Department of Electrical Engineering

EE-211: Electrical Network Analysis

Lab 3: Sinusoidal Response Analysis and Simulation of Phase Shifter

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 INTRODUCTION

Phasor analysis is a useful tool to analyze the sinusoidal steady state behavior of circuits
containing capacitors and inductors. In phasor analysis the information about the frequency
of the applied signal is suppressed and only magnitude and phase are analyzed. This makes
sense since linear circuits (i.e. circuits containing resistors(R), capacitors(C) and inductors (L))
can only affect the magnitude and phase of the input signal and the frequency of the sinusoid
remains the same throughout the circuit. Using phasor technique, we transform the time
domain V-I relations into phasor domain relations in the complex domain. This converts all
the differential equations that describe the circuit in time domain to phasor equivalent linear
equations in complex frequency domain. In phasor domain all passive elements are converted
into respective impedances Z. All impedances in phasor domain follow the simple relation.

Where and are complex values of phasor voltage and current. The impedance Z is a
complex number defined as the ratio between the voltage and current in phasor domain.
Since all elements obey this form of Ohm `s law in phasor domain hence all the techniques of
resistive circuit analysis are valid for R, L and C circuits in phasor domain. The impedance of
resistor is purely real whereas that of capacitors and inductors is purely imaginary. The
equivalent impedance of a network of RLC components is a complex number, the real part of
such impedance is called “Resistance” and imaginary part is called “Reactance”.

Component Impedance (Z) Resistance (R) Reactance (X)

R R R 0

C -j/ωC 0 -1/ωC

L jωL 0 ωL

Where ‘ω’ is the frequency of the sinusoidal signal in rad/sec.

Capacitor:

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As shown in the above table the impedance of capacitor is given as

Fig No.1 Capacitor and its Impedance

There are two important inferences that can be drawn from the impedance relationship.

1. The impedance is inversely proportional to the applied frequency. Hence capacitor

behaves as short circuit for high frequencies and it behaves as open for low
frequencies (i.e. DC signal which has zero frequency).
2. The ‘-j’ in the relationship describes that phasor voltage and current of a Capacitor are
at a phase angle of -90 degrees from each other.

Inductor:

As shown in the above table the impedance of inductor is given as

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 Fig No.2 Inductor and its Impedance
There are two important inferences that can be drawn from the impedance relationship.

1. The impedance is directly proportional to the applied frequency. Hence inductor

behaves as open circuit for high frequencies and it behaves as short for low
frequencies (i.e. DC signal which has zero frequency).
2. The ‘j’ in the relationship describes that phasor voltage and current of an Inductor are
at a phase angle of 90 degrees from each other.

REFERENCE : Electric Circuits 9th edition. Nilsson/Riedel. (Chapter 9)

LAB TASKS

TASK#1
Attach the snapshots (simulation, hardware and theoretical calculation) of every task.
1. Phase Shifter using RC combination

Assemble the series RC circuit with the following circuit element values:

C = 0.027 μF
R = 10 kΩ
vs(t) = Vmcos(ωt)
Vm = 5 V (Vp-p = 10V)

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 Connect the input voltage source vs(t) to Ch.A of the oscilloscope. Use Ch.B for the voltage of interest and
complete table showing both theoretical and experimental results at f = 60 Hz, 500 Hz, 4 kHz, and 10 kHz for
magnitude and phase of vr(t) and vc(t). Also simulate using Pspice.

Magnitude Phase
Frequency
vr(t) vc(t) Phase Difference
(Hz)
Measured Calculate simulated Measured Calculate Simulated Measured simulated
d d

60 506.322 4.9743 42.837

m

500 3.2344 3.8130 46.04

4.9396 728.04m
4k

10k 4.9763 295.872

m

Set simulation profile according to frequency:

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 Run to Time will be different for different frequencies . And maximum step size and
saving data time will remain same for all frequencies.

Frequencies(Hz) Run to Time (s) Maximum Step Size Start Saving

(s) Data After(s)

60 50m 0.005m 0

500 10m 0.005m 0

4K 2m 0.005m 0

10k 0.2m 0.005m 0

TASK#2
2. Phase Shifter using RL combination

Now that the RC phase shifter has been designed and simulated. What kind of phase shift is
expected from the circuit given in figure-5. Simulate this circuit and save the results and

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 comment on the phase shift that is observed between the source voltage and Vo and iL. In
your report explain whether the phase shift observed is same as which is computed using
relevant equations. Use the simulation profile as given in figure-4.

Replace the position of resistor and Inductor.

Vo

Magnitude Phase
Frequency
vr(t) vl(t) Phase Difference
(Hz)
Measured Calculate simulated Measured Calculate simulated Measured simulated
d d

60 1.9986 2.00 2.2005

500 1.8261 2.00 35.49

4k 757.168 1.9992 31.98

m

10k 501.925 1.9928 92.16

m

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 TABLE OF COMPONENTS

AVAILABLE IN LAB

This table gives some of the commonly used components that are available in the lab; this is
just a partial list other values are also available. Please check with the LAB Technicians if you
need other values.

RESISTORS CAPACITORS

33 200 4.7µF 22pF

47 680 33µF 39pF

51 800 22µF 200pF

75 1K 100µF 460pF

120 1.2K 220µF Capacitor box

150 3.9K 470µF Resistor box

200 5.6K 5.6pF

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