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Assignment - Solution 8

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Assignment - Solution 8

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parmodrtk
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Assignment_solution:8

1. A flat, isothermal heating panel, 0.5 m wide by 1 m high,


is mounted to one wall of a large room. The surface of
the panel has an emissivity of 0.90 and is maintained at
400 K. If the walls and air of the room are at 300 K, what
is the net rate at which heat is transferred from the panel
to the room?
PROPERTIES: Air (Tf = 350K, 1 atm): ν = 20.9 × 10-6 m 2 /s,
k = 0.03 W/m⋅K, α = 29.9 × 10-6 m 2 /s, Pr = 0.700.
(Use:-The heat loss from the panel by convection and radiation
exchange is q = ℎ̅A(TS-T∞)+εσA(𝑇𝑆4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟 4 ).)

(2 marks)
(a) 740 W
(b) 520W
(c) 920W
(d) 610 W
Ans :-option (a)

Solution:-
KNOWN: Height, width, emissivity and temperature of heating
panel. Room air and wall temperature.
FIND: Net rate of heat transfer from panel to room.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS:(1) Quiescent air, (2) Walls of room form a


large enclosure, (3) Negligible heat loss from back of panel.
PROPERTIES: Air (Tf= 350K, 1 atm): ν = 20.9 × 10-6 m 2 /s,
k = 0.03 W/m ⋅K, α = 29.9 × 10-6 m 2 /s, Pr = 0.700.
ANALYSIS:
The heat loss from the panel by convection and
radiation exchange is

q = ℎ̅A(TS-T∞)+εσA(𝑇𝑆4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟
4
).
With
𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑆 −𝑇∞ )𝐿3 9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 (1/350𝐾)(100𝐾)(1𝑚)3
RaL = = 10−12 𝑚4
𝛼𝑣 (20.9)(29.9)×
𝑠2
= 4.48×109
And using the Churchill-chu correlation from a vertical
plate,

2
1
̅𝐿
ℎ 0.387𝑅𝑎𝐿6
̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑢L = 𝐾 = 0.825 + 8 = 196
9 27
[1+(0.492/𝑃𝑟)16 ]
{ }

̅ℎ = (196 k ) / L
= (196 × 0.03 W/m∙K ) / 1 m
= 5.87 W/m2∙K.

Hence,
q = {5.86W/m2∙K(0.5m2)100 K }+
{0.9×5.67×108W/m2∙K4(0.5m2)[(400)4 − (300)4 ]𝐾}
q = 293 W + 447 W
=740 W.
2. Determine the maximum allowable uniform heat flux
that may be imposed at a wall heating panel 1 m high, if
the maximum temperature is not to exceed 37ºC when
the ambient air temperature 25ºC.
PROPERTIES: Air (Tf= (TL/2 + T∞)/2 = (35.4 + 25)°C/2 =
30.2°C = 303K, 1 atm): ν = 16.19 × 10-6 m2 /s, k = 26.5 × 10-3
W/m⋅K, α = 22.9 × 10-6 m 2 /s, Pr= 0.707.
(2 marks)
(a) q” = 14.5 W/m2
(b) q” = 34.8 W/m2
(c) q” = 24.8 W/m2
(d) q” = 29.9 W/m2
Ans:- option ( c)

Solution:-

KNOWN: Vertical panel with uniform heat flux exposed to


ambient air.
FIND: Allowable heat flux if maximum temperature is not to
exceed a specified value, Tmax.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS:(1) Constant properties, (2) Radiative


exchange with surroundings negligible.
PROPERTIES: Air (Tf= (TL/2 + T∞)/2 = (35.4 + 25)°C/2 =
30.2°C = 303K, 1 atm): ν = 16.19 × 10-6 m 2 /s, k = 26.5 × 10-3
W/m⋅K, α = 22.9 × 10-6 m 2 /s, Pr = 0.707.
ANALYSIS:
Following the treatment of Section , for a vertical plate with
uniform heat flux (constant q′′s ), the heat flux can be evaluated
as

𝑞𝑆" = ℎ̅ ∆TL/2
where ∆TL/2 = Ts(L/s) - T∞ ......(1)
And ℎ̅ is evaluated using an appropriate correlation for
a constant temperature vertical plate.

∆Tx = Tx - T∞
= 1.15 (x/L)1/5 ∆TL/2 ..........(2)
And recognizing that the maximum temperature
occur at the top edge, x=L, use eq (2) to find

∆ TL/2 = (37-25)ºC / 1.15(1/1)1/5


= 10.4ºC or
TL/2 = 35.4ºC.
Calculate now the Rayleigh number base upon ∆TL/2,
With Tf = (TL/2+T∞)/2 = 303K.
𝑔𝛽∆ TL3
RaL = .......(4)
𝑣𝛼
where ∆T = ∆TL/2
3. A horizontal rod 5 mm in diameter is immersed in water
maintained at 18ºC. If the rod surface temperature is
56ºC, estimate the free convection heat transfer rate per
unit length of the rod.
PROPERTIES: Water (Tf= (Ts + T∞)/2 = 310K): ρ = 1/vf =
993.0 kg/m3, ν = µ/ρ = 695 × 10 -6 N⋅s/m2 /993.0 kg/m3 = 6.999
× 10-7 m 2 /s, α = k/ρc = 0.628 W/m⋅K/993.0 kg/m3 × 4178
J/kg⋅K = 1.514 × 10-7 m 2 /s, Pr= 4.62, β = 361.9 × 10 -6 K-1.
(2 marks)
(a) 870 W/m
(b) 950 W/m
(c) 580 W/m
(d) 780 W/m
Ans:-option (d)

Solution:-
KNOWN: Horizontal rod immersed in water maintained
at a prescribed temperature.
FIND: Free convection heat transfer rate per unit length
of the rod, qconv ′

SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS:(1) Water is extensive, quiescent


medium.
PROPERTIES: Water (Tf= (Ts + T∞)/2 = 310K): ρ = 1/vf =
993.0 kg/m3, ν = µ/ρ = 695 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2 /993.0 kg/m3 = 6.999
× 10-7 m 2 /s, α = k/ρc = 0.628 W/m ⋅K/993.0 kg/m3 × 4178
J/kg⋅K = 1.514 × 10-7 m 2 /s, Pr= 4.62, β = 361.9 × 10-6 K-1.
ANALYSIS:
The heat rate per unit length by free convection
is given as
q′conv = ℎ̅D∙πD(Ts-T∞) ........(1)

To estimate ℎ̅D, first find the Rayleigh number.

𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞ )𝐷 3
RaD = 𝑣𝛼
9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 (361.9×10−6 𝐾−1 )(56−18)𝐾(0.05𝑚)3
= 6.999×10−7 𝑚 2/𝑠×1.514×10−7 𝑚 2 /𝑠

= 1.287×105

1/6
2
0.387𝑅𝑎𝐷
̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑢D={0.60 + 8/27 }
[1+(0.599/𝑃𝑟)9/16 ]
2
1
0.387(1.587×105 )6
̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑢D={0.60 + 8 }
0.599 27
[1+( 4.62 )]
= 10.40

ℎ̅D = ̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑢D k / D
= 10.40×0.628W/m∙K/0.005m
=1306 W/m2∙K. ....(2)
Substituting for ℎ̅D from equation (2) into eq.(1)

𝑞 ′ conv = 1306 W/m2∙K × π (0.005m) (56 - 18)K

= 780 W/m

4. Estimate the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer


coefficient for water boiling at atmospheric pressure on
the outer surface of a platinum plated 10 mm diameter
tube maintained 10ºC above the saturation temperature.
PROPERTIES: Water (saturated, 1 atm): T s = 100°C, ρ  =
1/vf = 957.9 kg/m3 , ρv = 1/vg = 0.5955 kg/m3 , Cp  = 4217
J/kg⋅K, µ  = 279 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2 , Pr  = 1.76, hfg = 2257 kJ/kg,
σ = 58.9 × 10-3 N/m. Cs,f = 0.013 and n = 1
(2 marks)
(a) h = 10590 W/m2K
(b) h = 13690 W/m2K
(c) h = 11150 W/m2K
(d) h = 15650 W/m2K
Ans:- option (b)

Solution:-
KNOWN: Nucleate pool boiling on a 10 mm-diameter tube
maintained at ∆Te = 10°C in water at 1 atm; tube is platinum-
plated.
FIND: Heat transfer coefficient.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2)


Nucleate pool boiling.
PROPERTIES: Water (saturated, 1 atm): T s = 100°C, ρ
 = 1/vf = 957.9 kg/m3 , ρv = 1/vg = 0.5955 kg/m3 , Cp 
= 4217 J/kg⋅K, µ  = 279 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2 , Pr  = 1.76, hfg =
2257 kJ/kg, σ = 58.9 × 10-3 N/m.
ANALYSIS:
The heat transfer coefficient can be estimated using the
Rohsenow nucleate-boiling correlation and the rate
equation
𝑞𝑠′′
h= ∆𝑇𝑒
3
𝜇  ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑔(𝜌  −ρv) 1/2 𝑐𝑝,  ∆𝑇𝑒
= [ ] (𝐶 𝑛 )
∆𝑇𝑒 𝜎 𝑠,𝑓 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑃𝑟

From data, Cs,f= 0.013 and n = 1 for the water-platinum


surface combination. Substituting numerical values,
9.8𝑚 1/2
279×10−6 𝑁∙𝑠/𝑚 2 ×2257×103 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 /𝑚 3
𝑠2 (957.9−0.5955) 𝑘𝑔
h= [ ] ×
10𝐾 58.9×10−3 𝑁/𝑚

4217𝐽/𝑘𝑔∙𝐾×10𝑘
( )3
0.013×2257×103 𝐽/𝑘𝑔×1.76

h = 13,690 W/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾.

5. Estimate the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer


coefficient for water under atmospheric pressure in
contact with mechanically polished stainless steel when
the excess temperature is 15ºC.
PROPERTIES: Saturated water (1 atm): T sat = 100°C, ρ  =
957.9 kg/m3 , ρv = 0.596 kg/m3 , Cp  = 4217 J/kg⋅K, µ  = 279
× 10-6 N⋅s/m2 , Pr  = 1.76, σ = 58.9 × 10-3 N/m, hfg = 2257
kJ/kg. Cs,f = 0.013 and n = 1.
Hint:- nucleate pool boiling heat flux can be estimated using the
Rohsenow correlation.
1/2 3
𝑔(𝜌  − ρ𝑣 ) 𝑐𝑝,  ∆𝑇𝑒
′′ (
𝑞𝑠 = 𝜇  ℎ𝑓𝑔 [ ] 𝑛)
𝜎 𝐶𝑠,𝑓 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑃𝑟

(2 marks)
(a) h = 30790 W/m2K
(b) h = 10720 W/m2K
(c) h = 15790 W/m2K
(d) h = 40590 W/m2K
Ans :- option (a)

Solution:-

KNOWN:
Water boiling on a mechanically polished stainless steel surface
maintained at an excess temperature of 15°C; water is at 1 atm.
FIND: Boiling heat transfer coefficient.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS (1) Steady-state conditions,(2) Nucleate


pool boiling occurs.
PROPERTIES: Saturated water (1 atm): Tsat = 100°C, ρ
 = 957.9 kg/m3 , ρv = 0.596 kg/m3 , cp  = 4217
J/kg⋅K, µ  = 279 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2 , Pr  = 1.76, σ = 58.9 ×
10-3 N/m, hfg = 2257 kJ/kg.
ANALYSIS:
The heat transfer coefficient can be expressed as

h = 𝑞𝑠′′ /∆𝑇𝑒
where the nucleate pool boiling heat flux can be
estimated using the Rohsenow correlation.

1/2 3
𝑔(𝜌  − ρ𝑣 ) 𝑐𝑝,  ∆𝑇𝑒
′′
𝑞𝑠 = 𝜇  ℎ𝑓𝑔 [ ] ( )
𝜎 𝐶𝑠,𝑓 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑛
From given data for this liquid-surface combination,
Cs,f= 0.013 and n = 1,
and substituting numerical values,

𝑠 103 𝐽
𝑞𝑠′′ = (279 × 10−6 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2 × 2257 × )
𝑘𝑔
1/2
9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 (957.9−0.596)𝑘𝑔/𝑚 3 4121𝐽/𝑘𝑔∙𝐾×15°𝐶 3
[ ] ×( )
58.9×10−3 𝑁/𝑚 0.013×2257𝑘𝐽×1.76

𝑞𝑠′′ = 461.9𝑘𝑊/𝑚2
Hence, the transfer coefficient is
h = (461.9×103W/𝑚2 ) / 15
= 30,790 W/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾.

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