Chapter 2 and 3 Problems and solutions

CHAPTER 2
23. Construct a stem-and-leaf display for the following data.
11.3 9.6 10.4 7.5 8.3 10.5 10.0
9.3 8.1 7.7 7.5 8.4 6.3 8.8

30. The following 20 observations are for two quantitative variables, x and y.

Observation x y Observation x y
1 -22 22 11 -37 48
2 -33 49 12 34 -29
3 2 8 13 9 -18
4 29 -16 14 -33 31
5 -13 10 15 20 -16
6 21 -28 16 -3 14
7 -13 27 17 -15 18
8 -23 35 18 12 17
9 14 -5 19 -20 -11
10 3 -3 20 -7 -22

a. Develop a scatter diagram for the relationship between x and y.

b. What is the relationship, if any, between x and y?

31. The following cross tabulation shows household income by educational level of the head of household
(Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2008).
Household Income ($1000s)
Educational Level Under 25.0– 50.0– 75.0– 100 or Total
25 49.9 74.9 99.9 more

Not H.S. graduate 4,207 ,459 1,389 539 367 9,961

H.S. graduate 4,917 6,850 5,027 2,637 2,668 22,099
Some college 2,807 5,258 4,678 3,250 4,074 20,067
Bachelor’s degree 885 2,094 2,848 2,581 5,379 13,787
Beyond bach. deg. 290 829 1,274 1,241 4,188 7,822
Total 13,106 18,490 15,216 10,248 16,676 73,736

a. Compute the row percentages and identify the percent frequency distributions of income for
households in which the head is a high school graduate and in which the head holds a bachelor’s
degree.

b. What percentage of households headed by high school graduates earn $75,000 or more? What
percentage of households headed by bachelor’s degree recipients earn $75,000 or more?

c. Construct percent frequency histograms of income for households headed by persons with a
high school degree and for those headed by persons with a bachelor’s degree.

Is any relationship evident between household income and educational level?

44. Data from the U.S. Census Bureau provide the population by state in millions of people (The World
Almanac, 2006).
a. Develop a frequency distribution, a percent frequency distribution, and a histogram. Use a class
width of 2.5 million.
b. Discuss the skewness in the distribution.
c. What observations can you make about the population of the 50 states?

State Population State Population State Population

Alabama 4.5 Louisiana 4.5 Ohio 11.5
Alaska 0.7 Maine 1.3 Oklahoma 3.5
Arizona 5.7 Maryland 5.6 Oregon 3.6
Arkansas 2.8 Massachusetts 6.4 Pennsylvania 12.4
California 35.9 Michigan 10.1 Rhode Island 1.1
Colorado 4.6 Minnesota 5.1 South Carolina 4.2
Connecticut 3.5 Mississippi 2.9 South Dakota 0.8
Delaware 0.8 Missouri 5.8 Tennessee 5.9
Florida 17.4 Montana 0.9 Texas 22.5
Georgia 8.8 Nebraska 1.7 Utah 2.4
Hawaii 1.3 Nevada 2.3 Vermont 0.6
Idaho 1.4 New Hampshire 1.3 Virginia 7.5
Illinois 12.7 New Jersey 8.7 Washington 6.2
Indiana 6.2 New Mexico 1.9 West Virginia 1.8
Iowa 3.0 New York 19.2 Wisconsin 5.5
Kansas 2.7 North Carolina 8.5 Wyoming 0.5
Kentucky 4.1 North Dakota 0.6

Solutions:
23. Leaf Unit = .1

6 3
7 5 5 7
8 1 3 4 8
9 3 6
10 0 4 5
11 3

30. a.
 56

40

24

y
-8

-24

-40
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
x

b. There is a negative relationship between x and y; y decreases as x increases.

31. a. Row Percentages:

Household Income ($1000s)
Education Level Under 25 25.0- 50.0-74.9 75.0-99.9 100 or Total
49.9 More
Not H.S. Graduate 42.23 34.73 13.94 5.41 3.68 100.00
H.S. Graduate 22.25 31.00 22.75 11.93 12.07 100.00
Some College 13.99 26.20 23.31 16.20 20.30 100.00
Bachelor's Degree 6.42 15.19 20.66 18.72 39.02 100.00
Beyond Bach. Deg. 3.71 10.60 16.29 15.87 53.54 100.00
Total 17.77 25.08 20.64 13.90 22.62 100.00
c.
There are six percent frequency distributions in this table with row percentages. The first five give the
percent frequency distribution of income for each educational level. The total row provides an overall
percent frequency distribution for household income.
The second row, labeled H.S. Graduate, is the percent frequency distribution for households headed by high
school graduates. The fourth row, labeled Bachelor's Degree, is the percent frequency distribution for
households headed by bachelor's degree recipients.
b. The percentage of households headed by high school graduates earning $75,000 or more is 11.93% +
12.07 = 24.00%. The percent of households headed by bachelor's degree recipients earning $75,000 or
more is 18.72% + 39.02% = 57.74%.
c. The percent frequency histogram for high school graduates.
 35
30

Percent Frequency
25
20
15
10
5
0
Under 25 25.0-49.9 50.0-74.9 75.0-99.9 100 or more
Household Income ($1000s)

The percent frequency distribution for college graduates with a bachelor’s degree.

45
40
35
Percent Frequency

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Under 25 25.0-49.9 50.0-74.9 75.0-99.9 100 or more
Household Income ($1000s)

The histograms show that households headed by a college graduate with a bachelor’s degree earn more
than households headed by a high school graduate. Yes, there is a positive relationship between education
level and income.

44.a.
 Population Frequency Percent Frequency
0.0-2.4 17 34
2.5-4.9 12 24
5.0-7.4 9 18
7.5-9.9 4 8
10.0-12.4 3 6
12.5-14.9 1 2
15.0-17.4 1 2
17.5-19.9 1 2
20.0-22.4 0 0
22.5-24.9 1 2
25.0-27.4 0 0
27.5-29.9 0 0
30.0-32.4 0 0
32.5-34.9 0 0
35.0-37.4 1 2
Total 50 100

b.

18
16
14
12
Frequency

10
8
6
4
2
0

Population (millions)

c. High positive skewness.

d. 17 states (34%) have a population less than 2.5 million. Over half of the states have
population less than 5 million (29 states – 58%). Only eight states have a population
greater than 10 million (California, Florida, Illinois, Michigan, New York, Ohio,
Pennsylvania and Texas). The largest state is California (35.9 million) and the smallest
state is Wyoming (500 thousand).
CHAPTER 3

1. Consider a sample with data values of 10, 20, 12, 17, and 16. Compute the mean and median.

9. The National Association of Realtors provided data showing that home sales were the slowest in 10
years (Associated Press, December 24, 2008). Sample data with representative sales prices for existing
homes and new homes follow. Data are in thousands of dollars:

Existing Homes 315.5 202.5 140.2 181.3 470.2 169.9 112.8 230.0 177.5
New Homes 275.9 350.2 195.8 525.0 225.3 215.5 175.0 149.5

a. What is the median sales price for existing homes?

b. What is the median sales price for new homes?
c. Do existing homes or new homes have the higher median sales price? What is the difference between
the median sales prices?
d. A year earlier the median sales price for existing homes was $208.4 thousand and the median sales
price for new homes was $249 thousand. Compute the percentage change in the median sales price of
existing and new homes over the one-year period. Did existing homes or new homes have the larger
percentage change in median sales price?

22. The National Retail Federation reported that college freshman spend more on back-to-school items
than any other college group (USA Today, August 4, 2006). Sample data comparing the back-to-school
expenditures for 25 freshmen and 20 seniors are shown in the data file BackToSchool.
a. What is the mean back-to-school expenditure for each group? Are the data consistent with the
National Retail Federation’s report?
b. What is the range for the expenditures in each group?
c. What is the interquartile range for the expenditures in each group?
d. What is the standard deviation for expenditures in each group?
e. Do freshmen or seniors have more variation in back-to-school expenditures?

38. Show the five-number summary and the box plot for the following data: 5, 15, 18, 10, 8, 12, 16, 10, 6.

Solutions:
xi 75
1. x   15
n 5

10, 12, 16, 17, 20

Median = 16 (middle value)

9. a. Ordered data: 112.8 140.2 169.9 177.5 181.3 202.5 230.0 315.5 470.2

With n = 9, the median is the 5th position.

The median sales price of existing homes is $181.3 thousand.

b. Ordered data: 149.5 175.0 195.8 215.5 225.3 275.9 350.2 525.0
 With n = 8, the median is the average of the 4th and 5th positions.
215.5  225.3
The median sales price of new homes =  $220.4 thousand.
2
c. New homes have the higher median sale price by $220.4 – 181.3 = $39.1 thousand
181.3  208.4 27.1
d. Existing homes:   .130 or a 13.0% decrease in the median sales
208.4 208.4
price.

220.4  249.0 28.6

New homes:   .115 or an 11.5% decrease in the median sales price.
249.0 249.0

Existing homes had the larger one-year percentage decrease in the median sales price.
However, new homes have had the larger one-year decrease in the median sales price; a
median sales price decrease of $28.6 thousand for new homes and a median sales price
decrease of $27.1 thousand for existing homes.

xi 32125
22. a. Freshmen x    1285
n 25
x 8660
Seniors x i   $433
n 20
Freshmen spend almost three times as much on back-to-school items as seniors.

b. Freshmen Range = 2094 – 374 = 1720

Seniors Range = 632 – 280 = 352

c. Freshmen

 25 
i  25  6.25 Q1 = 1079 (7th item)
 100 

 75 
i  25  18.75 Q3 = 1475 (19th item)
 100 

IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 1479 – 1075 = 404

Seniors

 25  368  373
i  20  5 Q1   370.5
 100  2

 75  489  515
i  20  15 Q1   502
 100  2

IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 502 – 370.5 = 131.5

 ( xi  x ) 2
d. s
n 1

3233186
Freshmen s   367.04
24

178610
Seniors s  96.96
19

e. All measures of variability show freshmen have more variation in back-to-school

expenditures.

38. 5, 6, 8, 10, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18

Smallest = 5

25
i (9)  2.25 Q1 = 8 (3rd position)
100

Median = 10

75
i (9)  6.75 Q3 = 15 (7th position)
100

Largest = 18