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Pdf of book made easy very helpful in doing preparation

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Atul Atul
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© © All Rights Reserved
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34 MASONRY ‘The construction work made by stone brick is termed 0§ To oy suture Masonry canbe divided worn class mipely stone masonry and brick Maso ‘Tools used in the masonry are trowel, plumb rule, BaUge rod, sprit level, hammers Square, bolster, joints, eute,pointns rules etc. 3.2. BRICK MASONRY “The construction done with bricks bonded together with the help of a mortar is termed as brick masonry "The bricks are Ahroughly soaked in water for atleast one HOA before use are Rickness of oints is restricted to 13 mm All pe coarses are laid truly horizontal in stages, ron fixtures are ‘embedded eet wor or cement conerete. All masonry WOM iS ‘kept wet for rk is laid according 3 least 7 days. The brick wor ton bond. Its systematic overlapping of bricks. Some com> ‘mon bonds are - English ‘bond, Flemish bond, Stretching bond, Garden wall bond, Raking bond, Heading bond etc 3.2.1 English Bond of alternate cours’ nd consists oF alter Te rent vertical jo s of headers and stretcher in the header course . ame directly Upon each other tn this arrangem i well as in the stretcher course col Eee For breaking this tentjeat continuous joint queen closer a vejch heading course is introduced the first header i 3.2.2 Flemish Bond In this type each course UM sihers. The alternate headers of each course are centre set the sietches ofthe course DelOW: Every alternat ovetg with a header at the corner. This bond is not as strong as english bond. 3.2.3 Rat Trap Bond Ituses brick in edge courses. It has som wall. Salient places of use of various bond consists of alternate headers ang ie advani is given in Table 3.1 Table 34 SNe. of bond salient = mee Sate es da ae Poe Suitable for half brick positon wall a mt teal a for one brick wall and curved wall So feeamenee Suitable forall types (@) Single 0 Minimum wall thi ome im il kms a Wi 5. (Se wall bond wan english bond but not stronger. ) English ‘ ‘ Suitable fo (ii) Flemish garden and boundary 6. | Facing bond 1 dbo known as Sach or Suse bo Sussex bond, i pe for thick walls with — . Paes Modified english bond with st ing and backing oor eee Suitable for bricks oor paving ( Herring bond For wall th (ii) Diagonal thickness of 10, | English eross bond For wall hicks of two wo tea ents 11. | Brick-on-edge bond Kin english bond oa ea ricly ited fo nha 12,__| Bond at juncti pa nc junction Suitable for iteneorey Setuty and strength ecting walls 104 — Building Construction echnical Terms technical terms generally used in brickwork: fer: A brick laid with its smaller face parallel to a of the wall. ee: ‘A brick laid with its longer face (i.e., 9” © 9p parallel o the face of the wall, 3) postion of a brick cut across its length. A half ibe 414" x 4 14" x 3” Closer: A portion of a Brick cut along its length with + Gong, face uncut. When itis eut in two equal half eh half is called a queen closer. «King closer: A brick cut at the comer along the mid ints of adjacent sides is called a king closer. «Frog: The indentation on a brick so as to form a key for holding the mortar, The bricks are laid with frogs on top. +s Bed: Itis the flat bottom face of brick. + Course: It is the layer of bricks laid on the same bed « Cross joints or perpends: These are the short vertical joints in the face of the wall that fall vertically over ‘one another in the alternate course. + Quoin: A comer or the external angle of a wall. «+ Squint quoin: A brick which is cut or moulded in such ‘away that an angle other than right angle is formed in plan is called a squint quoin. + Racking back: Racking back is termination of a wall in stepped fashion. ‘+ Bull Nose: Racking brick moulded with a rounded angle is known as bullnose and is used for a rounded quoin. * Cow Nose: A brick with two rounded edges is known 35 cow nose. * Jambs: These are the vertical sides of an opening for doors and windows. * Reveals: Reveals are the exposed vertical faces of doors and windows frames after they are fitted in position. * Corbel: A projecting part in brick work is known as corbel, Recommended mortars for brickwork Cement mortar | Mortar strength E. mix (N/mm?) Below 5 3 5106 5 meee 1:4 18 sacs 3 10 33, Ah NFORCED BRICK MASONRY : é eae aay is weak in tension it cannot sustain tensile Atisey Reign Therefore, the need of its reinforce- ‘Weis meas geet brickwork is cheaper than R.C.C. Its Case, columns Construction of walls, slabs, lintels, stai ms oa i beams. The reinforcement of flat steel, BS Of 6 mm ya oenesh ate generally provided. The m.s. $0.25 mm 9 used. 405 3.4 STONE MASONRY ‘As compared to brick masonry, stone masonry possesses more strength and durability, better water-tightness and weather resisting qualities, and high crushing strength. It is mostly employed in the construction of monumental buildings, Different types of stones used in stone masonry are granite, sand stone marble and synthetic stone. Stone masonry can be broadly divided into two groups ( Rubble masonry (if) Ashlar masonry (@ Rubble masonry: In this type of stone masonry, stones of irregular sizes are used. Stones obtained from quarry with very little or no dressing are used for construction. Rubble masonry is of following types: © Random rubble masonry ‘* Coursed rubble masonry of first sort ‘* Coursed rubble masonry of second sort. i) Ashlar masonry: In this type of stone masonry, care- fully dressed stones are used. Ashlar masonry work is very strong and beautiful, if constructed properly, but it is very expensive. Ashlar masonry is of following type « Plain ashlar masonry (rough-tooled and fine-tooled) © Chamfered ashlar masonry (rough-tooled and fine- tooled) Common types of building stones used in India and their minimum crushing strength Types of stone Min. crushing strength (N/mm?) Granite 100 Marble 50 Basalt 40 Sandstone 30 Limestone 20 Laterite 03 ‘Technical Terms Used in Stone Masonry: The follow- ing terms are generally used in stone masonry : ( Natural Bed of a Stone: The original surface occu- pied by a stone during its formation, is called narural bed. Stones are placed in a structure so that super- imposed load acts perpendicular to the natural bed of stones. (i Bedding Plane: The plane along which a stone can be separated easily, is called bedding plane. Stones are laid in a structure so that load acts perpendicular to their bedding plane (iii) String Course: The course of stone masonry Pro vided at floor level and roof level projecting hort zontally outside the wal of a building, is called ring course. . : (iv) Cornice: The course of a masonry provided #8 el ouiside the sufrace of ing level of the roof projecting aged the wall of a building, is called cornice. 1 ©) FUT Vided to throw rain water away from the also to add architectural appearance: ‘Gencraly 1: 3 cement mortar is used. White portland cement is wed for binding the stone blocks. Workability Seproves by addition of hydrated lime into cement. It also ceabemce the strength of the masonry. 35 BEARING CAPACITY OF FOUNDATION MATERIAL ‘Type of ReckiSell Maximum safe bearing capacity in tonnes per sq.m Rocks © tases rocks cs (@) Limestone and bard stone 400 (©) Schists and states = @ Chay shales oa Nos-cobesive sails De a ‘Submerged imradae eee waded sand 20- Cobesive soils 20-40 10-20 (a) Sef clays and sandy clays 20 ~40 () Farm clays rae (©) Soft clays and sits rig 3.7 FOUNDATION Foundation is that part of the building whi ‘per structure and tranemitits load 1 the sub-sol below i area ata lateral fe. the supporting material and scape or movement Provides stabili of ee St erm of Tod eto the struc. Ste settlement. Various tyPes of founds, = 1. Spread foundation t 2. Stepped or benching foundation through long vertical The loads are supported i friction between tt transfer to the hard strata. = ‘Question Bank under side of © 3. Pile foundation : foun so 4, Pier (WelD Tviations: These foundations spread 1, chbaija, COB ce rs ensity of load. These (@) (6) Isolated footings (c) Combined footings (@ Inverted arch footings (€) Cantilever footings Grillage foundations (g) Raft foundations (i) Stepped foundations Soda pundatons® These transmit Tord to the so piles made of timber, concrete or ste in two ways i.e., by the effect of he pile and the surrounding soil or by dire ‘Bearing piles transmit the Toad to a stronger stata be low. Friction piles transmit the load by frictional force be- tween the side of pile and the ground. Battered piles are inclined piles to resist forces acting at angles. ‘Sheet piles are thin sheets of steel or timber. Under-ream piles are provided with bulbs known as under ream at the end of the pile to increase the bearing capacity. i 3. Pier Foundations: These are seldom used and consist in carrying down through the soil a huge masonry cylinder which in tum may be supported on a solid rock or by the frictional force between its exterior surface and the soil around Brief Description of Various Types of Spread Foundations = (@) Wall Footings: Wall footings may be either simple Seer ea footings are provided for walls which carry light loads whereas stepped footings are provided fo" walls cs carry heavy load. The conerete for the footings nsists of 1:3: 6 or 1: 4 : 8 concrete mix where =p = rT 4. _ Safe Bearing capacity of sol in ks!" ie ‘Weight of soil in kg/m’, ts mee of repose of soil in degrees, es I imum depth of footing in metres. by dividing the omg tn Width of footing may be com by the allowable fe o%d (including live load and wind 1o™) if Bane Ing Capacity of the soil. eke ec footing in metres er metre run in kg P =Sate b ear : i MB capacity of the soil in ke" — wn P°?P stConerete Bed: Though concrete bed may 1g and bending, its depth is generally bending moment from the formula, th o i rushing, shear fee maxima aie! d= 0.775 &: sg anofsetof the conerete bed in centimetres xis + Isolated foundations are generally (py stated Foot olan to transfer the Toad of the pete Pie foil bed. For columns isolated footings are tothe stepson al the four sides in regular layers only POs, For columns which carry heavy loads, wi 5 om OT provided in both the directions with 15 em sen the sides 7 ectinal footing: The common footing which is corey gwo oF more columns, is called a combined ‘The shape of a combined footing is so proportioned fot entre of eravity of the resultant ary coincides with tate of gravity of he column loads, The general shapes, tiie footing i either rectangular or trapezoidal in aa Cantilever Footing: A cantilever footing consists of as exentric footing for the exterior column and a concentric frang forthe interior column and both the footings are fonmeted by a strap or a cantilever beam. The load from the ) Queen post truss roof {@) Mansards roof truss (d) Collar tie roof 201. ‘The inclined braces used in a truss to prevent the sageing of the principal rafters are called as hy (a) King post (b) Tie beam (0) Struts (a) Queen post 202, In the king post truss, the member used to pi the sagging of beam and connected with the ridzs s called (a) Collar (b) Rafter (c) King post (@) Strut 203. In village houses the material used for covering the pitched roof is (@) Thatch (®) Country tiles (©) AC. sheets (d) G.L. sheets 204. C.G.1. roof covering stands for (a) Cement gauzed iron sheets (b) Corrugated galvanised iron sheets (c) Corrugated good iron sheets (d) Carbon galvanised iron sheets 205. The standard length of Absestos cement corrugated sh should be (@) 1.52 m (6) 2.13 m Coca) (@) All of the above 206. In asbestos cement corrugated sheet roof! minimum horizontal lap in metres should be (@) 0.10 m » (©) 0.20 oe aa hav (d@) 0.30 m + Generally while plastering in ordinary buildings, tatlo of cement and sand used in cement pts stot @1:2 omtne () 1:3 208, an 2 ae fisoaaishes of plaster de ote se aldo the adhesion with the previous ° (a) Blisterin Sen _orsolid background t0 provide suitable 1g is called F sey past (b) Facing Clan (a) Hacking a Ec later work from the background is a gown 9 (6) Staining oxen (d) Roughing ee which the first coat of plaster is applied M saed surface (b) Preliminary surface Gnd surface (d) Background surface development oF one oF more Jocal swellings on the i Tse plastered src, is called ci (b) Swelling paiing (d) Blistering

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