A

Technical Seminar Report

On
SUSTABLITY CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Submitted to
SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TIRUPATI
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

By

P.PRUDHVI SAI (22BF5A0117)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. T. SRIKANTH
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved By AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuram)
KARAKAMBADI ROAD, TIRUPATI – 517507 (A.P) INDIA

2023 – 2024
 SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved By AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuram)

KARAKAMBADI ROAD, TIRUPATI – 517507 (A. P) INDIA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled, SUSTABLITY
CONSTRUCTIONS MATERIALS ” is a bonafide work done by
P.PRUDHVI SAI bearing roll number of 22BF5A0117 in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY in CIVIL ENGINEERING to Sri Venkateswara
College of Engineering, Karakambadi Road, Tirupati, during the year
2023 – 2024.

GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mr. T. SRIKANTH., Dr. M. CHITTARANJAN,

Assistant professor, Professor & Head,
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil
Engineering, SVCE, Tirupati. SVCE, Tirupati.

Submitted for III B.Tech. I Semester Seminar held on ..........................at Sri Venkateswara
College of Engineering, Karakambadi, Tirupati.

EXAMINER 1: EXAMINER 2:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to my guide, Mr. T. SRIKANTH, Assistant professor, Department

of Civil Engineering, for his/her valuable guidance and encouragement. His/her helpful
attitude and suggestions have helped in the successful completion of this Technical
Seminar-1 Report.

I have great pleasure in expressing my hearty thanks to Dr. M.

CHITTARANJAN, Head of the Department, Civil Engineering and to our beloved
Principal Dr. N. SUDHAKAR REDDY, for his continuous support.

Successful completion of any work cannot be done without proper support and
encouragement. I sincerely thank the Management for providing all the necessary
facilities during the course of study.

I would like to thank my Parents, Faculty and Technical Staff, who have the
greatest contributions in all my achievements. I thank my friends and well wishers who
helped me directly and indirectly in the completion of Technical Seminar-1 Report.

P. PRUDHVI SAI (22BF5A0117)

i
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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Technical Seminar-1 Report titled “---------------------------------” has
been done only by me to submit in the Department as part of completion of V semester. It is
prepared through hard work and research. The text embodied in this report has not been
submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Submitted by
Signature:
Name:
Roll No:

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 SUSTABLITY CONSTUCTIONS MATERIALS

ABSTRACT

In today's world, where environmental concerns and the imperative to combat climate
change are paramount, the construction industry stands as a vital arena for embracing
sustainability. This seminar embarks on a thorough exploration of sustainable building
materials,spanning from the foundational principles of sustainable construction to the cutting-
edge innovations shaping the industry's future. It seeks not only to comprehend the current
landscape but also to envision a more environmentally responsible and sustainable trajectory
for constructionpractices.

The core of sustainable construction lies in the materials used. This research delves
into the realm of advanced sustainable building materials and emerging technologies. It
spotlights groundbreaking materials like cross-laminated timber, recycled concrete aggregates,
and low- impact insulation solutions. These materials not only minimize environmental impact
but also enhance efficiency and durability. Digital tools such as Building Information
Modeling (BIM) and advanced manufacturing techniques like 3D printing are explored to
optimize material selection, minimize waste, and improve construction processes, ensuring
that sustainability becomes a practical reality in the construction industry..

keywords: Sustainable building materials, Environmental impact, Climate change,

Advance manufacturing

Name of the Student Roll Number

P. PRUDHVI SAI 22BF5A0117

SIGNATURE OF THE GUIDE SIGNATURE OF HOD

iii

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 CONTENTS
Description Page No.
Acknowledgement i
Declaration ii
Abstract iii
Contents iv
List of figures v
Chapter 1: Introduction 1-10
1.1 General 1
1.2 Importance of sustainable construction 2-3
materials
1.3 Why to choose sustainable construction. 4.-5
materials
1.4 Problem regarding on sustainable 6-7
construction materials
1.5 Remedies of this problem 8-10
Chapter-2: Literature review and cases study 11-15
2.1 Literature Review 11
2.2 Case Study 12-15
Chapter-3: Sustainable construction materials 16-42
3.1 Sustainable construction materials 16-338
(Advantages, disadvantages, uses)
3.2 Environmental impact using sustainable. 39-40
construction materials
3.3 Normal Construction Materials Vs. 40-42
Sustainable construction Materials
Overview of report 43
Conclusion 44
Reference 45

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Name of the Figure Page No
1 Eco-Building Material 1
2 Apple Park 12
3 Masdar City 14
4 Bamboo house construction 17
5 Wood Construction 20
6 Recycled Plastic Bricks House 22
7 Recycled Plastic Bricks 22
8 Recycled Metal 25
9,10 Low VOC Painting 27
11 Cross laminated timer 33
12 Recycled concrete aggregates 35
13 Cool roofing materials 35
14 Eco Friendly Insulation Materials 36
15 Precast Steps 36
16,17 11111 Concrete Buildings 37
18, 19 Green Roof House 38

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 SUSTAINABILITY CONSTUCTION MATERIALS

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL:

Sustainable construction materials are part of a broader movement within the

construction industry to address the environmental, social, and economic impacts
associated with building projects. The emphasis on renewable resources extends to
materials like sustainably harvested timber, which promotes responsible forestry
practices. Additionally, the use of recycled materials can extend beyond concrete and
steel to include reclaimed wood, glass, and plastics. Energy-efficient materials may
involve advanced insulation solutions, cool roofs, and smart building technologies
that optimize energy consumption throughout a structure's life cycle. The below FIG
1 showing about the Eco building materials.

Fig. 1: Eco building materials

Materials with low environmental impact often incorporate eco-friendly

manufacturing processes, reducing emissions and pollution. For instance, the
production of eco-friendly concrete can involve using alternative building material
materials that emit fewer greenhouse gases during production. Durability is further
enhanced through innovations like self-healing concrete, which can repair small
cracks autonomously, extending the lifespan of structures.

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 SUSTAINABILITY CONSTUCTION MATERIALS

1.2 IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Sustainable construction materials play a crucial role in addressing environmental,

social, and economic challenges associated with traditional construction practices.
Here are some key reasons highlighting the importance of sustainable construction
materials:

1. Environmental Impact:

Resource Conservation: Sustainable materials often involve the use of renewable

resources, recycled content, or materials with low environmental impact. This helps in
conserving natural resources and reducing the overall environmental footprint.
Energy Efficiency: Many sustainable materials require less energy to manufacture,
reducing the overall energy consumption associated with construction activities.

2. Reduced Carbon Footprint:

Lower Emissions: Sustainable materials often have lower carbon emissions during
production compared to traditional materials. This helps mitigate climate change by
reducing the overall carbon footprint of construction projects.

3. Waste Reduction:

Recyclability: Sustainable materials are often designed to be recyclable or reusable,

contributing to the reduction of construction waste. This aligns with the principles of
the circular economy, where materials are kept in use for as long as possible.

4. Health and Well-being:

Indoor Air Quality: Sustainable materials, such as low-VOC (volatile organic

compound) paints and finishes, contribute to better indoor air quality, promoting the
health and well-being of occupants.
BIOPHILIC Design: Some sustainable materials support bibliophile design
principles, connecting occupants with nature, which has been shown to enhance
mental well-being and productivity.

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5. Long-Term Cost Savings:

Energy Efficiency: Sustainable construction often involves the use of energy-

efficient materials, contributing to lower operational costs over the lifespan of the
building.
Durability: Many sustainable materials are designed to be durable, reducing the
need for frequent replacements and repairs, ultimately saving money in the long run.

6. Regulatory Compliance and Market Demand:

Building Codes and Standards: Increasingly, building codes and standards are
incorporating requirements for sustainable construction practices, making the use of
sustainable materials a legal and regulatory necessity.
Market Demand: There is a growing demand for sustainable buildings among
consumers, businesses, and investors. Using sustainable materials can enhance a
project's marketability and value.

7. Social Responsibility:

Community Impact: Sustainable construction materials contribute to social

responsibility by minimizing the negative impact of construction on local
communities, ecosystems, and biodiversity.
Ethical Sourcing: Choosing materials with ethical sourcing practices ensures that
they are produced in a socially responsible manner, considering factors such as fair
labor practices and community engagement.

In summary, the use of sustainable construction materials is essential for creating

buildings and infrastructure that are environmentally responsible, economically
viable, and socially beneficial. It aligns with the broader goal of achieving a more
sustainable and resilient built environment.

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1.3 WHY TO CHOOSE SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Choosing sustainable construction materials involves selecting building materials that
have a minimal negative impact on the environment throughout their life cycle. This
approach aims to promote environmental responsibility, energy efficiency, and long-
term economic viability in the construction industry. Sustainable construction
materials typically adhere to the principles of sustainability, which include:

1. Emerging Sustainable Materials:

Advances in technology and research have led to the development of innovative
sustainable materials, such as engineered wood products, recycled steel, bamboo,
mycelium-based materials, and high-performance concrete with reduced
environmental impact.

2. Green Building Certifications:

Various green building certification systems, such as LEED (Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design), BREEAM (Building Research Establishment
Environmental Assessment Method), and others, provide standards for sustainable
construction. Projects achieving these certifications demonstrate a commitment to
sustainability.

3. Circular Economy in Construction:

The concept of a circular economy in construction promotes the idea of reducing,
reusing, and recycling materials. This approach minimizes waste and extends the life
cycle of materials, contributing to a more sustainable construction industry.

4. Government Incentives:
Some governments offer financial incentives or tax benefits for construction
projects that prioritize sustainability. These incentives can include grants, tax credits,
or other financial rewards for using eco-friendly materials and practices.

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5. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA):

Life cycle assessments are used to evaluate the environmental impact of materials
throughout their life cycle, from raw material extraction to manufacturing,
transportation, use, and disposal. This comprehensive analysis helps in making
informed decisions about material selection.

6.Renewable Energy Integration:

Sustainable construction goes beyond materials to include the integration of
renewable energy sources. Buildings designed with features like solar panels, wind
turbines, and energy-efficient systems contribute to a more sustainable and energy
independent future.

7. Water Efficiency in Construction:

Sustainable construction considers water efficiency in design and material
selection. This can include the use of water-efficient landscaping, rainwater
harvesting systems, and the selection of materials that have a low impact on water
resources.

8. Community Engagement:
Sustainable construction involves engaging with local communities to understand
their needs and concerns. This community-centered approach helps create projects
that are not only environmentally sustainable but also socially responsible and
culturally sensitive.

9. Green Roofs and Walls:

The incorporation of green roofs and walls in construction contributes to
environmental sustainability by enhancing insulation, reducing energy consumption,
and providing green spaces that support biodiversity.

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1.4 PROBLEM REGARDING ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

MATERIALS
These are the common problems are face by using sustainable construction materials.

1. Inadequate Strength or Durability:

If the chosen materials do not have the required strength or durability for the
intended purpose, it can lead to structural failures, safety hazards, and increased
maintenance costs.

2. Compatibility Issues:
Compatibility between different materials (e.g., metals, concrete, wood) is crucial.
Incompatibility can result in corrosion, decay, or other chemical reactions that
compromise the integrity of the structure.
3. Environmental Impact:
The environmental impact of construction materials, including their extraction,
manufacturing, and disposal, is a growing concern. Unsustainable materials or those
with a high carbon footprint can contribute to environmental degradation.

4.Cost Overruns:
Choosing materials based solely on initial cost without considering long-term
maintenance and replacement costs can lead to budget overruns. Cheaper materials
may end up being more expensive in the long run if they require frequent repairs or
replacements.

5. Availability and Sourcing:

Depending on the location and project scale, obtaining suitable materials in
sufficient quantities can be a challenge. Issues with the supply chain can cause delays
and increased costs.

6. Regulatory Compliance:
Compliance with building codes and regulations is essential. Using materials that do
not meet these standards can result in legal issues, fines, and the need for costly
retrofits.

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7. Insufficient Insulation or Thermal Properties:

Inadequate insulation or poor thermal properties of construction materials can lead
to energy inefficiency, increased heating or cooling costs, and discomfort for
occupants.

8.Moisture and Weather Resistance:

Materials that are not resistant to moisture or weather conditions can lead to issues
such as rot, mold, and deterioration. This is especially important in areas with high
humidity or frequent precipitation.
9. Maintenance Requirements
Some materials may require more frequent or specialized maintenance. Failure to
adhere to proper maintenance schedules can lead to premature degradation of the
structure.

10. Fire Resistance:

In certain applications, such as commercial buildings or high-rise structures, it's
crucial to use materials with appropriate fire resistance properties. Failure to do so can
have severe safety implications.

11. Ease of Installation:

The ease of working with construction materials can impact construction timelines
and costs. Complicated installation processes or the need for specialized labor can
lead to delays and increased expenses.

12. Long-Term Availability:

Consider the long-term availability of construction materials. Dependence on rare or
depleting resources may lead to challenges in the future, both in terms of cost and
availability.

13.Transportation and Logistics:

The transportation of construction materials to the site can contribute to the
project's environmental impact. Additionally, logistical challenges in transporting
large or heavy materials can lead to delays and increased costs.

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1.4 REMEDTES OF THIS PROBLEMS:

1. Thorough Research and Planning:

Invest time in comprehensive research and planning before selecting materials.
Consider the specific requirements of the project, environmental conditions, and long-
term goals.

2.Collaboration Among Stakeholders:

Foster collaboration among architects, engineers, contractors, and material suppliers.
A multidisciplinary approach can bring diverse expertise to the decision-making
process.

3. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis:

Consider the life-cycle cost of materials rather than focusing solely on initial costs.
Assess maintenance, replacement, and energy costs to make informed decisions.

4. Adherence to Building Codes and Standards:

Ensure strict adherence to building codes and standards. Compliance is crucial for
the safety, legality, and longevity of the structure.

5. Environmental Impact Assessment:

Evaluate the environmental impact of construction materials, considering factors such
as Recyclability, embodied energy, and sustainability. Choose materials with a lower
ecological footprint.

6. Quality Control Measures:

Implement rigorous quality control measures during the manufacturing,
transportation, and installation of materials to ensure consistency and reliability.

7. Innovation and Technology Adoption:

Stay informed about innovations and advancements in construction materials.
Embrace new technologies that offer more efficiency, durability, and sustainability.

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8. Local Climate Adaptation:

Adapt material selection to the local climate. Choose materials that can withstand
specific environmental conditions, ensuring durability and performance.

9. Energy-Efficient Design:
Design structures with a focus on energy efficiency. Select materials that contribute
to insulation and thermal performance to reduce energy consumption.

10.Documentation and Certification:

Ensure that construction materials come with proper documentation, certifications,
and warranties. This documentation is essential for accountability and regulatory
compliance.

11. Risk Management:

Identify potential risks associated with materials and develop risk management
strategies. This includes considerations for environmental, structural, and financial
risks.

12. Continuous Monitoring and Maintenance:

Implement a regular monitoring and maintenance schedule for construction
materials. This proactive approach can help identify issues early and prevent further
damage.
.
13. Education and Training:
Provide education and training to stakeholders about the properties and proper use
of selected materials. This enhances awareness and ensures correct handling during
installation and maintenance.

14. Cultural and Historical Preservation:

In projects involving historical or culturally significant structures, work with
preservation experts to choose materials that align with preservation goals while
meeting structural requirements.

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15. Incentives for Sustainable Practices:

Explore government incentives or certifications for sustainable construction
practices. This can encourage the use of eco-friendly materials and construction
methods.

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CHAPATER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW AND CASES STUDY

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1.1 Jamal M. Khatib: “Sustainability of construction materials” (2016)

This book explores about the crucial topic of sustainable practices in the construction
industry. The book delves into the environmental impact, longevity, and efficiency of
various construction materials, providing valuable insights for professionals and
researchers aiming to enhance the sustainability of infrastructure projects. Khatib's
work contributes to the ongoing discourse on environmentally responsible
construction practices.
2.1.2 Nitish Kumar Sharma “Sustainable Building Materials for Green
Building Construction, Conservation, and Refurbirshing” (2020)
This book explores about the comprehensive guide published on sustainable
construction. Released with a focus on green building practices, conservation, and
refurbishing, Sharma's book navigates the realm of environmentally friendly
construction materials. It serves as a valuable resource for professionals and
enthusiasts seeking to integrate sustainable choices into building projects, promoting a
greener and more eco-conscious approach to construction and renovation.

2.1.3 Hosam M. Saleh, Mohamed M. “sustainable and eco-friendly building

materials”

This book is, explores about the imperative of sustainable and eco-friendly building
materials. Delving into the intersection of construction and environmental
consciousness, the authors aim to shed light on innovative approaches and materials
that contribute to a more sustainable future in the field of construction. This editorial
serves as a gateway to understanding the critical role that thoughtful material choices
play in shaping environmentally responsible and resilient buildings.

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2.2 CASE STUDY

2,2.1 CASE STUDY 1

APPLE PARK:

Fig. 2: Apple Park

The above FIG 2 showing about the case study of apple parks. Apple Park, located in
Cupertino, California, is known for its commitment to sustainability. The campus
incorporates various features to minimize its environmental impact. These include:
1. Renewable Energy: Apple Park is powered by 100% renewable energy, mainly
sourced from on-site solar panels and additional renewable energy projects. This
helps reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources.

2. Green Building Design: The architecture of Apple Park is designed to maximize

natural light and ventilation, reducing the need for artificial lighting and air
conditioning. The main building, shaped like a ring, provides a large open space at
its center with a park and pond, promoting a connection with nature.

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3. Landscaping with Native Plants: The landscaping includes drought-resistant

and native plants, reducing the need for excessive water usage. This approach helps
conserve water resources and supports local biodiversity.

4. Recycling and Waste Management: Apple Park emphasizes recycling and

waste reduction. The company has implemented a comprehensive recycling program
for various materials, including e-waste, and aims to achieve zero landfill waste.

5. Transportation Initiatives: Apple encourages employees to use sustainable

transportation methods, such as cycling, walking, and public transportation. The
campus is equipped with electric vehicle charging stations, promoting the use of
electric cars.

6. Energy-Efficient Technologies: The buildings at Apple Park incorporate energy-

efficient technologies, such as advanced insulation and HVAC systems, to optimize
energy consumption and reduce overall environmental impact.

7.Water Conservation: The campus features a water recycling system that captures
rainwater for irrigation. Additionally, water-efficient fixtures are used to minimize
water consumption throughout the facility.

By integrating these sustainable practices, Apple Park showcases a holistic approach

to environmental responsibility, setting an example for other large-scale developments
to follow suit.

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2.2.2 CASE STUDY 2

Masdar City

Fig. 3: Masdar City

The above FIG 2 showing about the case study of masdar city. Masdar City is a
planned sustainable city located near Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Some key
features of Masdar City include:

1. Zero Carbon and Zero Waste: Masdar City aims to be a zero-carbon and zero-
waste city. It focuses on using renewable energy sources and implementing advanced
waste management systems to achieve these goals.

2. Renewable Energy: The city utilizes solar energy extensively, with photovoltaic
panels integrated into buildings and concentrated solar power plants providing a
significant portion of the energy needed. This emphasis on renewable energy
contributes to reducing the city's carbon footprint.

3. Green Building Design: Masdar City incorporates environmentally friendly

architecture, featuring buildings designed for energy efficiency and sustainability.
Design elements include natural cooling techniques, efficient insulation, and other
features aimed at reducing energy consumption.

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4. Public Transportation and Sustainable Mobility: The city prioritizes sustainable

transportation with a network of electric vehicles, personal rapid transit (PRT)
systems, and a commitment to pedestrian-friendly design. These initiatives aim to
minimize reliance on traditional cars and reduce emissions.

5. Water Conservation: Masdar City emphasizes water conservation through

innovative technologies such as efficient irrigation systems, greywater recycling, and
the use of native and drought-resistant plants. These measures contribute to
responsible water usage in the arid region.

6. Research and Development: Masdar City serves as a hub for research and
development in sustainable technologies. It houses the Masdar Institute, which
focuses on clean energy and sustainable technologies, fostering innovation in
the field.

7. Smart City Technologies: The city incorporates smart technologies for efficient
resource management, including smart grids for electricity distribution and smart
meters for water consumption monitoring. These technologies enhance overall
sustainability and resource efficiency.

Masdar City represents a bold experiment in urban sustainability, aiming to showcase

how cities can function harmoniously with the environment while embracing
technological advancements and innovation.

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CHAPATER 3

SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

3.1 The suitability of construction materials depends on various factors, and the
choice of materials plays a crucial role in the performance, durability, and
environmental impact of a structure. Here are some factors to consider when assessing
the suitability of construction materials:

LIST OF THE SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

1. Bamboo
2. Wood
3. Recycled plastic and Metal
4. Low Voc Paints and Finishes
5. Cross laminated Timber
6. Recycled concrete Aggregate’s.
7. Cool Roofing Materials
8. Eco-friendly insulation materials
9. Pre-Cast concrete
10. Green roofs materials

1. BAMBOO:

Bamboo is a type of woody grass that is known for its rapid growth and
versatility. It belongs to the family Poacher and is one of the fastest-growing plants on
Earth. There are numerous species of bamboo, and they can be found in various
climates around the world, with a significant presence in Asia, Africa, and the
Americas.The below fig 4 shows the bamboo house constuctions. The below FIG 4
showing about the construction of bamboo house constructions.

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Fig. 4: Bamboo House construction

ADVANTAGES OF BAMBOO:

Rapid Growth:
Bamboo is known for its incredibly fast growth compared to traditional
hardwoods. Some bamboo species can grow several feet in a single day, allowing for
quick and sustainable harvesting.

Renewable Resource:
Bamboo is a highly renewable resource because it reaches maturity and can be
harvested in a relatively short period, typically between 3 to 5 years, compared to the
decades required for many hardwood trees.
Environmental Sustainability:
Bamboo cultivation has a lower environmental impact than the extraction of
traditional timber. It requires minimal water, no pesticides, and helps reduce pressure
on natural forests.

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Strength and Durability:

Despite its lightweight appearance, bamboo has an impressive tensile strength,
making it comparable to steel. This strength, combined with flexibility, makes it
suitable for various construction applications.

DISADVANTAGES OF BAMBOO:

While bamboo has many advantages, it also comes with some disadvantages that need
to be considered when choosing it for specific applications. Here are some notable
disadvantages of bamboo:

Vulnerability to Insects:
While bamboo is naturally resistant to many pests, it can be susceptible to certain
insects, such as termites and borers. Proper treatment and maintenance are essential to
mitigate these risks.
Sensitivity to Moisture:
Bamboo can be sensitive to excessive moisture, which may lead to decay and mold.
Proper sealing and finishing are important to protect bamboo from prolonged
exposure to water.

Limited Size and Length:

The size and length of bamboo culms (stems) are limited compared to some
traditional construction materials. This can pose challenges in certain applications
where longer or larger components are required.

Limited Fire Resistance:

While some treatments can improve bamboo's resistance to fire, it generally has
lower fire resistance compared to materials like steel or concrete. Fire-retardant
treatments may be required in certain applications. longevity in comparison to some
traditional materials like hardwoods or metals.

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Market Availability:
In some regions, the availability of high-quality bamboo products may be limited.
This can affect the feasibility of using bamboo in construction projects.

USE OF BAMBOOM

Construction:

Structural Elements: Bamboo is used for various structural elements in

construction, including beams, columns, and scaffolding, owing to its impressive
strength-to-weight ratio.
Flooring and Paneling: Bamboo flooring is popular for its durability and
aesthetic appeal. It's also used in paneling for walls and ceilings.
Furniture: Bamboo is commonly used to make furniture such as chairs, tables, and
cabinets due to its strength and natural beauty.
Decorative Elements: Bamboo is employed in decorative elements like wall
coverings, blinds, and ornamental structures.

Textiles and Fabrics:

Clothing: Bamboo fibers are used to create soft and breathable fabrics for clothing.
Bamboo clothing is comfortable and has moisture-wicking properties.
Bedding and Linens: Bamboo-derived fabrics are used for bedding and linens,
known for their softness and hypoallergenic properties.

2. WOOD:

In construction, wood refers to a natural material derived from the stems or

trunks of trees. It is widely used for various purposes in building and design due to its
versatility, structural strength, and aesthetic appeal. Wood is commonly employed in
framing, flooring, roofing, siding, and as a component in doors, windows, and other
architectural elements. Its renewable nature, ease of processing, and broad availability
makes wood a fundamental and traditional construction material. The below FIG: 5
Showing about the wood construction house.

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Fig. 5: wood constructions

Wood: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Uses

Advantages of Wood:

Renewable Resource:
Advantage: Wood is a renewable resource as trees can be replanted, contributing to
sustainability and environmental conservation.

Versatility:
Advantage: Wood is versatile, suitable for various applications in construction,
furniture, paper, and more.

Energy Efficiency:
Advantage: Wood requires less energy to produce compared to materials like steel
or concrete, contributing to energy efficiency.
Disadvantages of Wood:
Susceptibility to Decay and Pests:
Disadvantage: Wood is susceptible to decay, rot, and damage from pests, requiring
proper treatment and maintenance.

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Deforestation Impact:
Disadvantage: Unsustainable logging practices can lead to deforestation, loss of
biodiversity, and environmental degradation.

Fire Hazard:
Disadvantage: Wood is combustible, posing a fire hazard. Fire-resistant treatments
may be required in certain applications.

Uses of Wood:

Construction:
Use: Wood is a primary material in construction, used for framing, beams, columns,
flooring, and other structural elements.

Furniture:
Use: Wood is widely used in furniture manufacturing due to its strength, durability,
and aesthetic appeal.

Paper and Pulp:

Use: Wood is a major source of pulp for paper production, used in newspapers, books,
packaging, and other paper products.

3. Recycled plastic and Recycled

metal Recycled plastic
Recycled plastic refers to plastic materials that have undergone a process of
recovery and reprocessing after their initial use. The goal of recycling plastic is to
divert it from disposal in landfills or incineration, contributing to environmental
sustainability and resource conservation. Here's a breakdown of the key elements
involved in the definition of recycled plastic. The FIG 6,7 showing about the recycled
plastic brick house.

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Fig. 6: recycled plastic bricks house

Fig. 7: Recycled plastic brick.

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Advantages:

Environmental Conservation:
Advantage: Recycling plastic helps conserve natural resources, reduces the demand
for new plastic production, and mitigates environmental degradation associated with
the extraction of raw materials.

Energy Savings:
Advantage: The process of recycling plastic generally requires less energy compared
to producing new plastic from raw materials, contributing to energy efficiency and
lower greenhouse gas emissions.

Waste Reduction:
Advantage: By diverting plastic from landfills and incineration, recycling helps
reduce the overall volume of waste, addressing the global issue of plastic pollution.

Disadvantages:

Contamination Issues:
Disadvantage: Contamination of recycled plastic with non-recyclable materials can
occur during the collection and sorting process, affecting the quality of the recycled
material.
Limited Recyclability:
Disadvantage: Not all types of plastic are easily recyclable, and some may have
limited recycling options, contributing to challenges in the recycling process.

Down-cycling:
Disadvantage: Some recycled plastic products may undergo down-cycling, where
the quality of the material decreases with each recycling cycle, leading to lower-value
applications.

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Common Uses of Recycled Plastic:

Packaging Materials
Recycled plastic is commonly used in the production of packaging materials such as
bottles, containers, and bags.
Construction Products:
Recycled plastic can be used in construction materials like lumber, decking, and tiles.

Textiles: Recycled plastic fibers are used in the textile industry for making
clothing, bags, and other fabric-based products.

Consumer Goods:
Various consumer goods, including toys, furniture, and household items, can be
manufactured using recycled plastic.

Recycled metal
Recycled metal refers to metal materials that have undergone a process of collection,
separation, processing, and re manufacturing after reaching the end of their original
use. This process aims to reclaim valuable metals from discarded items,
manufacturing waste, or industrial scrap to produce new metal products. Recycling
metal helps conserve natural resources, reduce energy consumption, and minimize
environmental impacts associated with traditional metal extraction and production
from raw materials. The recycled metal can be utilized in various applications,
including the manufacturing of automotive components, construction materials,
consumer goods, and packaging. The practice of recycling metal contributes to
sustainability efforts, waste reduction, and the promotion of a circular economy. The
FIG 8 showing about the recycling of metal.

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Fig. 8: recycled meteal

Recycled Metal: Advantages, Disadvantages, and

Uses Advantages:

Resource Conservation:
Advantage: Recycling metal conserves natural resources by reducing the need for
extracting and processing raw materials from mining operations.

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Energy Savings:
Advantage: The recycling process for metal generally requires less energy
compared to the extraction and production of new metal from ore, contributing to
energy efficiency.
Economic Benefits: Advantage: Metal recycling supports the economy by creating
jobs in collection, processing, and manufacturing industries.

Disadvantages:

Collection Challenges:
Disadvantage: Efficient metal recycling relies on effective collection systems, and
challenges may arise in regions with inadequate infrastructure for metal recycling.

Contamination Issues:
Disadvantage: Contamination of metal scrap with non-metallic materials can affect
the quality of recycled metal and may require additional processing.

Transportation Impact:
Disadvantage: The transportation of metal scrap to recycling facilities may have
environmental impacts, especially if the transportation process involves high
emissions. Common Uses of Recycled Metal:

Manufacturing New Metal Products:

Recycled metal is used in the production of a wide range of new metal products,
including automotive components, building materials, and consumer goods.

Automotive Industry:
Recycled metal is commonly used in the manufacturing of automotive parts such as
body panels, engines, and structural components.

Construction Materials:
Recycled metal can be incorporated into construction materials, including steel
beams, roofing, and reinforcement bars.

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4. Low Voc Paints and Finishes

Low Voc Paints:

Low VOC paint refers to paint products that contain low levels of volatile organic
compounds (VOC). Voc are chemicals that can evaporate into the air, potentially
leading to air pollution and contributing to various health and environmental issues. In
the context of paint, VOC are released during and after the painting process as the
paint dries.
The term "low VOC" is used to describe paints that have significantly reduced or
minimized levels of these volatile organic compounds compared to traditional paints.
The aim is to create a paint formulation that is less harmful to indoor air quality,
human health, and the environment. The below FIG 9,10 showing about the low voc
paint.

Fig 9: low voc paint

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Fig.10: Low voc paint

Advantages of Low VOC Paint:

Improved Indoor Air Quality:

Advantage: Low VOC paints release fewer harmful chemicals into the air during
and after painting, contributing to better indoor air quality.

Reduced Environmental Impact:

Advantage: Using low VOC paints helps minimize the emission of volatile organic
compounds, reducing the environmental impact on air pollution and contributing to
sustainability.

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Health Benefits:
Advantage: Low VOC paints are generally considered safer for human health,
especially for individuals with respiratory sensitivities or allergies, as they reduce
exposure to harmful fumes.

Compliance with Regulations:

Advantage: Many regions have established regulations limiting VOC levels in
paints. Low VOC paints are formulated to comply with these standards, ensuring
adherence to environmental regulations.

Less Offensive Odor:

Advantage: Low VOC paints tend to have a milder and less offensive odor
compared to traditional high VOC paints, making them more pleasant to use during
painting projects.

Similar Performance:
Advantage: Advances in paint technology have allowed low VOC paints to offer
performance like traditional paints, including durability, coverage, and color options.

Versatility:
Advantage: Low VOC paints are available for various applications, including
interior and exterior walls, ceilings, trim, and specialty coatings, providing versatility
for different painting projects.

Disadvantages of Low VOC Paint:

Higher Initial Cost:

Disadvantage: Low VOC paints may be more expensive than traditional high VOC
paints, although the price difference has been decreasing as demand for eco-friendly
products has increased.

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Limited Durability in Some Cases:

Disadvantage: In certain situations, low VOC paints may have slightly reduced
durability compared to traditional paints, although advancements in technology are
addressing this issue.

Application Challenges:
Disadvantage: Some low VOC paints may have different application characteristics,
such as longer drying times or specific temperature requirements, which may require
adjustments to traditional painting methods.

Limited Colour Options:

Disadvantage: While the range of color options for low VOC paints has expanded,
there may still be limitations compared to traditional paints.

Uses of Low VOC Paint:

Residential Interior Walls:

Use: Low VOC paints are commonly used for interior walls in homes, providing a
healthier indoor environment for occupants.

Commercial Buildings:
Use: Low VOC paints are suitable for painting interior spaces in commercial
buildings, promoting better air quality for employees and visitors.

Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities:

Use: Due to the importance of indoor air quality in healthcare settings, low VOC
paints are often used in hospitals and healthcare facilities.
Schools and Educational Institutions:
Use: Low VOC paints are applied in schools and educational institutions to create a
healthier learning environment for students and staff.
Government and Green Building Projects:
Use: Low VOC paints are frequently specified for government projects and green
building initiatives to align with environmental standards and sustainability goals.

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Residential Exterior Surfaces:

Use: Some low VOC paints are formulated for use on exterior surfaces, contributing
to reduced environmental impact in outdoor painting projects.

Low- Voc Finishes:

Low VOC finishes refer to coatings or surface treatments applied to various materials
that emit lower levels of volatile organic compounds (Voc) compared to traditional
finishes. Voc are chemicals that can evaporate into the air, potentially contributing to
air pollution and various health and environmental issues. Low VOC finishes are
formulated to reduce these emissions, providing a more environmentally friendly and
health-conscious option for consumersf. These finishes can be applied to surfaces
such as walls, furniture, flooring, and other materials to enhance their appearance,
protect them from wear and tear, and contribute to a healthier indoor environment.
The term "finishes" encompasses a variety of coatings, including paints, varnishes,
stains, and sealants.
Advantages of Low VOC Finishes:

Improved Indoor Air Quality: Advantage: Low VOC finishes emit fewer harmful
chemicals, contributing to better indoor air quality and creating a healthier living or
working environment.

Environmental Friendliness:
Advantage: The reduced VOC content in these finishes aligns with environmental
sustainability goals, helping to minimize air pollution and environmental impact.

Health Benefits:
Advantage: Low VOC finishes are considered safer for human health, particularly
for individuals with respiratory sensitivities or allergies, as they reduce exposure to
harmful fumes.

Disadvantages of Low VOC Finishes:

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Higher Initial Cost:

Disadvantage: Low VOC finishes may be more expensive than traditional high
VOC finishes, although the price difference has been decreasing as demand for eco-
friendly products has increased.

Limited Durability in Some Cases:

Disadvantage: In certain situations, low VOC finishes may have slightly reduced
durability compared to traditional finishes, although advancements in technology are
addressing this issue.

Application Challenges:
Disadvantage: Some low VOC finishes may have different application
characteristics, such as longer drying times or specific temperature requirements,
which may require adjustments to traditional application methods.

Uses of Low VOC Finishes:

Interior Wall Paints:

Use: Low VOC paints are commonly used for interior walls in homes, offices, and
commercial spaces, providing a healthier indoor environment.
Wood Finishes:
Use: Low VOC varnishes and stains are applied to wood surfaces, such as furniture,
flooring, and cabinetry, to enhance their appearance while minimizing VOC
emissions. Floor Coatings:
Use: Low VOC coatings for flooring provide protection and aesthetics while
minimizing the release of harmful chemicals into the air.

Automotive Finishes:
Low VOC finishes are increasingly used in the automotive industry for painting
vehicle interiors and exteriors. This helps reduce the environmental impact and
potential health risks associated with traditional high VOC automotive finishes.

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5. Cross laminated Timber

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a type of engineered wood product that consists of

multiple layers of wood boards or planks stacked in alternating directions and bonded
together with adhesives. Each layer, or lame, is typically oriented perpendicular to the
adjacent layers, creating a strong, stable, and load-bearing panel. The fig 10 showing
about the construction of cross laminated timber building.

Fig. 11: Cross laminated timber building

Advantages of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT):

Strength and Stability:

Advantage: CLT panels exhibit excellent strength and stability due to the crosswise
arrangement of wood layers. This makes CLT suitable for use in load-bearing structures.
Versatility:
Advantage: CLT is a versatile building material that can be used for a wide range of
applications, including walls, floors, roofs, and even entire buildings.

Lightweight:
Advantage CLT panels are relatively lightweight compared to traditional building
materials like concrete and steel, making them easier to transport and handle during
construction.

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Disadvantages of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT):

Cost:
Disadvantage: CLT can be more expensive upfront than traditional materials like
concrete or steel, although this cost difference may be offset by savings in
construction time and other factors.

Limited Span Lengths:

Disadvantage: CLT panels may have limitations on span lengths compared to some
other structural materials. Larger spans might require additional support or alternative
structural solutions.

Moisture Sensitivity:
Disadvantage: CLT is sensitive to moisture during construction, and prolonged
exposure to moisture can affect its structural integrity. Proper handling, storage, and
construction practices are essential.

Uses of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT):

Residential Construction:
Use: CLT is commonly used in residential construction for walls, floors, and roofs.
It provides a sustainable and efficient alternative to traditional materials.

Commercial Buildings:
Use: CLT is increasingly being used in the construction of commercial buildings,
such as offices, schools, and retail spaces, where its strength and versatility are
advantageous.

Industrial Structures:
Use: CLT panels are suitable for constructing industrial buildings and warehouses,
offering a combination of strength, speed of construction, and sustainability.

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6. Recycled concrete Aggregate’s

Recycled concrete refers to the use of crushed concrete rubble from demolished
structures as a construction material in new projects. Instead of disposing of concrete
waste in landfills, it undergoes a process of crushing, screening, and sometimes
purification to produce recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). This aggregate can then
be used as a substitute for natural aggregates in various construction applications. The
FIG 11 showing about the recycled concrete aggregates.

Fig. 12: recycled concrete aggregate’s

7. Cool Roofing Materials

Cool roofing materials are designed to reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat
than traditional roofing materials, thereby reducing the heat transferred into the
building and lowering indoor temperatures. These materials help in maintaining a
cooler indoor environment and contribute to energy efficiency. The fig 12 showing
about the roofing materials construction.

Fig.13: Cool roofing materials

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8. Eco-friendly insulation materials

Eco-friendly insulation materials are designed to provide thermal resistance in

buildings while minimizing environmental impact. These materials are chosen for
their sustainability, energy efficiency, and reduced ecological footprint. The below fig
13 showing about the ecofriendly insulation materials.

Fig. 14: Eco friendly insulation materials

9. Pre-Cast concrete
Precast concrete is a construction material that is cast in a reusable mold or form off-
site and then transported to the construction site for installation. This process offers
various advantages in terms of efficiency, quality control, and versatility. The fig 13,
14, 15 showing about the pre case concrete building and steps.

Fig. 15 precast steps

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Fig. 16: precast concrete building

Fig. 17: precast concrete building

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10. Green roofs materials

Green roofs, also known as living roofs or vegetated roofs, involve the use of
vegetation and planting systems on the roof of a building. These roofs offer numerous
environmental benefits, including improved insulation, reduced storm water runoff,
and enhanced biodiversity. The choice of materials for green roofs is crucial to their
success. The below FIG 18, 19 showing about the green roof house.

Fig. 18: Green roof house Fig. 19: Green roof house
3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT USING SUSTAINABLE CONTRUCTION
MATERIALS
Using sustainable construction materials can have a positive impact on the
environment, addressing various environmental challenges associated with traditional
construction practices. Here are some keyways in which sustainable construction
materials contribute to reducing environmental impact:

1. Resource Conservation:
Impact: Sustainable materials often involve the use of renewable resources,
recycled content, or materials with lower environmental footprints. This helps
conserve natural resources and reduces the demand for raw materials.
2. Energy Efficiency:
Impact: Sustainable construction materials, such as those with high thermal
performance, contribute to energy-efficient buildings. Improved insulation, reflective
coatings, and energy-efficient technologies reduce the energy consumption needed for
heating, cooling, and lighting.

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3. Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions:

Impact: The production of traditional construction materials, such as cement and
steel, is often associated with significant greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable
alternatives, such as low-carbon concrete or recycled steel, can help reduce the carbon
footprint of construction projects.

4. Waste Reduction:
Impact: Sustainable construction materials often involve recycled content or
materials that generate less waste during production. Additionally, using recycled
materials helps divert waste from landfills and reduces the overall environmental
impact of construction activities.

5. Water Conservation:
Impact: Sustainable materials may require less water during production or
construction. Water-efficient technologies and materials contribute to overall water
conservation efforts in the construction industry.
6. Improved Indoor Air Quality:
Impact: Sustainable construction materials, such as low-VOC (volatile organic
compound) paints, adhesives, and finishes, contribute to better indoor air quality. This
is particularly important for occupant health and well-being.

7. Biodiversity Preservation:
Impact: Sustainable construction practices may involve measures to protect local
ecosystems and biodiversity. For example, using responsibly sourced wood ensures
that forest ecosystems are managed in a way that preserves biodiversity.

8. Longevity and Durability:

Impact: Materials with longer lifespans and greater durability contribute to reduced
maintenance needs and less frequent replacement. This reduces the environmental
impact associated with the extraction, production, and transportation of new materials.

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9. Eco-Friendly Insulation:
Impact: Sustainable insulation materials, such as those made from recycled or
renewable resources, contribute to energy-efficient buildings. These materials reduce
the need for constant heating or cooling, thereby decreasing energy consumption and
associated environmental impacts.

3.3 COMPARE BETWEEN THE NORAMAL CONSTRUCTION

MATERIALS AND SUSTABLITY CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Let's compare traditional or normal construction materials with sustainable

construction materials across various dimensions:

1. Environmental Impact:
Normal Materials: Traditional construction materials like concrete and steel
production contribute significantly to carbon emissions. Mining and extraction of raw
materials also have environmental consequences.
Sustainable Materials: These materials aim to minimize environmental impact.
Examples include recycled steel, bamboo, reclaimed wood, and recycled concrete.
They often have lower embodied energy and reduced carbon footprint.

2. Energy Efficiency:
Normal Materials: Common construction materials may require high amounts of
energy for manufacturing and transportation.
Sustainable Materials: Many sustainable materials are chosen for their energy
efficiency. For instance, materials with high thermal mass can help regulate indoor
temperatures, reducing the need for heating or cooling.
3. Renewability:
Normal Materials: Many traditional materials like concrete, steel, and aluminum are
not renewable and are extracted from finite resources.

Sustainable Materials: Materials like bamboo, cork, and certified wood come from
renewable sources. Recycled materials, such as recycled steel and recycled glass,
reduce the demand for new resource extraction.

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4. Recyclability:
Normal Materials: While some traditional materials can be recycled, the processes
may be energy-intensive, and not all materials are easily recyclable.
Sustainable Materials: Sustainable materials are often chosen for their ease of
recycling. For example, recycled steel and glass can be used in construction without
compromising quality.

5. Durability and Longevity:

Normal Materials: Traditional materials like concrete and steel can be durable, but
their production often has a high environmental impact.
Sustainable Materials: Some sustainable materials, such as bamboo and certain
types of recycled plastics, can be both durable and environmentally friendly.

6. Cost:
Normal Materials: Traditional materials may be more cost-effective in the short
term, but externalities like environmental impact and energy consumption are not
always factored into initial costs.
Sustainable Materials: While some sustainable materials may have higher upfront
costs, they can contribute to long-term savings through energy efficiency and reduced
maintenance.

7. Innovation and Technology:

Normal Materials: Traditional materials have been used for centuries, and the
construction industry has extensive experience with them.
Sustainable Materials: The field of sustainable construction is evolving, leading to
the development of innovative materials and technologies that aim to balance
environmental considerations with structural requirements.

8. Local Sourcing:
Normal Materials: Traditional materials may need to be transported long distances,
contributing to carbon emissions.
Sustainable Materials: Locally sourced materials reduce transportation-related
emissions, promoting regional sustainability.

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In summary, sustainable construction materials aim to address environmental

concerns, reduce energy consumption, and promote long-term ecological balance,
whereas traditional materials, while widely used, may have a higher environmental
impact and less focus on long-term sustainability. Choosing between them often
involves balancing factors such as cost, performance, and environmental
considerations. their benefits, applications, and contributions to mitigating
environmental challenges in the construction sector.

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OVERVIEW OF REPORT
CHAPATER 1
Chapter 1 introduces the crucial role of sustainable construction materials in
addressing environmental, social, and economic impacts of building projects. It
covers a range of materials, emphasizing their positive effects such as reducing
carbon footprint and promoting well-being. The chapter explores emerging materials,
green certifications, circular economy principles, government incentives, and various
strategies to overcome common challenges like inadequate strength and
environmental impact. It concludes by highlighting the importance of research,
collaboration, adherence to standards, and ongoing maintenance in achieving
sustainable construction goals.

CHAPATER 2

Chapter 2 conducts a thorough literature review on sustainable construction materials,

citing works by notable authors like Jamal M. Khatib and Nitish Kumar Sharma. The
review provides insights into environmental impact, efficiency, and longevity of
materials, guiding professionals and researchers in sustainable construction. Two case
studies, Apple Park and Masdar City, illustrate real-world applications, showcasing
features such as renewable energy integration, green design, waste management, and
water conservation. This chapter offers a balanced exploration of theoretical
knowledge and practical implementations in sustainable construction.

CHAPATER 3
Chapter 3 explores sustainable construction materials, detailing choices such as
bamboo, recycled plastic, and low VOC paints. Each material's advantages,
disadvantages, and applications are discussed, emphasizing their environmental
impact on resource conservation, energy efficiency, waste reduction, and indoor air
quality. A comparative analysis with traditional materials considers factors like
renewability, recyclability, durability, cost, innovation, and local sourcing. Overall,
the chapter offers a concise overview of the benefits and applications of sustainable
construction materials in addressing environmental challenges.

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CONCLUSION

1. Sustainable building materials are a diverse group of materials that are designed
to reduce the environmental impact of construction.

2. Sustainable building materials can offer several benefits, including reduced

environmental impact, improved indoor air quality, enhanced durability and
performance, and cost savings.

3. There are a wide variety of sustainable building materials available, including

recycled materials, renewable materials, and materials that are designed to be energy-
efficient and water-efficient.

4. The use of sustainable building materials is growing rapidly, as more and

more people become aware of their benefits.

5. The construction industry can play a significant role in advancing sustainability

by using sustainable building materials.

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REFERENCE
 Wolfe, R. W. & Gjinolli, A. 1999. Durability and strength of cement-bonded
wood particle composites made from construction waste. Forest Products
Journal, 49, 24-31
 Tam, V. W. & Tam, C. M. 2006. A review on the viable technology for
construction waste recycling. Resources, conservation, and recycling, 47, 209-
221
 Schmidt, R., Marsh, R., Balatinecz, J. & Cooper, P. 1994. Increased wood-
cement compatibility of chromate-treated wood. Forest Products Journal, 44,
44
 Ashori, A., Tabarsa, T. & Amosi, F. 2012. Evaluation of using waste timber
railway sleepers in wood– cement composite materials. Construction and
Building Materials, 27, 126-129.
 David Raussaeu “Sustainable Built Environment-vol.1, Environmentally
friendly building materials”
 Prof. H. S. Mehta, Vishal Porwal “Green Building Construction for
Sustainable Future” – Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org ISSN
2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online) Vol.3, No.6, 2013
 Vijayabharathi.P, Aravindhkumar.J, Joshua Amarnath.D, Jayaprakash.H “Eco
Friendly (Green Building) Material in Construction” - International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April
2013, pp.1270-1272
 A.K. Garg “Financial aspects of Green Buildings”- Journal of Engineering,
Science and Management Education/Vol. 4, 2011/12-15
 GRIHA Manual Volume -1 Introduction to Rating System-GRIHA published
by Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, and TERI,
the Energy and Resource Institute, New Delhi (2010)

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