢mkvapdn-Iƒ
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
Ipń°pw A[-ym-]-I\pw ¢mkv ka-bØv ]n¥pW Dd-∏m-°p∂ kwhn-[m-\-amWnXv. hoUn-tbm-
234567890
Iƒ, HmUn-tbm-Iƒ, h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ, C‚-dm-IvSohv Ifn-Iƒ, hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ XpSßn Ht´sd
kuI-c-y-ßƒ CØcw ¢mkvap-dn-bn-ep-≠v. anI® ]T-\m-\p-`-h-ßƒ Ipń°v e`-y-am-°m≥ UnPn-‰¬
kwhn-[m-\-Øn-eqsS Ign-bp-∂p. hnhn[ D≈-S-°-ß-fp-ambn t\cn´v _‘-ap≈ A\n-ta-j≥
hoUntbm-Iƒ, km[m-c-W- ho-Un-tbm-Iƒ, HmUn-tbm-Iƒ, Pnºv, Pntbm-Pn{_ apX-emb tkm^v‰v
shb-dp-Iƒ. C‚-dm-IvSohv Ifn-Iƒ, h¿°v jo‰p-Iƒ, doUnßv Im¿Up-Iƒ, Nn{X-ßƒ, ]mT-ßƒ,
A[nI-hmb-\mkm-a-{Kn-Iƒ, ]cn-lm-c-t_m-[\]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ kwhn-[m-\ßƒ,
hnIvtSgvkv Nm\¬ t]mse-bp≈ km[-y-X-Iƒ XpSßn \nc-h[n kuI-c-y-ß-fmWv UnPn‰¬ ¢mkv
apdn-bn-ep-≈-Xv.
$ kmt¶-XnIhnZ-y-bp-sS-bpw- D-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sSbpw D]-tbmKw kw_-‘n®v ap≥Iqń Xbm-
dm-°nb k¿tΔ t^mdw D]-tbm-Kn®v \nßƒ hnZ-ym-eb - ß
- f
- n¬ k¿tΔ \S-ØW
- w. k¿tΔ
t^mdw Xbm-dm-°p-∂Xv {Kq∏p N¿®-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-hWw. hnhn[ hnZ-ym-e-b-
ßƒ kμ¿in®v ¢mkv \nco-£n®v Bh-i-y-amb tU‰ tiJ-cn-°-Ww.
$ k¿sΔ-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ e`n® hnh-c-ßsf t{ImUo-I-cn®v skan-\m-dn¬ Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°-Ww. skan-\m-dnse N¿®-Iƒ°p-tijw dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°-Ww.
$ ""hnhc kmt¶-XnI hnZ-ym-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS Is≠-Øepw {]tbm-P-\s-- ∏-Sp-Øepw'' F∂
hnj-bsØ°pdn-®p≈ N¿® ¢mkn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-°-Ww.
$ ªm°v t_m¿Uns‚ D]-tbm-Kw, Nm¿´p \n¿am-Ww, Nn{X-c-N-\, `q]S \n¿amWw F∂o
taJ-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´v ¢mkn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p∂ inev]-im-e-bn-eqsS {]kvXpX
taJe-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ss\]pWn hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥ \nßƒ°v Ignb-Ww.
 hnZ-ym-ebw Hcp ]T-t\m-]-I-c-Ww, Iym-ºkv Hcp ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw, ssPh -ssh-hn-[y-
Iymºkv, sslsS°v hnZ-ym-e-bw, Sme‚ v em_v
hnZ-ym-ebw Xs∂ Hcp ]T-t\m-]-I-cWamsW-∂p≈ Bibw Cub-SpØ ImeØv \ne-hn¬ h∂-
Xm-Wv. `mj, KWnXw, ]cn-kc]T\w, Cw•ojv XpS-ßn \nc-h[n hnj-b-ßƒ°v kvIqƒ sIń-
SsØ Xs∂ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-am-°mw. hnZ-ym-`-ymk t{]mP-IvSp-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´v kvIqƒ sIń-S-

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Øns‚ Nph-cp-Iƒ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-am°n am‰p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ \SØnbn´p-≠v. kmlnXy-Im- 123456789
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c-∑m-cpsS Nn{X-ßƒ, alXv hN-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh an° hnZ-ym-e-b-ß-fn-sebpw Nph-cp-I-fn¬ 123456789
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\ap°v ImWm≥ km[n-°pw. Building As Learning Aid (BALA) F∂ B-ibw Xs∂ CXns‚ 123456789
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`mK-ambn N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. 123456789
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s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-`-ymk kwc-£W b⁄-Øns‚ `mK-ambn tIc-f-Ønse F√m kvIqfp-I-fnepw "Iym- 123456789
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ºkv Hcp ]mT-]p-kvXIw' F∂ Bibw Dƒs°m≠psIm≠p≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°n h-cn- 123456789
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I-bmWvv. kwÿm-\sØ ]e kvIqfp-I-fnepw Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ ss]e‰v t{]m{Kmw F∂ Xc-Øn¬ 123456789
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Cu Bibw \S-∏n-em-°n-°-gn-™p. CXns‚ `mK-ambn "ssPh-ssh-hn-[y ]m¿°v ' Dƒs∏sS XpS- 123456789
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ßm≥ ]≤Xn Xbm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. lcnX \nb-am-hen ({Ko≥t{]m-t´m-t°mƒ) \S-∏n-em-°n-s°m- 123456789
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≠mWv CXv km[-y-am-°p-∂Xv. `£Ww ]mgm-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I, ajn--t∏-\- io-e-am-°p-I, D]-tbm-K- 123456789
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tijw hen--s®-dn-bp∂ ]m{X-ßƒ°v ]Icw Ão¬ tπ‰p-Ifpw Ão¬ •m p-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I, 123456789
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πmÃn°v Ip∏n-Iƒ°v ]Icw Ão¬ Ip∏n-I-fn¬ sh≈w sIm≠p-h-cp-I,- ssPhm-h-in-jvS-ßsf 123456789
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hf-am°n am‰p-I, ^vfIvkv t_m¿Up-Ifpw _m\-dp-Ifpw Hgn-hm-°p-I, amen-\-y-ßƒ ]cn-k-c-ß- 123456789
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fn¬ hen-s®-dn-bm-Xn-cn-°pI XpSßnb Imc-y-ßƒ IpńIƒ kvIqfn¬ \n∂p Xs∂ ioen®p XpS- 123456789
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tß≠Xp≠v. Irjn, IpSn-sh≈kwc-£-Ww, XpS-ßnb Imc-y-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p≈ A\p-`-h- 123456789
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ßfpw Ipń-Iƒ°v hnZ-ym-eb - Ø
- n¬ \n∂p e`n-°W
- w. F√m- k
- vIq-fnepw ]®-°d
- n-tØm-´hpw Huj[- 123456789
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k-k-y-tØm-´hpw Ipń-I-fpsS t\Xr-XzØn¬ ]cn-N-cn°Ww. {]Ir-Xnsb sXm´-dn-bm\pw ]mcn-
ÿn-XnIt_m[w hf¿Øm\pw CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS km[n-°pw. F√m kvIqfnepw Ign-
bp-sa-¶n¬ Hcp Ipńh\w D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°p-I. F∂Xpw s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-`-ym-k- kw-c-£-W -b-⁄-
Øns‚ `mK-ambn hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂p≠v. ]cnÿnXn{]h¿Ø-I¿, \m´p-ssh-Z-y¿, hnZym¿∞n {]Xn-
\n[n, A[-ym-]-I-cpsSbpw ]n. Sn. F bpsSbpw {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ F∂n-h-cpƒs°m≈p∂ kan-Xn-
bpsS t\Xr-X-z-Øn-emWv ssPh -ssh-hn-[-y-]m¿°p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xv. kvIqƒ Iym-º-kn¬
\n∂pXs∂ [mcmfw ]mT-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww hnZ-ym¿∞n-Iƒ ]T-\I - mew Ign™v
Pohn-X-Øn-te°v Cd-tß-≠-Xv. ssPh ssh-hn-[y cPn-Ã¿ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ipń-Isf {]m]vX-
cm-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
"Iym-º-kv Hcp ]mT]p-kvXIw' F∂-Xn-eqsS Hmtcm Ipń-sbbpw ]cn-ÿnXn imkv{X-⁄-cmbn
hf¿Øp-I F∂-XmWv e£-y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. kvIqƒ]cn-ÿn-Xn-sb Ipń-Iƒ X-s∂ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-am-
°pI-bm-Wn-hnsS sNøp-∂-Xv.
sslsSIv hnZ-ym-ebw
s]mXp-hn-`-ym-`-ymk kwc-£-W -b-⁄-Øns‚ `mK-ambn s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-e-b-ßsf A¥¿tZ-iob
\ne-hm-c-Øn-te-°p-b¿Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn 8 apX¬ 12 hsc-bp≈ kvIqfp-I-fnse GI-tZiw 45000
¢mkvap-dn-Iƒ A¥m-cmjv{S \ne-hm-c-Øn-se-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]≤-Xn-bmWv sslsSIv kvIqƒ.
UnPn-‰¬ C‚dmIv‰ohv ]mT-]p-kvXIw, F√m hnj-b-ß-fp-tSbpw ]T-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-Ip∂
UnPn-‰¬ D≈S°-ti-Jcw, F√m-h¿°pw apgp-h≥ka-b- ]-T-\m-¥-co£w Dd-∏m-°p∂ ka-{K-
t]m¿´¬, C˛teWnMv/Fw teWnßv, teWnßv amt\-Pvsa‚ v kwhn-[m-\w, aqe-y-\n¿Wb kwhn-
[m\w XpSßnbh CXns‚ `mK-am-Wv.
Sme‚ v em_v
Ipń-Iƒ°v A`n-cp-Nn-bp-≈ taJe Is≠Øn kvIqƒ ]T-\I - m-eØ - p-Xs∂ ]cn-io-e\
- hpw t{]m’m-
l-\hpw \¬Im-\mWv Sme‚ v em_p-Iƒ. ]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn am{X-a√ kzbw Xncn-®dnb¬, k¿Km-
flI Nn¥, \nco-£W ]mS-hw, t\Xr-]m-Shw, Bi-bh- n-\n-ab- t- i-jn, kl-`mhw XpS-ßn-bh B¿Pn-

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234567890 °m\pw Ipń-I-fn¬ A¥¿eo-\amb Ign-hp-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°m\pw Sme‚ v em_v F∂ B-i-b-
234567890
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234567890 Øns‚ \S-∏m-°-en-eqsS km[n-°pw.
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234567890 kvIqfnse apgp-h≥ Ipń-IfptSbpw A`n-cpNn Is≠Øn Ahsc hnhn[ Sme‚ v{Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn-
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234567890 °mw. H∂n-e-[nIw Sme‚p≈hsc H∂n-e-[nIw {Kq∏n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw. F√m Ipń-I-sfbpw GsX-
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¶n-ep-samcp Sme‚ v{Kq∏n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. c£mI¿Øm-°ƒ, ¢∫p-Iƒ, ]q¿Δ-hnZym¿∞nIƒ,
234567890
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234567890 k∂-≤-{]-h¿Ø-I¿, Iem-Im-c-∑m¿, kmln-X-y-Im-c-∑m¿, a‰v hnhn[ taJ-e-Ifn¬ Ign-hp-sX-fn-bn-
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234567890 ®-h¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS kl-I-cWw Sme‚ v em_ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-°Ww. `mjm-
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234567890 ]-cw, imkv{X-]-cw, KWn-X-]-cw, kmaq-lyimkv{X-]-cw, Iem-]-cw, \n¿amW-]cw, Imbn-I-]-cw,
234567890
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234567890 Irjn t]msebp≈ a‰n-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh Sme‚ v em_n-ep-≠m-Ipw.
234567890
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234567890 $ apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® Hmtcm taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-h-Ip-∏v, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn,
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234567890 ka-{K-in£m A`n-bm≥ XpS-ßnb GP≥kn-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°nb am¿K-tc-JIƒ ]cn-tim[n®v
234567890
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234567890 \nßƒ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°-Ww.
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234567890 $ hnZ-ym-eb
- ß
- f
- n¬ Sme‚ v em_v, ssPh s
- sh-hn-[y- ]
- m¿°v XpS-ßn-bh Fßs\ kwL-Sn-∏n-°m-sa-∂-
234567890
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234567890 Xn-\p≈ am¿K-\n¿tZ-iß - ƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°W - w. AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ipdn∏v Xbmdm-°W - w.
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`n∂-ti-jn-°m-cmb Ipń-Iƒ°p-t]mepw k¶-enXhnZ-ym-`-ymk kao-]-\-Øn¬ \n∂psIm≠p-Xs∂
234567890
]T\w km[-y-am-°m≥ B[p-\nIhnZ-ym-`-ymkkmt¶-XnIhnZ-ybv°p Ign-bpw.
InS-∏p-tcm-Kn-I-fmbn hoń¬ Ign-bp∂ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°p t]mepw ¢mkn¬ \S-°p∂ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-
\-ßƒ t\cn´p ImWm\pw Bh-i-ysa-¶n¬ A[-ym-]n-I-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sm\pw (Interact) Ign-
bp∂ hn[-Øn¬ kmt¶-XnIhnZy hf¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. A[-ym-]-I¿ k÷o-I-cn-°p∂ t\¿ A\p-
`h]T-\-ßƒ°-∏pdw hnZq-c-Øp≈ hnZ-Kv[s‚ tkh\w X¬k-abw e`n-°m\pw AXp-hgn hnZym-
`-ymk KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øm\pw C∂v Ah-k-c-ßƒ D≠v.
t_m[-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°¬, \n¿an-°¬, kam-l-cn-°¬, {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø¬,
kq£n-°¬, ]cn-jvI-cn-°¬
H∂mw¢mkv apX¬ Ggmw ¢mkv hsc-bp≈ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v kmt¶XnIhn-Z-y-bp-
sSbpw hn-hn[ ]T\-t_m-[\ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ, kma-{Kn-Iƒ, klm-bnIƒ F∂n-h-bp-sSbpw km[yX
Is≠Øn enÃv sNø-Ww. AXp-ambn _‘s∏´v in¬∏-ime kwL-Sn-∏n®v A[ym-]I-cp-sSbpw
kl-]m-Tn-I-fp-sSbpw klm-b-tØm-sSbpw H‰bv°pw D]I-cW-ßfpw kma-{Kn-Ifpw \n¿an-°-Ww.
\n¿an® kma-{Kn-I-fpsS ¢mkvdqw D]-tbmKw ss{SHu-ń-eqsS \SØn Bfl-hn-i-zmkw ssIh-cn-
°m≥ \nß-fpsS t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww. A[-ym-]\ ]cn-io-e\kμ¿`-ßfpw sa‚-
dnwKv thf-Ifpw CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
F√m hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´ t_m[-\im-kv{X-]-c-amb A]-{K-Y\w \S-Øp-tºmƒØs∂
t_m-[t-- \m-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sSbpw kma-{Kn-I-fp-sSbpw km[-yX Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈ {iaw \S--tØ-≠-
Xm-Wv. {]kvXpX A]-{K-Y-\-Øn¬ Ah enkv‰v sNøp-Ibpw inev]-im-e-I-fneqsS Xbm-dm-°p-
Ibpw thWw. am{X-a√ Ht´sd kma-{Kn-Iƒ \ap°v tiJ-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw. kaq-l-Øns‚bpw
c£m-I¿Øm-°-fp-sSbpw klmbw C°m-c-y-Øn¬ tXtS-≠-Xp-≠v. ¢mkn¬ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ
ê-{]Z-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. sshhn-[-y-am¿∂ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ Xbm-dm°n D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂-Xn¬ {i≤ ]pe¿Ø-Ww. ]T-t\m-]-I-cW \n¿am-Whpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øepw Hcp Ie-bmWv.
B Ie kzm-b-Ø-am-°m≥ A[-ym-]\]cn-io-e\kμ¿`-ßƒ ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\s-- ∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

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Hcn-°¬ D]-tbm-Kn® ]T-t\m-]-I-c-Wß -- fpw kma-{Kn-Ifpw ]p\-cp-]-tbmKkm[-y-X-bp-≈-h-bmWv. 123456789
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AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Ah IrX-y-ambn kq£n-®p-h-bvt°-≠-Xp-≠v. ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn- 123456789
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°p∂Xns‚ HuNn-Xyw, kμ¿`w, {]tbm-P-\w, kmwK-Xyw XpS-ßn-bh kz-b-ambpw ]ckv]chpw 123456789
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hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcn-°¬ \n¿an® ]T-t\m-]-I-cWw ]cn-jvI-cn-°m\pw 123456789
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AXns‚ {]tbm-P\ - s
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- ns‚ coXn-bpw kμ¿`hpw am‰-Øn\v hnt[-ba - m-°m\pw km[n-°W
- w. 123456789
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Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ N¿® sNbvX Bi-b-ßƒ 123456789
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$ ]T-t\m-]-I-cW-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ (efn-X-ambn \n¿an-°m-hp-∂-Xv, ]T-\-£-a-X, sNehv 123456789
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fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv, \n¿am-W-Ønepw tiJ-c-W- 123456789
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Ønepw Ipń-Iƒ°pw c£n-Xm-°ƒ°pw ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-≈-Xv.) Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm≠p≈ \n¿amWw 123456789
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]T-\-{]-{In-bsb A¿∞-h-Øm-°pw. 123456789
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$ ªm°v t_m¿Uv, _p≈-‰n≥ t_m¿Uv, Nm¿´v, am∏v, t•m_v, sse{_dn]pkvX-I-ßƒ, Zriy˛ 123456789
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{imhy D]-I-c-W-ßƒ, Iº-yq-´-dp-Iƒ, A\p-_‘ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ F∂n-h- A\p-tbm-Py-amb 123456789
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kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv ]T-\sØ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øpw. 123456789
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$ hnZ-ym-ebw Hcp ]Tt\m-]I-cWw, Iym-ºkv Hcp ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw, ssPhssh-hn-[y Iymºkv, 123456789
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sslsS°v hnZ-ym-ebw, Sme‚ v em_v XpS-ßnb \qX-\m-i-b-ßƒ kzm`m-hnI]T-\sØ DtØ-
Pn-∏n-°pw.
$ t_m[-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°¬, \n¿an-°¬, kam-l-cn-°¬, {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø¬,
kq£n-°¬, ]cn-jvI-cn-°¬ F∂nh Kth-j-Wm-fl-I -t_m-[\{]{In-b-bpsS `mK-am-Wv.
XpS¿{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ/hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ
 D.El.Ed tImgvknse H∂pw c≠pw ska-Ã-dp-I-fnse 107, 207 t]∏-dp-I-fpsS hn\n-a-b-Øn¬
e`n® Adn-hns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C˛ So®nwKv am\-z¬ hnI-kn-∏n-°Ww. (Ipd-™Xv GsX-
¶nepw Hcp ]T-\-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v) AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]h¿Ø\km[-y-X-sb°pdn®v
\n¿t±-i-ßƒ Xbm-dm-°-Ww.
1. ]T-\-˛-t_m-[-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-I-fpsS ]¶v F{X-tØm-f-sa∂v hne-bn-cp-ØpI?
2. ªm°v t_m¿Uv D]-tbm-Kn-°p--tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠ {][m\-Im-cy-ßsf kw_-‘n® Hcp Ipdn∏v
Xbm-dm-°p-I.
3. ªm°vt_m¿Unt\-°mƒ {]tbm-P-\-I-c-amtWm {Ko≥t_m¿Upw ssh‰vt_m¿Upw. \nßfpsS
A`n-{]mbw hni-Z-am-°p-I.
4. ]T-\-km-a-{Kn- F∂ \ne-bn¬ sse{_dn]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS {]m[m-\yw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
5. \ne-hn-ep≈ ¢mkp-Iƒ sslsS-°n-te°v amdp-tºmƒ ]T-\-t_m-[-\-cw-KØpw ¢m -¥co£-
Ønepw Fs¥m-s°-am-‰-ß-fmWv D≠m-hp-I-sb∂v hy-‡-am-°p-I.
6. ""hnZ-ym-ebw Hcp ]mT-]p-kvXIw'' F∂ B-ibw \S-∏n-em-°m≥ Hcp kvIqfn¬ Fs¥ms°
am‰-ß-fmWv hcp--tØ-≠-sX∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
7. Hcp ssPh- ssh-hn-[-y-]m¿°v Fßs\ k÷o-I-cn-°m-sa∂v hy-‡-am°pI?
8. ¢mkvapdn-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ {][m\ Zri-y-{im-hy D]-I-c-W-ßƒ GsXm-s°-bmWv?
Ah-bpsS {]tbm-P-\-sØ Ipdn®v kw£n-]vX-ambn Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

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234567890 9. C˛ So®nMv am\-z¬ F∂m-se¥v? hni-Z-am-°p-I.
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234567890 10. Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ ""Zpc-h-ÿ-bnse'' hb¬hc-ºnse amS-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hcn-Iƒ hn-\n-abw
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234567890 sNøp-∂-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Fs¥√mw ]T-t\m-]-I-cWßfpw kma-{Kn-Ifpw Hcp-°m-sa∂v
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234567890 11. ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßsf Fs¥√mw LS-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv hne-bn-cp--tØ-≠Xv?
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234567890 d^-d≥kv kma-{Kn-Iƒ
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234567890 1. Dt±-i-ym-[n-jvTnX t_m[\w (t]Pv 69) ˛ tUm. sI. tkma≥
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2. Introduction to Educational Technology - K. Sampath, A. Pannir selvam,
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S. Santhanam.
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234567890 Sterling publishers, New Delhi
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3. Text book of Educational Technology - B.C. Dash
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Wisdom Press, New Delhi
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4. Untπma C≥ FU-yq-t°-j≥ (D.Ed) - SCERT - tIcfw
A[-ym-]Iklmbn (ska-Ã¿ I)
5. Educational Technology & Management - J.C. Agarwal
Wisdom Press, New Delhi
6. Educational Technology -˛ Sami Anwar,
Wisdom Press, New Delhi

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s∏-SpI kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. kmaq-ln-I-tc-J-bmb (Social document) ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ AXp {]Xn- 123456789
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sb-Sp-°p∂Xn\pw hy‡n-bpsS ka-{K-hn-I-k-\-Øn\pw klm-b-I-am-IWw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn. ]mTy-]- 123456789
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≤Xn Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]cn-jvI-cn-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X, tIc-f-Øns‚ ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI- 123456789
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c-W-Øns‚ \mƒh-gn-Iƒ, ]mTy-]≤Xn]-cn-jvI-cWw, tIcf hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bn-ep-≠m-°nb 123456789
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am‰ßƒ, KpW-ta∑mhnZym-`ymkw t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ, tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°qSv 2005, 123456789
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tIcf ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°qSv 2007 hni-I-e\w F∂n-h-bmWv Cu bqWn-‰n¬ N¿® sNøp-∂-Xv. 123456789
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""icn-bmb hnZym-`ymkw ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS G‰hpw \√ Ign-hp-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-sIm- 123456789
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≠p-h-c-em-Wv. {Ia-hn-cp-≤hpw A\m-h-iy-hp-amb hnh-c-ßƒ Ip´n-bpsS Xe-bn¬ 123456789
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Iq´n-b-Xp-sIm≠v CXv km[y-am-hp-I-bn-√. Ah-cpsS F√m hy‡n-Xz-ß-sfbpw
sR°n-sR-cp°n Ahsc shdpw b{¥-ß-fm-°p∂ alm-]-cm-[-am-W-Xv.-''
(Km‘n-Pn)

D≈-S°w
1 ]mTy-]-≤Xn Imtem-Nn-X-amb : ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cWw A\n-hm-cy-am
\ho-I-c-Ww˛Bh-iy-IX - °p∂ ]›m-Øew
2 tIcfØnse ]mTy-]-≤Xn : $ Ah-iy-]-T-\-\n-e-hmc]≤Xn
]cn-jvI-c-Ww-˛-\mƒh-gn-Iƒ $ 1997 se ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cWw
$ 2007 se ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cWw
$ 2013 se ]cn-jvI-cWw
$ ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ {]Xn-^-
e-\-ßƒ
3 ]mTy-]-≤Xn \ho-I-cWw ˛ tIcf : $ A°m-Z-anI apt∂-‰-ßƒ
hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-ep-≠m-°nb ka-{K-am‰w $ `uXnIkuI-cy -hn-Imkw
$ hnZym-e-b-ß-fnse kmaqly CS-s]-S¬
$ A[ym-]I im‡o-I-cWw
$ ]T-\-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ h∂ Db¿®
$ `n∂-ti-jn-°m¿°p≈ khn-tij hnZym-
`ymkw
4 KpWta∑ km¿h-{Xn-I-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ : $ km¿h-{XnI KpW-ta-∑bv°v XS w
\mw t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-ßfpw Ah-bv°p≈ \n¬°p∂ LS-I-ßƒ.
]cn-lm-chpw $ hnZym-e-bm-¥-co£w sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø¬.
$ s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-£-W -b-⁄w.

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234567890 5. tZiob ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw \b-ßfpw : $ 1986, 2016 tZiob hnZym-`ym-k-\bw
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- ∏-Sp-∂h
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- p-tSbpw Bh-iy-ßƒ IqSn
]cn-K-Wn-®p≈ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bmWv Ct∏mƒ Bhiyw.
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1956 \hw-_¿ 1 ¬ tIcfw cq]o-Ir-X-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-apºv ae-_m¿, sIm®n, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ F∂o
aq∂v {]tZ-i-am-bmWv `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. A°m-eØv kne-_kpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw hyXy-
kvX-am-bmWv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. sFIy-tI-cfw \ne-hn¬ h∂-tijw C.Fw.-Fkv \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-
Sns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ a{¥n-k-`-bnse hnZym-`ym-k-a-{¥n-bmb s{]m^. tPmk^v ap≠-t»-cn-bmWv
hnZym-`ym-k-ta-J-esb GIo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw 1959 ¬ tIcfhnZym-`ym-k\nbahpw N´hpw hnI-kn-∏n-
°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw 1961 ¬ tZio-b-Xe-Øn¬ apJy-a-{¥n-am-cpsS tbmKw \S-°p-

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Ibpw {Xn`m-jm-]-≤Xn AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xns‚ `mK-ambn tIc-f-Øn¬ AXv \S-∏n-em- 123456789
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°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 123456789
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1962 ¬ temh¿ss{]-adn (1-4) ¢m p-I-fn-te-°p≈ kne-_kv hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ip∏v Xbm-dm-°n. ap≥ 123456789
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]m-Ty-]-≤-Xn-I-fpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-°pI F∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bmWv 1962 se ]cn-jvI-cWw 123456789
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\S-Øn-b-Xv. ASpØ ]cn-jvI-cWw \S-°p-∂Xv 1970˛em-Wv. ]T-\-e-£y-ßfn¬ {]I-S-amb am‰w 123456789
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hcp-Ønbn-s√-¶nepw Ah Iptd-°qSn kq£va-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-®n-´p-≠v. a\x-im-kv{X- 123456789
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⁄-\mb _©-an≥ ªqans‚ (SmIvtkm-Wan Hm^v FPp-t°-jW - ¬ H_vPI - vSo-hvkv) kn≤m-¥sØ 123456789
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ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ coXn-bmWv Ah-ew-_n-®-Xv. Adn-hp-t\-Sp-∂p, {Kln-°p-∂p, {]I-Sn-∏n-°p- 123456789
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∂p, {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p, Bkz-Zn-°p-∂p, ss\]p-Wn-t\-Sp-∂p, Xm¬∏-cy-ß-fp-≠m-°p∂p F∂n-ßs\ 123456789
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Ggp-X-e-ß-fn-embn´mWv Cu L´-Øn¬ ]T-\-t_m-[\ Dt±-iy-ßsf {Iao-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. (Dt±-im- 123456789
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[n-jvTnXt_m[\w hm¿jnIπm≥, bqWn‰v πm≥ ˛ Fkv.-sF.-C. 1970)1970˛71 ¬ 1˛4 ¢m p-I-fp- 123456789
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tSbpw 1971˛72 ¬ 5˛8 ¢m p-I-fn-tebpw kne-_kv ]cn-jvI-cn-®p. Db¿∂ ¢m p-I-fn-te°v 1973˛74 123456789
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¬ ]pXnb kne-_kv \ne-hn¬ h∂p. F∂m¬ ]pXnb kne-_kv D≈-S°w IqSp-X-emWv F∂ 123456789
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hna¿i-\sØ XpS¿∂v kne-_kv D]-tZ-i-I-k-anXn cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS \n¿tZ-i-{]-Imcw 123456789
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1976 ¬ ]pXnb ]mTy-]-≤Xn \ne-hn¬ hcn-Ibpw CXn-\-\p-kr-X-amb ]mT-]p-kvXIw Xbm-dm-°p- 123456789
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Ibpw sNbvXp. 123456789
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amXr-`m-jm-`y-k\w ˛ 1962
kmam\yw thK-Øn¬ kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw \√ `mj-bn¬
kv]jvS-ambpw XpS¿®-bmbpw A\m-bm-k-ambpw kz¥w Bi-b-ßƒ a‰p-≈-hsc
]d™p a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw enJn-X-`m-j-bn-ep≈ Bi-b-ßƒ hmbn®p {Kln-
°p-∂-Xn\pw A¿Yw hy‡-am-I-Ø-°-hÆw hmbn-°p-∂-Xn\pw FgpXn {]I-Sn-
∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw kmln-Xym-kzm-Z-\-Øn\pw Ign-hp-≠m-I-Ww. h¿Ø-am-\-]-{Xw,
IYm-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ, efn-X-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ hmbn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Xm¬∏cyw D≠m-°n-
s°m-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
(tIcf k¿°m¿, hnZym-`ym-kh - I
- p-∏v, temh¿ ss{]adn ¢m pIfnte-°p≈ kne-
_kv 1˛4, Xncp. Kh. {] v, 1962)

1980˛81 ¬ ho≠pw ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cn-®p. kne-_- ns‚ Bap-J-Øn¬ s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ym-k-

e£yw {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p-≠v. P\-ß-fp-sSbpw aX-ß-fp-sSbpw {]tZ-i-Øn-s‚bpw cmPy-Øns‚
Xs∂bpw kwkvIm-c-Ønepw Pohn-X-co-Xn-bnepw A`n-am\w sIm≈m\pw Ah-iX A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-
hsc klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ k∂-≤-X-bp-≠m-°p-∂-X-c-Øn¬ kmaq-lnI DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw hnI-kn-∏n-
°p-∂-Xn\pw Dev]m-Z\{]{In-b-bnepw kmaq-lnIhnI-k-\-{]-{In-b-bnepw ]¶m-fn-bmbn cmPy-tk-h-
\-Øn-\p≈ Xm¬∏cyw hnI-kn-∏n®v PohnXw A¿Y-]q¿W-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw e£y-an-Sp-∂p. hnim-e-
amb Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv t_m[-\-e-£y-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
1986˛se tZiob hnZym-`ymk\b-Øns‚ \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ Dƒs°m≠v 1990˛91 h¿jw ]mTy-]-≤Xn
]cn-jvI-cn-®p. 1993 se s{]m^-k¿ biv]m¬ IΩ‰n \n¿tZ-i-ßsf XpS¿∂v 1994˛emWv Fw.F¬.-
F¬. ]≤Xn AYhm Ah-iy-]-T-\-\n-e-hm-c-]-≤Xn \ne-hn¬ hcp∂-Xv.

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234567890 2.1 Ah-iy-]-T-\-\n-e-hmcw (an\naw eh¬kv Hm^v teWnwKv ˛ Fw.F¬.-F¬) 1994˛96
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234567890 Hmtcm Ip´nbpw Hmtcm ¢m nepw t\tS≠ Ahiytijn-Iƒ \n›-bn®v Dd∏ph-cp-ØpI F∂-
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234567890 XmWv Fw.F¬.-F¬ F∂v {]mY-an-I-ambn ]d-bmw.
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234567890 km¿h-{XnI hnZym-e-b -{]-th-i\w (Universal Enrolment) k¿h-scbpw \ne-\n¿Ø¬ (Uni-
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versal Retension) km¿h-{Xn-I-amb KpW-\n-e-hmcw (Universal Quality Achievement) Ch-bn-
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234567890 eq∂ns°m≠mWv tZiobhnZym-`ym-k- \bw cq]-s∏-´Xv. F∂m¬ tIc-fsØ kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw
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234567890 BZysØ c≠p-e-£y-ßfpw km£m-Xv°-cn-®p. aq∂m-asØ e£y-amb km¿h-{XnI KpW-\n-e-
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234567890 hm-c-am-Wv C\nbpw ]q¿W-ambn B¿Pn-°m-\p-≈-Xv. KpW-ta∑ t\Sp-∂-Xn\v c≠p LS-I-ß-sf-°p-
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234567890 dn®v \mw Nn¥n-°Ww ˛ {]m]vXnbpw {]mho-Wy-hpw.
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{]m]vXn (Competency) ˛ \nb-X-amb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Hcp {]bXv\w hnP-b-I-c-ambn sNøm-\m-h-
234567890
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234567890 iy-amb Ign-hp-Ifpw ss\]p-Wn-Ifpw Adn-hp-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ kma¿∞y-sØ-bmWv
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234567890 {]m]vXn sIm≠ptZ-in-°p-∂-Xv. (Competency is an element of power to be generated through the pro-
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cess of education.)
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234567890 {]mhoWyw (Mastery) ˛ {]Xo-£n-°-s∏-Sp∂ {]m]vXn-Iƒ D∂X-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ B¿Pn-°pI
234567890
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234567890 F∂-XmWv {]mhoWyw. (Mastery refers to the achievement of a set of expected competencies at the
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234567890 level of high proficiency).
KpW-ta∑ ˛ KpW-ta∑ F∂Xv B¿Pn-t°≠ Hcp Iq´w {]m]vXn-Iƒ {]mho-Wy-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬
ssIh-cn-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv.
KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ am{Xw t]mc, AXp km¿h-{Xn-I-am-hp-Ibpw thWw. {]mY-
anIhnZym-`ymk L´-Øn¬ {]Xo-£n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp Iq´w {]m]vXn-Iƒ {]mho-Wy-\ne-hm-c-Øn¬
F√m Ip´n-Ifpw t\Sn-bn-cn-°pI F∂-XmWv Ah-iy-]-T-\-\n-e-hmcw (Fw.F¬.-F¬)
Ah-iy-]-T-\-\n-e-hmcw = {]m]vXn + {]mhoWyw + F√m-h¿°pw KpW-ta∑
MLL = C + M + E (Competency + Mastery + Equity)
(MLL refers to a set of competencies that are to be achieved at all the levels of mastery
by practically all children during the period of primary education)
2.1.1. Ah-iy-]-T-\-\n-e-hmcw ˛ hnj-b-ß-fn¬
1˛5 ¢m p-I-fn¬ Ah-iy-]-T-\-\n-e-hmcw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xns‚ `mK-ambn Xmsg ]d-bp∂ taJ-e-I-
fn¬ Bi-b-ßƒ {Iao-I-cn-®p.
$ hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ \n›-bn-®p.
$ hnhn[ ¢m p-I-fn-te-°p≈ {]m]vXn-Iƒ (competency) \n›-bn-®p.
$ {]m]vXn-I-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-_-‘hpw XpS¿®bpw Dd-∏m-°n.
$ inip-tI-{μnX ]T-\-t_m-[\ X{¥-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn.
$ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS km[y-X-Iƒ \n¿W-bn-®p.
$ aqey-\n¿W-b-coXn ]cn-jvI-cn-®p. ({]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTn-Xhpw \nc-¥-c-hp-am-°n.)
2.1.2. Ah-iy-]-T-\-\n-e-hm-c-]-≤Xn \n¿h-lWw
1992 se t{]m{Kmw Hm^v BIvj≥, 1993˛se s{]m^. biv]m¬ IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿´v F∂n-h-bn¬

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Hmtcm Ipńbpw Hmtcm ¢m nepw t\tS≠ Ah-iy-]-T-\-\n-e-hmcw \n›-bn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿tZ-in- 123456789
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®n-´p-≠v. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ B¿.-F-®v. [msh A[y-£-\mbn IΩn‰n 123456789
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cq]oIcn®v 1- 5 ¢mkp-If
- nse Ah-iy-]T
- \
- \
- n-eh
- mcw \n›-bn-°p-Ib
- m-Wp-≠m-bX
- v. XpS¿∂v kwÿm- 123456789
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\-X-e-Øn¬ Ah hn\n-abw sNøp-Ibpw Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ A[ym-]-I-]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-Ibpw 123456789
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sNbvXp. 123456789
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$ P\-Io-b-k-an-Xn-Iƒ F√m-X-e-Ønepw cq]o-I-cn-®p. 123456789
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$ hnfw-_-c-Pm-Y-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. 123456789
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$ eLp-te-J-Iƒ Xbm-dm°n t_m[-h¬°-c-W-¢m-kp-Iƒ \S-∂p. 123456789
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$ tªm°vXe ]cn-io-e-\-tI-{μ-ßƒ ÿm]n-®p. 123456789
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$ _n.B¿.-kn-I-fn¬ sslkvIqƒ A[ym-]-Isc s{Sbn-\¿am-cmbn \nb-an-®p. 123456789
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$ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn Ah-iy-]-T-\-\n-e-hm-c-Øn\p tbmPn® ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw A[ym-]-I- 123456789
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klm-bn-Ifpw Xbm-dm°n. 123456789
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A[ym-]-I¿, c£n-Xm-°ƒ, kaqlw F∂n-h-cn¬\n∂pw ]≤-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v kΩn{i{]Xn-I-c-W- 123456789
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amWv D≠m-b-Xv. tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ Fw.F-®v.-B¿.Un \S-Ønb ]T-\-Øn¬ Is≠-Ønb {][m\ 123456789
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hkvXp-X-Iƒ NphsS tN¿°p-∂p. 123456789
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$ \n¿tZ-in® {]m]vXn-Iƒ Ipń-I-fpsS \ne-hm-c-Øn\pw {]mb-Øn\pw tbmPn-®-X-√. tZio-b-
X-e-Øn¬ 6 hb- p≈ Ipń-I-sf-bmWv H∂mw ¢m n¬ tN¿°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ tIc-f-Øn¬
AXv A©v hb- m-Wv.
$ ]e tijn-Ifpw t\SpI F∂Xv A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-Wv, ]e tijn-Ifpw bm{¥n-I-kz-`m-h-ap-
≈-h-bm-Wv.
$ e£yw \n›-bn-°p-I-b-√msX e£y-Øn-se-Øm-\p≈ {]{Inb IrXy-ambn \n¿h-Nn-®n-√.
$ aqey-\n¿W-b-co-Xn-bnse hy‡-X-°p-dhpw A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-Xbpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.
$ ]T-\-Øn¬ tcJo-b-k-ao-]-\-amWv kzoI-cn-®-Xv.
CØcw ]cn-an-Xn-Isf AXn-Po-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn 1997 ¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ ]pXnb ]mTy-]-≤Xn \nehn¬
h∂p.
2.2 1997 se ]pXnb ]mTy-]-≤Xn
1997 Pq¨ apX¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ ]pXnb ]mTy-]-≤Xn \ne-hn¬ h∂p. B[p-\nI a\-»mkv{X kn≤m-
¥-ßfpw ]T-\-t_m-[-\-am-Xr-I-Ifpw ]cn-K-Wn-®v, DZv{K-Y-\-co-Xn, {]{In-bm-[n-jvTnX kao-]\
- w,
{]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jT
v nX ¢m p-ap-dn, Ipń Adn-hns‚ \n¿am-Xm-h,v kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S¬ ]T-\sØ kzm[o-
\n-°p∂p F∂ [mc-W, ka{K-hpw \nc-¥-c-hp-amb aqey-\n¿Wbw XpS-ßnb Bi-b-ßƒ
AS-ßp∂ ]mTy-]-≤Xn \ne-hn¬h-∂p. ]mTy-]-≤Xn \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Un.]n.-C.]n kwhn-
[m\w {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn.
$ kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ Fkv.-B¿.Pn (tÃ‰v dntkmgvkv {Kq∏v) cq]o-I-cn®v ]cn-io-e\w \¬In.
$ _n.B¿.kn Xe-Øn¬ A[ym-]-I-]-cn-io-e\w \¬In.
ka-{K-amb am‰-amWv 1997 se ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn¬ D≠m-b-Xv. tIhew hkvXp-X-Ifpw hnh-c-ßfpw
IpØn-\n-d-bv°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw Ipń-Isf Nn¥n-∏n-°p-hm\pw {]h¿Øn-°p-hm\pw t{]cn-∏n-°p∂
A\p-`-h-ßƒ°v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mWv ]mTy-]-≤Xn Du∂¬ \¬In-b-Xv.
\ne-hn-ep≈ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw ]T-\-co-Xnbpw am‰msX Cu e£yw km£m-XvI-cn-°m≥ Ign-
bn√ F∂ kml-Ncyw D≠m-bn. CXv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-]-cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-te°v \bn-®p.

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234567890 ]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ L´-ßƒ
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234567890 1. ]mTy-]-≤XnbpsS hnhn[ LS-I-ßsf kw_-‘n® ImgvN-∏mSv cq]o-I-cn-®p. (Ipń, A[ym-]nI,
234567890
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234567890 c£n-Xm-hv, ]T-\-co-Xn, X{¥-ßƒ, ]T-\-km-a-{Kn, aqey-\n¿W-bw)
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2. hnhn[ hnj-b-k-ao-]-\-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn. (DZv{K-Y-\w, `mjm-]-T-\w, KWn-X-]-T-\w, ]cn-
234567890
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234567890 ÿnXn]T-\w, Cw•ojv]T-\w, Iem-Im-bn-I-{]-hrØn]cn-N-bw)
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234567890 3. ]mTy-]-≤Xn Dt±-iy-ßƒ°pw kv]jvSo-I-c-W-Øn\pw ]Icw D≈-S-°w, {]{In-b, ]T-\-coXn
234567890
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234567890 F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ]mTy-]-≤Xn{]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-®p.
234567890
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234567890 Pn√m {]mY-anI hnZ-ym-`-ymk ]≤Xn
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234567890
(Un. ]n. C. ]n. 1994 ˛ 2001)
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234567890 H∂p -ap-X¬ \mep hsc ¢mkp-I-fnse hnZ-ym-`-ymkKpW-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp∂-Xn-\p≈
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234567890 tI{μmhnjvIrX ]≤-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. tIc-fØ
- n¬ Xncp-h\ - ¥
- ]- p-cw, CSp-°n, ]me-°m-Sv, ae-∏p-
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234567890 dw, hb-\m-Sv, Imk¿tKmUv F∂o 6 Pn√-If- n-emWv Un. ]n. C. ]n. \S-∏n-em-°n-bX
- v.
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234567890 $ ]T-\-co-Xn, ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ, hnj-b-k-ao-]-\-ßƒ, aqey-\n¿W-b-coXn F∂n-h-bn¬ h∂ ka-
234567890
234567890
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234567890
234567890 {K-amb am‰w Dƒs°m-≈m≥ A[ym-]-I-k-aq-l-Øn\pw c£n-Xm-°ƒ°pw Gsd°mew th≠n-
h-∂p. Un.]n.-C.]n C√mØ 8 Pn√-I-fn¬ hfsc {]bmkw t\cn-´p.
$ H∂p apX¬ \mep-hsc ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ Hcp-an®v ]cnjvI-cn-®Xpw hna¿i-\-hn-t[-b-am-bn.
$ ]cn-io-e-\-ß-fnse ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Gsd sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p. hnZym-
`ym-k-h-Ip∏pw Un.]n.-C.]n t{]mPIvSpw s]mXp-P-\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS AXv AXn-Po-hn-®p.
$ ss{]a-dn-X-e-Øn¬ ka-kvX-ta-J-e-bnepw KpWm-fl-I-am-‰-ßƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn-°m≥ 1997 se
]mTy-]-≤-Xn ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn\v Ign-™-Xmbn hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p. Un.]n.-C.-]n.-bpsS Imem-
h[n ]q¿Øn-bm-bt- ijw 2002 apX¬ k¿h-in-£m-A` - n-bm≥ (Fkv.F
- k
- v.F
- ) Bcw-`n-®p. 1998˛99
apX¬ ]mTy-]-≤Xn A∏¿ss{]-adn ¢m p-I-fn-te°v hnI-kn-∏n-®p. Fkv.-F-kv.F C¥y-bnse
F√m kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw 1˛8 ¢m pI-fnse ]T-\-ku-I-cy-ßfpw ]T-\-\n-e-hm-chpw Db¿Øp-
∂-Xn-\p≈ tI{μm-hn-jvIrX ]≤-Xn-bmbn {]Jym-]n-°-s∏-´p. 2002˛2017 hsc Fen-sa‚dn hnZym-
e-b-ß-fnse ùXn-Ihpw A°m-Z-an-I-hp-amb anI-hn\v Fkv.-F-kv.F ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-
cn®v \S-∏n-em-°n. 2018 apX¬ 1˛12 ¢m p-h-sc-bp≈ hnZym-e-b-ßsf sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn
ka-{K-in£m tIcfw (Fkv.-F-kv.-sI) \ne-hn¬ h∂p.
2.3. 2007 se ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°qSv
2005 se tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°q-Sns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n 2007 ¬ tIcf ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°qSv
cq]-s∏-´p. AXns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ]mTy-]-≤Xnbpw ]mT-]p-kvX-Ihpw hnI-kn-∏n-®p. {]iv\m-
[n-jvTnX kao-]-\-Øn-eq-∂n-s°m≠v hnI-kn-∏n® ]mTy-]-≤Xn \ne-hn¬h-∂p.
2.4 2013 se ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cWw
2013˛¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ ]mTy-]-≤Xnbn¬ Nne ]cn-jvI-c-W-ßƒ \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏-´p. ]mTy-]-≤Xn Dt±-
iy-ßƒ°p-]-Icw ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ (Learning outcomes) F∂-t]-cn¬ Ipń B¿Pn-t°≠ tijn-
Iƒ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-®p. A\p-_-‘-ambn
So®¿ sSIvÃpw hnI-kn-∏n-®p.

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2.5. ]mTy-]≤Xn]-cnjvI-c-W-ß-fpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-ßƒ 123456789
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hnZym-`ymkw Hcp kmaq-lnI -{]-{In-b-bmWv F∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p ]mTy-]- 123456789
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≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cn-®-Xv. {]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTn-Xhpw {]{In-bm-_-‘n-X-hp-amb ]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ, At\z- 123456789
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j-Wm-fl-I-]-T-\w, ka-{K-hn-I-k\w e£y-an-Sp∂ ]mTy-]-≤Xn, kzX-{¥hpw P\m-[n-]Xy-]-chpw 123456789
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inipkulr-Z] - c
- h
- p-amb kao-]\w F∂nh ]mTy-]≤ - XnbpsS {]mtbm-Kn-Ic
- oXnimkv{X-ambn kzoI- 123456789
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cn®p \S-∏n¬hcp-Øm≥ {ian-®p. XXv^-e-ambn 123456789
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$ ]T-\-Øn¬ Adnhp \n¿an-°p∂ {]{In-bbv°v Du∂¬ h∂p. 123456789
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$ At\z-j-Wm-fl-I-]-T-\-coXn ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xn\v A[ym-]-I¿ Xbm-dm-bn. 123456789
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$ ]T\w ¢m p-ap-dn°p≈n¬ am{X-a√ \S-t°-≠-sX∂ Xncn-®-dnhv ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-a-b-Øn¬ 123456789
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{]tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. 123456789
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$ IrXyhpw kq£va-hp-amb Bkq-{X-W-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cyX t_m[y-s∏-´p. 123456789
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$ A[ym-]Iim‡o-I-cW{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v {]m[m\yw h∂p. 123456789
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$ \nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb aqey-\n¿Wbw F∂ Bibw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw \S-∏m-°m≥ 123456789
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XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 123456789
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$ hnZym-eb{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ kaq-l-Øns‚ Iq´m-bvabpw CS-s]-Sepw h¿[n-®p. 123456789
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$ Kth-j-Wm-flI ]T-\-t_m-[-\-{]-{In-bbv°v Du∂¬ e`n-®p.
$ {]mtZ-inI Adn-hp-I-fpsSbpw hn`-h-ß-fpsSbpw D]-tbmKw Dd-∏m-°m≥ XpS-ßn.
$ A°m-Z-anIamÃ¿πm≥, ka-{K-hn-Zym-ebhnI-k-\-]-≤Xn F∂nh Xbm-dm°n {]h¿Ø-\-am-
cw-`n-®p.
Xncn-®-dn-hp-Iƒ
c≠p Zim-_vZ-Im-esØ A\p-`-h-ßƒ Kth-j-W-_p-≤n-tbmsS ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ Nne Xncn-®-dn-hp-
Iƒ°v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-ßp-∂p.
$ ]mTy-]-≤Xnbn¬h-cp∂ am‰-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn¬ am‰-ap-≠m-tI-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ hnZym-e-b-Øns‚ ùXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ßƒ inip-ku-lr-Z-]-c-amb A¥-co£w krjvSn°m≥
]cym-]vX-am-I-Ww.
$ {]mtbm-Kn-Im-\p-`-h-ßƒ krjvSn-®p-sImt≠ am‰-Øns‚ {]k‡n kaq-l-Øn¬ {]k-cn-∏n-
°m-\m-hq.
$ kq£va-X-e-Øn-ep≈ Bkq-{XWw, \n¿h-l-Ww, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, F√m-X-e-Ønepw khn-
ti-j-amb Du∂¬ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
$ A[ym-]IhnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ (tkh\-]q¿Δhpw tkh-\-Im-e-hpw) KpW-ta≥a Dd-∏m-°p-∂-
Xn-\p≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°-Ww.
$ P\-Io-bhpw {]mtZ-in-I-hp-amb ]¶m-fn-Øhpw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse kpXm-cy-Xbpw Dd-∏m-
°Ww.
$ A[ym-]-I¿°v kzbw im‡o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw Hcp-°-Ww.
$ ]mT-]p-kvXI- a
- pƒs∏-sS-bp≈ kma-{Kn-Iƒ hg-°a
- p-≈X
- m-hW
- w. ]T-\{- ]-{In-bbv°v {]m[m\yw
thWw.
$ klm-b-kw-hn-[m-\-ßsf im‡o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
thWw.
$ ]mTy-]-≤Xn \ho-I-c-W-{]-{Inb C—m-i-‡n-tbmsS \S-∏m-°-Ww.

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234567890 3. ]mTy-]-≤Xn \ho-I-cWw tIcfhnZym-`ym-k-cw-K-Ønep-≠m°nb ka-{K-am-‰-ßƒ
234567890
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1997 apX¬ c≠p-]-Xn-‰m-≠mbn tIc-f-Øn¬ \S∂ ]mTy-]-≤Xn \ho-I-cW {ia-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn
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khn-ti-j-amb \nc-h[n apt∂-‰-ßƒ hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØv D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Ahsb A°m-Z-an-I -ta-
234567890
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234567890 J-e, ùXn-I- ta-J-e, kmaq-ln-I- ta-Je F∂n-ßs\ t{ImUo-I-cn-°m-w.
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234567890 3.1 A°m-Z-anI taJ-e-bn¬ ]mTy-]-≤Xnbpambn _‘-s∏´ LS-I-ß-fn¬ D≠mb am‰-ßƒ
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234567890 Fs¥-√m-sa∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
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a) ]T-\-e£yw:
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234567890 $ ap≥Im-e-ßsf At]-£n®v Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn-s‚bpw ]T-\-e-£y-ßsf IrXy-X-tbmsS
234567890
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234567890 \n¿h-Nn-°p-∂-Xn\v km[n-®n-´p-≠v. {]m]vXn{]kvXm-h-\-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn
234567890
234567890
234567890 {]{In-bm-_‘ - n-Xa
- mb {]kvXm-h\
- I
- f
- mbpw Dt±-iy-{]-kvXm-h\
- I
- f
- mbpw ]T-\t- \-´ß- f- mbpw
234567890
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234567890 {]kvXm-hn-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ FØn-\n¬°p-∂p.
234567890
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$ `mjm-k-a-{K-Z¿i-\sØ Dƒs°m≠v ka-{K-X-bn¬ \n∂pw LS-I-ß-fn-te°v F∂
234567890
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234567890 XØzsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv `mjm-]-T-\-e-£y-ßƒ \n¿W-bn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
234567890
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234567890 $ `mjm-t`-Z-ß-sfbpw sshhn-[y-sØbpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂ hyh-lmc cq]-ß-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-
234567890
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234567890 amb ]T-\-amWv e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv.
234567890
234567890
$ Ipń-I-fpsS Nn¥, k¿K-ti-jn, hni-I-e-\ -tijn F∂n-h -h-f¿Øp-∂-Xn\v Du∂¬
\¬In.
$ ]T-\{- ]-{In-bbv°v D∂-Xa - mb ÿm\w \¬Ip-tºmgpw Bhn-jvIm-cØ - nepw {]I-S\ - Ø- nepw
A[n-jvTn-X-am-b- D¬∏∂-ßƒ°pw {]m[m\yw \¬In.
$ Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn-s‚bpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw {]mtZ-in-I-hp-amb ]›m-Ø-e-Øn\v
{]m[m\yw \¬In.
b) Ipń:
$ ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bnepw {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-epw Ipń-bpsS {]IrXw ]cn-K-Wn-®p.
$ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø\w \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ipń-bpsS ]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°n.
$ F√m-h¿°pw Xpey-]-cn-K-W\ Dd-∏m-°n.
$ `n∂-ti-jn-°m¿°p-IqSn Dƒs°m-≈m-hp∂ {]{In-b-Ifpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Bkq-{XWw
sNbvXp.
$ ]T\w A\u-]-Nm-cn-Ihpw kzX-{¥-hp-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬ \S-∏n-em-°n.
$ tijn, ss\]p-Wn, Bi-bw, [mcW Ch-bpsS Nm{In-Im-tcm-lWw Dd-∏m-°n.
c) A[ym-]-I≥:
$ kl-]-Tn-Xm-hv, P\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-bmb kwL-Ø-e-h≥, {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-I≥, klm-bn, kz¥w
amXr-I-Iƒ \n¿an-°m≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-∂-bmƒ F∂ \ne-bn-te°v hf¿∂p.
$ ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ btYjvSw e`y-am-°n.
$ Bkq-{X-W-th-f-bn¬ Ipń-bpsS ap∂-dnhv ]cn-K-Wn-®-p.
$ At\z-j-Wm-flI]T-\-Øn\v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-∂p.
d) ]T\-co-Xnbpw ]T-\-X-{¥-ßfpw
$ kzbw-]-T-\-Øn\v {]mapJyw \¬Ip-∂p.
$ kl-I-c-Wm-fl-Ihpw kl-h¿Øn-X-hp-amb ]T-\-Øn\v ap≥Xq°w.

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89

123456789
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$ ]T-\-Øns‚ hgn-I-sf-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°m-\-h-kcw. 123456789
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$ Nn¥m-{]-{In-bsb D±o-]n-∏n-°p-∂p. 123456789
123456789
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$ sshhn-[y-]q¿Whpw A¿Y-]q¿W-hp-amb ]p\-c-\p-`-h-ßƒ ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS `mK-ambn 123456789
123456789
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\njvI¿jn-°p-∂p. 123456789
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$ kzX-{¥-Nn-¥bpw {]Xn-I-c-W-ßfpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p. 123456789
123456789
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$ {]mtZ-in-I-hn-`-h-ßfpw ssh`-h-ßfpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. 123456789
123456789
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$ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ, ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ \njvI¿jn-°p-∂p. 123456789
123456789
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$ Adn-hns‚ \n¿amWw ¢m p-ap-dn-bn¬ Dd-∏m-°p∂ ]T-\-{]-{Inb hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂p. 123456789
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$ {]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTn-Xhpw inipkulr-Z-]-c-hp-amb ]T\w hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂p. 123456789
123456789
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$ am\-hn-I-X-bn-eq-∂nb ]T-\-{]-{In-bbv°v {]m[m\yw 123456789
123456789
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$ kwtim-[\bv°pw \ho-I-c-W-Øn\pw Du∂¬ 123456789
123456789
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$ Smse‚ v em_p-Iƒ 123456789
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e) ]mT]p-kvX-Iw, ]T-\-km-a{Kn 123456789
123456789
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$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ LS-\bpw D≈-S-°hpw inip-ku-lr-Z-am-°n.
$ ]mT]p-kvX-Iw ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-I-fn-sem-∂msW∂pw ]mT]p-kvX-Iw Ip´n-°p-th-≠n-bm-bn-cn-°-
W-sa∂pw \n›-bn-®p.
$ ssPh-]m-T-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ ]mT-ß-fpsS XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-km-[yX (Open ended) hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂p.
$ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ e£yw-sh-bv°p-∂p.
f) ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ
$ Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\hpw ]mTy-]≤
- Xn{]kvXm-h\
- I
- ƒ km£m-XvIc
- n-°p-∂X
- n\v klm-bI
- a
- mWv.
$ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-h-bmWv.
$ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ `n∂-\n-e-hm-c-°msc A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNøp-∂p.
$ Pohn-X-k-μ¿`-hp-ambn _‘-ap-≈-h-bm-Wv.
$ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ _lp-apJ _p≤n-hn-I-k-\-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-Xhpw Nm{InI kz`m-h-ap-≈-Xp-am-
Wv.
g) hnebn-cp-Ø¬
$ kzbw, ]c-kv]-cw, A[ym-]-Is‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬
$ aqey-\n¿Wbw KpWm-ﬂI kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
$ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-am-Wv.
$ aqey-\n¿Wb{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww
$ tSw aqey-\n¿W-b-Øn\v Ah-k-c-ap-≠v.
$ kvtImf¿jn∏v ]co-£-Iƒ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-°-\p-tbm-Py-am°n.

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234567890 3.2 ùXnI kuI-cy-hn-Imkw
234567890
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234567890 hnZym-e-b-Ønse ùXnI kuI-cy-ßƒ Hcp-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]mTy-]-≤Xn khn-ti-j-amb ]¶p-h-ln-
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 ®p. ê-{]-Z-amb hnZym-e-b-Øns‚ kqN-I-ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah km£m-XvI-cn-°p-∂-
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 Xn\v ka-{K-hn-Zym-eb hnI-k-\-]-≤Xn Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 Un.]n.-C.]n, Fkv.-F-kv.F, B¿.-Fw.-F-kv.F., Fkv.-F-kv.-sI. F∂o t{]mP-IvSp-Ifpw {XnXe
234567890
234567890
234567890
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234567890 ]©m-b-Øp-Ifpw P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, ÿm]-\-ßƒ, hy‡n-Iƒ, ]q¿h-hn-Zym¿Yn-Iƒ, k∂-≤-kw-
234567890
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234567890
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L-S-\-Iƒ F∂n-h-cp-sS-sb√mw ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ßƒ kam-\-X-
234567890
234567890
234567890 I-fn-√mØ hf¿®-bmWv Ign™ 20 h¿jw sIm≠v t\Sn-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ AS-®p-d∏pw hmbp-{]-hm-lhpw sse‰pw ^m\pw D≈ ¢m p-ap-dn-Iƒ.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ ip≤-PehnX-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ BI¿j-I-amb Ccn-∏n-S- ku-I-cy-ßƒ
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ ¢mkvsse{_-dn-I-ƒ, hmb-\m-aq-e-Iƒ, kvIqƒsse{_dn
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ imkv{Xw, kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw, KWn-Xw, sF.Sn. em_p-Iƒ
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
$ sIńSw Xs∂ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-am-°¬ (BALA)
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ ssPh-ssh-hn--[y -]m¿°p-Iƒ
234567890
$ Ipń-I-fpsS FÆ-Øn\v X° ipNn-ap-dn-Iƒ
$ s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°v {]tXyIw ipNn-ap-dn-Iƒ
$ `n∂-ti-jn-°msc ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ \n¿am-W- coXn
$ Hm∏¨ Fb¿ ¢m p-Iƒ
$ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ {]Z¿in-∏n-°m-\p≈ kuIcyw
$ Ãm^vap-dn, {]Y-am-[ym-]-Is‚ apdn, Hmôkvapdn
$ Ifn-ÿ-ew, Iem-tI{μw
$ ssS¬kv ]Xn® s]mSn-c-ln-X-amb Xd
$ ssPh-then
ASp-°-f, ssU\nwKvlmƒ XpSßn B[p-\nI kuI-cy-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb hnZym-e-b-amWv hn`m-h\w
sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-£-W-b-⁄-Øns‚ `mK-ambn A¥m-cmjv{S \ne-hm-c-
Øn-te°v Hmtcm hnZym-e-b-sØbpw A°m-Z-an-I-ambpw ùXn-I-ambpw Db¿Øm≥ Kh¨sa‚ v
]≤Xn Xbm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
CXns‚ `mK-ambn sslkvIqƒ lb¿sk-°‚dn hnZym-eb - ß - nse 45000 ¢m p-ap-dn-Iƒ sslsSIv
- f
kuI-cy-sam-cp-°n, 140 \ntbm-P-I-a-fi-e-ß-fnepw 5 tImSn cq] sNe-hn¬ sIń-S-\n¿amWw, a‰p-
hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn-te°v 3 tImSn, 1 tImSn ]≤-Xn. bp.]n. F¬.]n hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ 2019 - 20 h¿j-
ß-fn¬ sslsSIv kuI-cy-sam-cp-°pw. \o¥¬°pf-ßƒ, tÃUn-b-ßƒ, tkmfm¿ ]m\¬ XpSßn
\nc-h[n ùXnIkuI-cy-ß-fmWv Hcp-°p-∂-Xv.

3.3. hnZym-e-b-ß-fnse kmaq-lnICS-s]-S¬

kmaq-lnI]¶m-fn-Ø-tØm-sS-bmWv hnZym-`ymk {]h¿Ø\w kPo-h-am-°p-∂-Xv. CXn-\mbn
\nc-h[n kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂p-≠v. kvIqƒ dntkmgvkv {Kq∏v, aZ¿ ]nSn-
F, ¢m v ]nSn-F, kvIqƒ sh¬^-b¿ IΩn-‰n, hnZym-e-b-hn-I-k-\-k-an-Xn, hnZym-eb amt\-
Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n, ]q¿hhnZym¿Yn-kw-L-S-\, ]q¿h A[ym-]-I-kw-L-S-\, ]©m-bØv FUyq-

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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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89

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t°-j≥ IΩn-‰n, Pn√m-hn-Zym-`ym-k-k-anXn Cßs\ \nc-h[n kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS ]¶m-fn-Ø- 123456789
123456789
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tØmsS hnZym-e-b-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S¬ kPo-h-am-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. 123456789
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3.4 A[ym-]-I- im-‡o-I-cW]cn-]mSn 123456789
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$ tkh-\-Ime A[ym-]Iim-‡o-I-cW-Øn\v ]pXnb apJw \¬In-bXv 1997 se ]mTy-]-≤Xn 123456789
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apX¬°m-Wv. AXp-hsc Ub-‰p-I-fn-te°v {]Xn-h¿jw ]e L´-ß-fn-embn Pn√-bnse Bbn-c- 123456789
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Øn\p Xmsg A[ym-]-I¿°p am{X-amWv Nne im-‡o-I-cW-ßƒ \¬In-b-Xv. Un.]n.-C.-]n, 123456789
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Fkv.-F-kv.F F∂o t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ, A[ym-]I im-‡o-I-cWw hntI-{μo-I-cn-®p. Ah k_vPn- 123456789
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√m-X-e-Ønepw ¢Ã¿ Xe-Øn-ep-am-bn. Hmtcm A[ym-]-I\pw {]Xn-h¿jw 20 Znh-ksØ im- 123456789
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‡o-I-cWw hn`m-h\w sNbvXp. 123456789
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kwÿm-\-X-e-ß-fn¬ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn, Fkv.-F-kv.-F, B¿.-Fw.-F-kv.-F, sF.Sn@kvIqƒ 123456789
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F∂o GP≥kn-Iƒ kwÿm\ dntkmgvkv {Kq∏p-Iƒ D≠m°n Ah-cn-eqsS Ub-‰p-Iƒ tI{μo- 123456789
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I-cn®v Pn√m-X-e- im-‡o-I-cWw \S-Øp-Ibpw Pn√m dntkmgvkv {Kq∏v, tªm°v Xe-Øn¬ 123456789
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A[ym-]Iim-‡o-Ic - Ww kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-[n-°m-eØpw kvIqƒ Xpd-∂t- ijw 123456789
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i\n-bm-gvN-I-fn-ep-amWv A[ym-]I im-‡o-I-cWw \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. CXns‚ KpW-ta∑ Dd-∏m- 123456789
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°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m-dp-≠v. Ub-‰p-Iƒ Pn√m-X-e-Ønepw _n.B¿.-kn.-Iƒ k_vPn- 123456789
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√m-X-e-Ønepw im-‡o-I-cWßƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬In.

3.5. `n∂-ti-jn-°m¿°v ]cn-K-W\

]mTy-]-≤Xn \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn `n∂-ti-jn-°m¿°v hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ kakvX taJ-e-
I-fnepw ]cn-K-W\ Dd-∏m-°n.
$ `n∂-ti-jn-°msc klm-bn-°m≥ _n.B¿.-kn.-X-e-Øn¬ dntkmgvkv So®¿am¿.
$ saUn-°¬ Iymºp-Iƒ, D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS e`y-X.
$ ]mT-`m-K-ß-fpsS A\p-cq-]o-I-c-Ww, Krlm-[n-jvTn-X-]-T-\w, `mj-W-]-cn-io-e-\w, {]Xn-hmc
¢m p-Iƒ
$ bm{Xm-\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ
$ 8 Ip´n-I-sf-¶n-ep-ap≈ hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ 3 Znhkw dntkmgvkv So®¿amsc \nb-an-®p.
$ hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ `n∂-ti-jn-°m¿°mbn dntkmgvkv apdn-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p.
4. km¿h-{Xn-I-amb KpW-ta∑
tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ km¿h-{Xn-I-amb {]th-i-\w, \ne-\n¿Ø¬, KpW-ta∑ F∂ e£y-ßfm-Wv.
Zim-_vZ-ßfmbn apt∂m-´p-sh-bv°p-∂-Xv. CXn¬ BZysØ c≠p e£yhpw c≠p Zim-_vZ-ßƒ°p-
apºp Xs∂ tIcfw ssIh-cn-®p-I-gn-™p. F√m-h¿°pw KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZym-`ymkw F∂ BXy-
¥n-I-e£yw ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-emWv \ΩpsS {i≤. CXn-\mbn \h-tI-c-f-an-js‚ `mK-ambn
2016 ¬ s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-£-W-b⁄w F∂ anj≥ Bcw-`n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. {]oss{]-adn apX¬
πkvSp hsc ]Tn-°p∂ apgp-h≥ hnZym¿Yn-Ifpw B¿Pn-t°-≠ -ti-jnbpw [mc-Wbpw ss\]p-
Wnbpw A¥m-cmjv{S\ne-hm-c-Øn¬ t\Sn-sb∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I-bmWv s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-
£-W- b-⁄-Øns‚ e£yw.
4.1. km¿h-{XnIKpW-ta-∑-˛-sh-√p-hn-fn-Iƒ
1. ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-W-ßƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-]-cn-jv°-c-W-Ønepw A[ym-]-I-im-‡o-I-
cWØnepw HXp-ßp-∂p.

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1234567890
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234567890 2. ]T-\-k-a-bhpw ]mT-]p-kvXI D≈-S-°hpw XΩn¬ s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. D≈-S°tI{μn-X-amb
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 ]T\w XpS-cp-∂p.
234567890
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234567890 3. {]o˛-k¿Δokv A[ym-]I im-‡o-Ic
- W-Øns‚ KpW-ta∑ {]Xo-£nX \ne-hm-cØ
- n¬ FØmØ
234567890
234567890
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Ah-ÿ. {]th-i-\-Øn\v A`n-cpNn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂n-√.
234567890
234567890
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234567890
234567890
4. tkh-\-Imeim-‡o-I-cW-Øn¬ {]mtZ-in-Ihpw Imen-I-hp-amb Bh-iy-ßƒ ]q¿W-ambpw ]cn-
234567890
234567890
234567890 K-Wn-°p-∂n-√. A[ym-]-Isc s{]m^-j-W-ep-I-fm-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 5. c£n-Xm-°-fpsS hnZym-`ymkw, Ipń-bpsS hnI-k-\w, t_m[-\-am-[y-aw, ]T-\w, c£m-I¿ØrXzw
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 (parenting) F∂nh kw_-‘n® [mc-W-bn-ep≈ ]cn-an-Xn.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 6. ùXn-I-ku-I-cy-ß-fpsS C\nbpw sa®-s∏-tS≠ Ah-ÿ.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 7. Iem-Im-bnI {]hrØn]cn-Nb ]T-\-tØmSv hnZym-e-b-Øn-s‚bpw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw kwhn-
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 [m-\-ß-fp-tSbpw EWm-fl-I-k-ao-]-\w.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 8. hnZym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bn¬ LS-\m-]-c-amb am‰-an-√.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 9. {]mtZ-inIhn`-h-ß-sfbpw ssh`-h-ß-sfbpw ê-{]-Z-ambn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-√.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
10. `c-Ww, amt\-Pvsa‚ v F∂o taJ-e-bn¬ s{]m^-j-W¬ ImgvN-∏mSv D≠m-Ip-∂n-√.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 11. Hmtcm Ipń-sbbpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p≈ ]T\w \S-°p-∂n-√.
234567890
12. ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS {]iv\-ßƒ IrXy-ambn A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNøp-
∂n-√.
14. A¨ FbvUUv taJ-e-bn¬ ]mTy-]-≤Xn, ]T-\-co-Xn, ]T-\-km-a-{Kn, aqey-\n¿Wbw F∂nh
th≠{X \nb-{¥n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.

4.2. km¿h-{XnIKpW-ta-∑-˛-]cn-lm-c-ßƒ
1. kwÿm-\-sØ hnZym-`ymkhnN£W¿, cmjv{Sob, kmwkvIm-cn-I, kmaq-lnI taJ-e-bnse
{]ap-J¿ F∂n-h¿ kwbp-‡-ambn hnZym-`ym-k-\bw ]cn-jvI-cn®p \S-∏n-em-°p-I.
2. ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ A°m-Z-an-Ihpw LS-\m-]-c-hp-amb am‰-ßƒ
(¢m vXew apX¬ kwÿm-\-Xew hsc-bp-≈-Xv) Fs¥-√m-sa∂v Is≠Øn \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ
\¬Ip-∂-Xn\v Hcp IΩo-js\ shbv°p-I.
3. ]T-\-k-a-b-Øn\pw ]T-\-{]-{In-bbv°pw Ipń-I-fpsS ùXnI\nebv°pw tbmPn-°p-∂-hn[w D≈-
S°w {Iao-I-cn-°p-I.
4. {]o˛-k¿Δokv A[ym-]Iim-‡o-I-cWØns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Is≠Øn ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v
{]tXy-I-k-an-Xnsb \nb-an-°p-I. \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ \S-∏m-°p-I.
5. tkh-\-Im-e-im-‡o-I-cWw Bh-iym-[n-jvTn-Xhpw KpW-ta-∑-bp≈Xpam-°p-I. hnZym-e-bm-[n-
jvTnX im-‡o-I-cWØns‚ km[yX ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
6. hnZym-`ym-kt- a-Je
- b
- nse Kth-jW
- ß
- ƒ ê-{]-Za
- mbn \n¿h-ln-°p-hm≥ \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-I.
7. c£m-I¿Ørt_m[-h¬°-c-W-Øn\pw kmaq-ly-t_m-[-h¬°-c-W-Øn\pw khn-ti-j-amb
Du∂¬ \¬Ip-I.
8. ka-{K-amb ImgvN-∏m-tSmsS hnZym-e-b-Øns‚ ùXn-I-hn-I-k\w Dd-∏m-°p-I.
9. Iem-Im-bnI {]hr-Øn-]T
- \
- Ø
- n\v khn-tij Du∂¬ \¬Ip-I. DZv{K-YnX]T-\k
- m-[yX {]tbm-
P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
89
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
89
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
89
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
89
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
89
89
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
89
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
89

123456789
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10. {]mtZ-in-I-hn-`-h-ßƒ Bkq-{Xn-X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I. 123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
11. `c- W - a m- t \- P v s a‚ v sshZKv [ yw h¿[n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ khn- t ij im-‡o-I-cWßƒ, 123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
{]Yam-[ym-]-I¿°pw, DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw \nb-a-\-Øn-\p- apºpw tijhpw \¬Ip-I. 123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
12. Hmtcm Ipń-sbbpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p≈ ]T-\-{]-{Inb \S-°p∂p F∂p-d-∏m-°p-I. A[ym-]-I¿°v 123456789
123456789
123456789
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CXn-\p≈ im-‡o-I-cWßƒ, kma-{Kn-Iƒ F∂nh \¬Ip-I. 123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
13. ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS {]iv\-ßƒ ]Tn®v Ah-sc-°qSn Dƒs°m-≈p∂ 123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ, kma-{Kn-Iƒ F∂nh Bhn-jv°-cn®v \S-∏m-°p-I. 123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
123456789
14. A¨ FbnUUv taJ-e-bnse ]mTy-]-≤-Xn, ]T-\-co-Xn, aqey-\n¿Wbw F∂nh hnZym-`ymk 123456789
123456789
123456789
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Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬\n-∂p-sIm≠v \nb-{¥n-°p-I. 123456789
123456789
123456789
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123456789
15. hnZym-`ym-k-ta-J-ebnse kwÿm-\-Xew apX¬ kvIqƒXew hsc-bp≈ ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS KpW- 123456789
123456789
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ta∑ h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-I. 123456789
123456789
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4.3. s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-£-W- b⁄w 123456789
123456789
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tIc-f-Ønse {]oss{]-adn apX¬ lb¿sk-°‚-dn-h-sc-bp≈ F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ 123456789
123456789
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hnZym-`ymkw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn tIc-f-k¿°m¿ Bhn-jvI-cn® ]≤-Xn-bmWv s]mXp-hn-Zym`ymk- 123456789
123456789
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kw-c-£-W- b-⁄w. hnZym-e-b-Ønse Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw [mc-W-Ifpw ss\]p-Wn-Ifpw tijn- 123456789
123456789
Ifpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw aqey-ßfpw A¥m-cmjv{S \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw AXp-hgn
anI-hns‚ tI{μ-ambn s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ßsf hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw e£ywh®p-sIm-≠mWv s]mXp-
hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-£-W-b⁄ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. Adn-hns\ kvIqfn\p-
]p-d-Øp≈ Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, ImWm-]mTw ]Tn-°p-∂-coXn Hgn-hm-°p-I, ]mT-]p-
kvX-I-ßƒ°-∏p-d-tØ°v ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\sØ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I, ]T-\hpw ]co-£bpw XΩn¬
DZv{K-Yn-°p-I, \nc-¥-c-aq-ey-\n¿W-b-Øn-s‚bpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-s‚bpw km[yX {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-
ØpI XpS-ßnb tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°q-Sns‚ (F≥.-kn.-F^v 2005) \n¿tZ-i-ßfpw {]{In-bm-
_-‘n-Xhpw {]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTn-Xhpw inip-tI-{μn-X-hp-amb ]T-\-amWv ¢m p-ap-dn-bn¬ \S-t°-
≠-sX∂ hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-baw 2009 apt∂m-´p-sh-bv°p∂ Bi-b-ß-fn¬ Du∂n\n∂p-sIm-
≠pamWv s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-£-Wb-⁄-Øns‚ e£y-ßƒ \n¿W-bn-®n-´p≈-Xv.
e£y-ßƒ
$ 1 apX¬ 12 hsc Hmtcm ¢m nepw Ipń B¿Pn-t°≠ tijn-Ifpw [mc-W-Ifpw ss\]p-Wn-
Ifpw A¥m-cmjv{S \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ Hmtcm Ipńbpw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb sshhn-[y-am¿∂
A\p-`-h-ßƒ Hcp-°p-I. (]T-\-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ Bi-bZr-VX Dd-∏m-°-Ww, kmaq-ly-cw-KsØ
[mc-W, Iem-Im-bnI{]hrØn]cn-N-b -]-T-\-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-Øhpw Xm¬∏-cyhpw Dd-∏m-°-Ww,
]cn-ÿn-Xn-⁄m\w ssIh-cn-°-Ww, Hmtcm Ipńbpw aq∂p `mj-bn-se-¶nepw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-
tijn t\S-Ww.)
$ F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw A\p-`hw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw k¿K-]-c-amb Ign-hp-
Iƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°pI.
$ A¥m-cm-jv{S-]-T-\-\n-e-hmcw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, ùXn-I-ku-
I-cy-ßƒ F∂nh hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ Dd-∏m-°pI.
$ D∂-X-]-T-\-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-ep≈ A[ym-]\w Dd-∏m-°m≥ A[ym-]-I -im-‡o-I-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ
Bkq-{XWw sNøpI.

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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678

1234567890
1234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ sF.kn.Sn A[n-jvTnX ]T-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb ùXn-I-ku-I-cy-ßfpw A°m-Z-anI Xbm-sd-Sp-
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 ∏p-Ifpw Dd-∏m-°pw. _lp-ap-J -]-T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bpI.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ Iem-Im-bnI{]hr-Øn-]-cn-Nb anIhv Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb ùXnI am\-knI
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 kmwkvIm-cnI kuI-cy-ßƒ Hcp-°pI.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ Kth-j-Wm-flI A[ym-]-\-Øn\pw ]T-\-Øn\pw Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°pI.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
$ ]T-\-Øn¬ ]n∂m-°-°msc XpS-°-Øn¬Øs∂ Is≠Øn Bh-iy-amb klmbw ]mTy-]-
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
≤-Xn-bpsS kØ Dƒs°m≠v e`y-am-°pI.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ ]T\w BI¿j-Ihpw k¿Km-fl-Ihpw B\-μ-Zm-b-Ihpw BIp∂ Xc-Øn¬ hnZym-e-b-Øns‚
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 ùXn-I-ku-I-cy-ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°pI.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
$ kvIqƒsse{_-dn, et_m-d´- d
- n-Iƒ F∂nh B[p-\n-Ih
- ¬°-cn®v ]T-\{- ]-{In-bb
- psS `mKam°pI.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ eLp-]-T-\-bm-{X-Iƒ, ]T-\-Iym-ºp-Iƒ, in¬∏-im-e-Iƒ, hnZ-Kv[-cpsS ¢m p-Iƒ, skan-\m-dp-
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 Iƒ, t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ XpS-ßnb sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ]T-\-X-{¥-ßƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ Im¿jnIkwkvImcw ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-I, amen-\y-\n¿am¿P\w Hcp
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
kwkvIm-c-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°p-I.
234567890
234567890
234567890 $ aZyw, ab-°p-a-cp∂v F∂n-h-bpsS D]-tbmKw ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bn¬\n∂pw Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hp∂
Xc-Øn¬ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-ØpI.
$ πmÃn-Iv ap‡ ˛ IoS-\m-in-\n- ap-‡-˛-e-l-cn- ap‡ Iymº-kp-Iƒ krjvSn-°pI.
$ "Iymºkv Xs∂ ]mT-]p-kvXIw' F∂ Bi-bsØ P\-Io-b-ambn hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØv ssPh-
ssh-hn[y DZym\w F∂ Bibw kvIqfn¬ \S-∏m-°pI.
$ ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ hn`m-K-°m¿°v {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ \¬In apJy-[m-c-bn-se-Øn-°pI.
$ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ P\-Iob kwkvI-cWw A¿Y-]q¿W-am-°pI.
$ sXmgn-e-[n-jvTnX hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°pI.
$ Ipń-Iƒ°v ssKU≥kv, Iu¨kn-enwKv kuI-cy-sam-cp-°pI.
$ kvIqƒ{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ê-{]-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn\v P\-Iob CS-s]-S¬ Dd-∏m-°pI. {]mtZ-inI
hn`-h-ßƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
$ kvIqƒX-e-Øn-ep≈ hnhn[ klmbkwhn-[m-\-ßsf ê-{]-Z-ambn A°m-Z-an-Ihpw ùXn-
Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb hf¿®bv°v DX-Ipw-hn[w {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
$ 45000 ¢m p-Iƒ sslsSIv B°p-I.
$ 140 hnZym-e-b-ßƒ°v 5 tImSnbpw sXsc-s™-SpØ hnZym-e-b-ßƒ°v 3 tImSnbpw [\-k-
lmbw \¬In ùXnIkuI-cy-hn-I-k\w Dd-∏m-°p-I.
$ P\-Iob ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS hn`-h-k-am-l-c-Ww.
$ F√m hnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw ka{K KpW-ta∑m hnZym-eb hnI-k-\-]-≤Xn P\-Iob ]¶m-fn-Ø-
tØmsS Xbm-dm-°¬.
$ F√m hnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw A°m-Z-anI amÃ¿πm≥ P\-Iob ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS Xbm-dm°n
\S-∏m-°¬.
$ ssPh -ssh-hn-[y-]m¿°v, ¢mkv sse{_-dn, Sme‚ v em_v XpS-ßnb \qX-\ Bi-b-ßƒ {]tbm-
K-h-Xv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v t{]m’m-l\w \¬Ip-I.

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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678
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89

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apI-fn¬ ]d™ e£y-ßƒ km£m-XvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v sshhn-[y-am¿∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bkq- 123456789
123456789
123456789
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{XWw sNbvXv \S-∏n-em-°p-∂p-≠v. kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ apJy-a{¥n A[y-£-\mb kan-Xn-bmWv 123456789
123456789
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CXn\v t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. hnZym-`ym-k-a-{¥n, D∂X DtZym-K-ÿ¿, P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ F∂n-h- 123456789
123456789
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cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ b⁄-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXv \S-∏nem-°p-∂p. Pn√, 123456789
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\ntbm-P-I-a-fi-ew, tªm°v, ]©m-b-Øv, kvIqƒXe kan-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. 123456789
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(d^-d≥kv : s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymkkwc-£-W-b⁄w am¿K-tcJ 1, 2. tIcf k¿°m¿) 123456789
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5 tZio-b-]m-Ty-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw \b-ßfpw tIcf]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°qSv 2007 123456789
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1986 se tZiob hnZym-`ym-k-\-bw, 1992 se t{]m{Kmw Hm^v BIvj≥, 1993 se biv]m¬ 123456789
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IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿´v, 2005 F≥.-kn.-F-^v, 2007 ˛ sI.kn.-F-^v, 2013 ˛ ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvIm-cw, 2016 ˛ 123456789
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se tZiob hnZym-`ym-k-\bw (Cu taJ-e-Iƒ H∂mw ska-Ã-dn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n´p≠v.) 123456789
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Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ N¿® sNbvX Bi-b-ßƒ 123456789
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$ A¥¿tZ-io-bhpw {]mtZ-in-I-hp-amb Xe-ß-fn¬ temI-Øp-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-ßƒ Dƒs°m≠v 123456789
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]mTy-]-≤Xn Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]cn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. 123456789
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$ tIc-f-Øn¬ \S∂ ]mTy-]-≤Xn]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ Adn-bp-∂-Xn\pw Ah F-ßs\ KpW-ta-∑m- 123456789
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hn-Zym-`ym-ksØ apt∂m´p \bn-®p F∂pw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.
$ tIc-f-Øn¬ \S∂ ]mTy-]-≤Xn]cn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ \mƒh-gn-Iƒ Adn-bp-∂Xv \mw Cu taJ-
e-bn¬ B¿Pn® anI-hp-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ klm-bn-°pw.
$ ]mTy-]≤
- Xn \ho-Ic- W
- Ø
- ns‚ ê-ambn tIcf hnZym-`ym-kt- a-Je - b- n-ep-≠mb am‰-ßƒ hni-
I-e\w sNøp-∂X- n-eqsS ]cn-jvIc
- W
- Ø
- ns‚ anI-hp-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.
$ KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZym-`ymkw F√m-h¿°pw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn\v \mw \nc-h[n {]iv\-ßƒ t\cn-
Sp-∂p-≠v.
$ KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZym-`ymkw Dd-∏m-°p∂Xn\mbn \nc-h[n ]≤-Xn-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ Bhn-
jvI-cn®v \S-∏m-°nbn-´p-≠v.
$ tZiob]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°q-Sv, tIcf]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°qSv F∂nh tIc-f-Ønse ]mTy-]≤Xn
]cn-jvI-c-WsØ [\m-fl-I-ambn kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.
aqey-\n¿W-b-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ/XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ
1. ]mTy-]-≤-Xn, ]mT-]p-kvXIw F∂nh \nc-¥cw am‰p-∂-Xn\v A[ym-]-I¿°pw Ipń-Iƒ°pw
k¿°m-cn\pw \nc-h[n {]bm-k-ßƒ D≠m-°p-∂p-≠v. Hcp c£n-Xm-hns‚ A`n-{]m-b-am-WnXv.
]mTy-]-≤Xn \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ \ho\ ImgvN-∏mSv ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hni-Z-am-°p-I.
2. tIc-f-Ønse ]mTy-]-≤Xn\ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ \mƒh-gn-I-fpsS ssSwsse≥ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I.
3. tIc-f-∏n-d-hn-°p-ap-ºp≈ tIc-f-Ønse hnZym-`ymk]cn-jvI-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®v e`y-amb hnh-c-
ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.
4. C¥y≥ hnZym-`ymk IΩo-j≥ (tImØmcn IΩo-j≥) 1964˛66, 1986 se tZiob hnZym-`ym-k-\-
bw F∂nh C¥y≥ hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØpw khn-ti-j-ambn tIcfhnZym-`ym-k-Ønepw hcp-Ønb
am‰w ]mTy-]-≤Xn]cn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

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1234567890
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234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 5. 1962 se ]mTy-]-≤Xn]cn-jvI-cWe£y-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Gsd-sbm∂pw apt∂-dm≥ \ap°v C∂pw
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 km[n-®n-ń-√. Cu {]kvXm-h\sb hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 6. s{]m^. biv]m¬ IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿´v ˛1993, C¥y≥ hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØpw tIc-f-Ønepw sNep-
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
Ønb kzm[o\w hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.
234567890
234567890
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234567890 7. 1986 se tZiobhnZym-`ym-k-\bw (NPE) C¥y≥ hnZym-`ym-k-Ønepw ]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]o-I-c-
234567890
234567890
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234567890
234567890
W-Ønepw Fß-s\-bmWv {]Xn-^-en-®-Xv?
234567890
234567890
234567890 8. s{]m^. biv]m¬ IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿ń¬ ]d-™-Xn¬ IqSp-X-embn H∂pw-Xs∂ tIcf ]mTy-
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 ]≤Xn-bn¬ Dƒs°m≈n-°m≥ \ap°v Ign-™n-ń-√. Cu {]kvXm-h-\sb hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
234567890
234567890
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234567890 9. Fw. F¬. F-¬ ]≤-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
10. Ah-iy-]T
- \
- \
- n-eh
- mcw (Fw.F¬.-F¬) C¥y≥ hnZym-`ym-kc
- w-KØv hcp-Ønb kzm[o\w F¥v?
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
11. Fw.F¬.-F¬ ]≤-Xn-bpsS anI-hp-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
12. 1997 se ]mTy-]-≤Xn ap≥ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw GsX√mw Xc-Øn-emWv hyXym-k-s∏-ń-
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890
cp-∂Xv?
234567890
234567890
234567890
234567890 13. 1997 apX¬ 2016 hsc \S∂ tIc-f-Ønse ]mTy-]-≤Xn]cn-jvI-c-W-ßƒ t\cn-tS≠n h∂
234567890
hna¿i-\-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cp∂p? Ahsb hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ]pXnb ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-
\p≈ \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-I.
14. ]mTy-]≤
- Xn]cn-jvIc
- Ww tIcfhnZym-`ym-kc
- w-KØ
- p-≠m-°nb A°m-Za
- n-Ihpw ùXn-Ihpw kmaq-
ln-I-hp-amb am‰-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.
15. ]pXnb ]mTy-]-≤Xn hnhn[ taJ-e-bn¬ apt∂m-´p-sh-bv°p∂ ImgvN-∏mSv KpW-ta∑mhnZym-
`ym-ksØ Fßs\ klm-bn°pw? hni-Z-am-°p-I.
16. ]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ, e£y-ßƒ F∂nh kw_-‘n®v hnhn[ L´-ß-fn¬ h∂ am‰w KpW-I-c-
amtWm? hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
17. D≈-S-°-`mcw F∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-t±-in-°p-∂Xv F¥mWv? Fßs\ ]cn-l-cn°mw?
18. KpW-ta∑ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n¿Wm-b-I-amb ]¶p-h-ln-°p-∂Xv ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bm-Wv. hni-I-
e\w sNøp-I.
19. F√m-h¿°pw ]¶m-fn-Øhpw KpW-ta-∑bpw D≠m-hpI F∂ e£yw bmYm¿Yy-t_m-[-tØmsS
Xs∂-bmtWm ]d-bp-∂Xv? hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
20. Dƒt®¿∂ hnZym-`ymkw (C≥¢q-kohv FUyq-t°-j≥) F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿Y-am-°p-∂-sX¥v?
21. 1997 \ptijw `n∂-ti-jn-°m¿°p≈ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn¬ h∂ ]cn-Wmaw Fs¥√mw?
22. ]mTy-]-≤Xn]cn-jvI-cWw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ am{Xw HXp-ßn-bm¬ êw D≠m-In-√. ]T-\m-
¥-co-£-Ønepw {]{In-bbnepw LS-\-bnepw am‰-ßƒ hcp-Ø-Ww. Cu A`n-{]m-bsØ tIc-
f-Ønse ]mTy-]-≤Xn]cn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.
23. km¿h-{XnIKpW-ta∑ F∂ e£ykm£m-XvIc-W-Øn\v t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw ]cn-lmc
am¿K-ßfpw \n¿tZ-in-°p-I.
24. s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-£-W -b⁄w e£yw hbv°p-∂-sX¥v?
25. s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-£-Wb⁄w tIcfw t\cn-Sp∂ hnZym-`ymk {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-
°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn°pw. hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

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89
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89

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d^-d≥kv 123456789
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1. temh¿ ss{]adn ¢m p-I-fn-te-°p≈ kne-_kv 1˛4 hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ip∏v 1962 123456789
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2. GI-I-t_m-[-\-]-≤-Xn, Fkv.-sF.-C. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 1968 123456789
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3. Dt±-iym-[n-jvTnX t_m[\w ˛ hm¿jn-I-]-≤Xn Fkv.-sF.-C. 1970 123456789
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4. ss{]adn kvIqƒ kne-_kv 1˛7 Fkv.-sF.-C. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 1981 123456789
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5. ss{]adn kne-_kv 1˛4 Fkv.-sF.C 1990 123456789
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6. Ah- i y- ] - T - \ - \ n- e - h mcw ˛ ss{]a- d n- X - e - Ø n¬, Fkv . - k n.- C .- B ¿.Sn Xncp- h - \ - ¥ - ] pcw 123456789
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Un.]n.-C.-]n. 1995 123456789
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7. A[ym-]-I-k-lmbn 1˛4 Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn., Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Un.]n.-C.-]n. 1995 123456789
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8. Idp-I, A[ym-]-I-k-lmbn Un.]n.-C.]n tIcfw 1996 123456789
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9. a©m-Sn, A[ym-]-I-k-lmbn Un.]n.-C.]n tIcfw 1996 123456789
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10. {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymk ]mTy-]-≤Xn Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn., Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 1997 123456789
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11. ]mT-]p-kvXIw 1˛4 Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn., Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 1997 123456789
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12. aqey-\n¿Wbw F¥v? F¥n\v? Un.]n.-C.]n tIcfw 1997
13. kwtbm-Pn-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw A[ym-]-I-k-lmbn Un.]n.-C.]n tIcfw 2002
14. hnZym-`ymk]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v Hcm-apJw 2002, sI.F-kv.-F-kv.]n
15. ss{]adn]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsS ssk≤m-¥nI hiw, Un.]n.-C.]n 2000
16. Dt±-iym-[n-jvTnX t_m[\w tUm.sI. tkma≥, `mjm -C≥Ãn-‰yq´v 1990
17. Tuition to intution. Dr. K.N. Anandan, Kerala Bhasha Institute
18. National Policy on Education 1986, 2016, NCERT, New Delhi.
19. Learning without Burden 1993. Prof. Yashpal , NCERT, New Delhi.
20. National Curriculum Frame Work 2005 - NCERT, New Delhi.
21. Kerala Curriculum Frame Work 2007, SCERT, Kerala
22. Textbook with Difference - A Study of Two DPEP Experience - DILGITH GUPTA,
NCERT New Delhi.

177

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