khfhzf; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk; tlf;F khfhzk;

– fw;wy; ifNaL

ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; juk;- 10>11

fiyfs;
fiy – Arts - vd;gu; Mq;fpyj;jpy; tsu;jy;> tpupjy;> ngUFjy; vd mu;j;jg;gLk;.
tlnkhopay; fyh vd;w tpidabapy; ,Ue;J Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhf Fwpg;gpLtu;. “kdpjj;jpwd;
ntspg;ghNl fiy vd;fpwhu; n`hdpf;kd;. fiyfs; vz;zpf;ifapy; gy cs;sd.

fiyapd; tiffs;

Ez;fiyfs; - ehlfk;> eldk;> ,ir> fl;llk;> rpw;gk;> Xtpak;>..

gad;fiyfs; - ijay;Ntiy> kl;ghz;l cw;gj;jpfs;> gpd;dy; Ntiyg;ghLfs;…
Mf;Fk;fiyfs; - fl;llk;> rpw;gk;> kl;ghz;l cw;gj;jpfs …..
Mw;Wiff;fiyfs; - ehlfk;> eldk;> ,ir> gNy> xNgwh>fjhfyhl;Nrgk;….
fl;Gyf;fiyfs; - fl;llk;> rpw;gk;> Xtpak;> ,yf;fpak;……
nrtpg;Gyf;fiy - ,ir> thndhypehlfk;….
fl;Gynrtpg;Gyf;fiy - ehlfk;> eldk;> ,ir….. (,t;thW gy tifg;ghLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd)

fiyapd; gpujhd ,ay;G kPSUthf;fk; nra;aKbahjit. iftpidfs; kPSUthf;fk;

nra;af;$bait.

Mw;Wiff;fiyfs;

clndjpNu ghu;g;Nghiuf; nfhz;L epfo;j;jg;gLk; fiyfNs Mw;Wiff; fiyfs; vdg;gLk;.

Mw;Wiff;fiyfspd; gz;Gfs;

I. Mw;WNthu;> Mw;wg;gLNthu;> Mw;Wifntsp vd;w Kf;Nfhzj; njhlu;igf;

nfhz;bUj;jy;.
II. fl;Gy nrtpg;Gyf; fiyfshf fhzg;gLk;.
III. fhyntspf;fiyshf fhzg;gLk;.
IV. jhf;fkWjhf;fKilaJ
V. cldbtpku;rdj;jpw;Fs;shFk; jd;ik nfhz;lit.
VI. fzg;gpurz;zkhFk; jd;ik nfhz;lit.

1
 ehlfk;
ehlfkhdJ Kd;G epfo;e;jfhf fUjg;gLk;. xd;iw> my;yJ epfo;fpd;w tplak; xd;iw
my;yJ epfof;$ba tplak; xd;iwr; nra;J fhl;LjyhFk;. mjhtJ VNjh xd;iw epfo;j;jpf;
fhl;LtNj elfk; MFk;.
mwpQu;fsJ tiutpyf;fzq;fs;
1. ahNjDk; xd;iwg;Nghy; nra;jhNy ehlfkhFk; - mup];Nuhl;by;
2. cyf eilKiwfisg; Nghyr; nra;jNy ehlfkhFk;- guju;
3. tho;f;ifapd; xU Jz;lNk ehlfk; - Ngu;zhl;Nrh
4. Ritglte;jdnty;yhk; Xuplj;Nj te;jdthfj; njhFj;J $WtNj ehlfk; MFk; -
,sk;G+uzhu;

ehlfj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
 ehlfk; Mw;Wiff; fiy tbtq;fspy; xd;whFk;.
 ehlfk; Xu; $l;Lf;fiy MFk;.
 mJ xU fzg;gpurd;dkhd fiy MFk;.
 ehlfj;jpy; rpj;jupg;gtupd; mDgtKk; ghh;g;Nghhpd; mDgtKk; njhlu;GWtjhy; mJ
tplaNehf;fhd fiyahf mikfpwJ.
 ehy;tifr;rpj;jupg;Gfs; topahfr;rpj;jupf;fg; ngWk; fiy tbtk; MFk;.
 ehlfj;ijf; fl;Gy nrtpg;Gyf; fiyahf Nehf;fyhk;.
 ehlfk; Nghyr; nra;jiy mbg;gilahf; nfhz;lJ.
 kdpjiur; nra;if epiyapy; rpj;jupg;gJ.
 ehlfk; kdpjiu NkhJif epiyapy; itj;jg; ghu;g;gJ.
 ehlfk;> jhf;f kWjhf;ff; fiy MFk;.
 thOk; fiyahf miktJ.
 capNuhl;lkhd fiy tbtk;.

ehlfj;jpd; %yf;$Wfs;
ehlfj;jpd; %yf;$Wfshf ebfd;> ghu;g;Nghu;> Mw;Wifntsp> ,ir> fhl;rp> Ntlcil>
xg;gidfs; Nghd;wtw;iw Fwpg;gpl KbAk; mtw;Ws; gpujhdkhf
1. ebfu;
2. ghu;g;Nghu;
3. Mw;Wif ntsp vd;gtw;iw Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.

ebfu;
 ehlfj;jpd; Kjd;ikg; gilg;ghsp elfNu.
 ehlfj;jpd; mbg;gil %yf;$Wfspy; Kjd;ikahdtu;.
 ehlfj;jpd; fl;Gyg; ngWiff;Ff; fhuzkhdtu;.
 ehlfj;ijr; nra;if epiyapy; rpj;jupg;gtu;.
 ehlf vOj;JUrpw;F Nkilapy; capu; nfhLg;gtu;.
 ehy;tifr; rpj;jupg;Gf;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp ehlfg; nghUisg; ghu;g;Nghuplj;Nj nfhz;L
nry;gtu;.
 jdJ rpj;jupg;Gf;fs; topahfg; ghu;g;Nghupd; kdjpy; fl;Gyg; gbkq;fisf; Njhw;Wtpg;gtu;
 Nghyr; nra;J fhl;Lgtu;.
 jd;id ,d;ndhUtuhf khw;Wgtu; (Ms;Nkw;nfhs;gtu; / cUNkw;nfhs;gtu;).

ghh;g;Nghu;
 ehlfk; xd;W> ghh;g;Nghiu ,yf;fhff; nfhz;Nl epfo;j;jg; ngWfpd;wJ.
 ehlfr;rpj;jpupg;Gf;fisg; ghu;g;gjd; %yk; mjpy; yapj;Jr; Ritg;gtu;.

2
 ehlfr;rpj;jpupg;Gf;fisj; jd; fw;gidahy; jd; kdntspapy; epiwT nra;gtu;.
 rpj;jupg;Gf;fs; njhlu;gpy; gy;NtW mu;j;jq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpg;gu;.
 Neubj; jd;ikahd ehlf mDgtj;ijg; ngWgtu;.
 ehlfk; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g cldbahfNt jk; gjpw;Fwpfis ntspapLgtu;.
 ghu;g;Nghiug; nghJg; ghh;g;Nghh;> ,yf;Fg; ghh;g;Nghh;> tiuaWf;fg;ngw;w ghh;g;Nghh; vd
tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
 muq;fpd; gpupf;fKbahj gFjpapduhf tpsq;Fgtu;fs;.
 ehlfj;jpd; ntw;wp Njhy;tpapidj; jPu;khdpg;gtu;.

Mw;Wif ntsp
 ehlf epfo;r;rpfs; fl;Gydhf Kfpo;e;J vOk; ,lk; Mw;Wif ntspahFk;.
 mJ Xu; mofpay; ntspahFk;.
 Mw;WNthUk; ghu;g;NghUk; rq;fkpf;Fk; ,lk;.
 ghu;g;Nghupd; fw;gidj; J}z;Lfpd;w ,lk;.
 tl;lk;> rJuk;> miutl;lk;> ePs;rJuk; vdg;gy tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;.
 Mw;Wifapd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g Mw;Wif ntsp mikAk;.
 ghu;g;Nghu; Mw;Wifiag;ghu;ff; f; $ba tifapYk; Mw;WNthu; Mw;Wif nra;tjw;F
Vw;gTk; trjpfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
 Mw;Wifapd; Nghf;fpw;F trjp nra;J nfhLg;gJ.

ehlfKk; Vida fiyfSk;

Vida fiytbtq;fshd ,yf;fpak;> njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;> thndhyp ehlfk;> ,ir
Nghd;wtw;iw ehlfj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfshd-
-fzg;gpurz;zkhFk; jd;ik
-fl;Gy nrtpg;Gyj; jd;ik
-fhyntspg; gilg;G
-clndjpNu ghu;g;Nghu;
-jhf;f kWjhf;fk;
-$l;Lf;fiy tbtk;
-fiyQNu fiy Kjw;nghUs;
Nghd;w tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L NtWgLj;j KbAk;.

muq;f ntspfs;
ehlfk; xd;iw Mw;Wif nra;tjw;fhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;ngWfpd;w ,lk; muq;f ntsp
vdg;gLk;. muq;f ntspfs;> epue;ju muq;FfshfNth md;Nwy; mt;tg;NghJ
cUthf;fg;nghWfpd;w jw;fhypf muq;FfshfNth mikAk;.

muq;f ntsptl;l> mutl;l> rJu> nrt;tf> Kf;Nfhz tbtq;fshf cau;j;jg; ngw;w

md;Nwy; rkjiu muq;Ffshf mikAk;. mNj Nghd;W cs;sf kw;Wk; jpwe;j ntsp
muq;FfshfTk; fhzg;glyhk;. muq;f ntspfisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jp Nehf;fyhk;.
1. rlq;FfSf;fhd muq;f ntspfs;.
2. ghuk;gupa ehlf Mw;Wiff;fSf;fhd muq;f ntspfs;.
3. etPd ehlf Mw;Wiff;fSf;fhd muq;f ntspfs;.

01. rlq;FfSf;fhd muq;f ntspfs;.

1. jPf;Ftpaw; fsk;.
2. ahff;fsk;.
3. G+irf;fsk;.
4. Nfhtpy; tPjp

3
2.ghuk;gupa ehlf Mw;Wiff;fSf;fhd muq;f ntspfs;.
1. tl;lf;fsup
jkpo;g; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; $j;Jf;fs; Mlg;ngWk;
Mw;Wif ntsp ,JthFk;> 15 md;Nwy; 20 mb
tpl;lKilaJ 3 mbf;FNky; cau;j;jg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
Rw;wptu 8 fk;Gfs; elg;ngw;W NkNy $k;Gtbtpy;
Nriyfs; nfha;J fl;lg;gLk;. Rw;wptu thiof;Fw;wp
elg;ngw;W xspNaw;wg;gLk;. Kd;jpiufs; gf;fj;jl;bfs;
gad;gLj;jg; gLtjpy;iy.
ghh;g;Nghh; Rw;wptu ,Ug;gh;> Rw;wptu cs;s ghh;g;Nghiu ikag;gLj;jp Mw;Wif ,lk;ngWk;
ghh;g;Nghh; Rw;wptu ,Ug;gjhy; Mw;WNthh; ghh;g;Nghh; cwT neUf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
mz;zhtpah;> VLghh;g;Nghh;> kj;jsk; thrpg;Nghu; vd;Nghiu cs;slq;fpa rigNahu;
tl;lf;fsupapd; eLtpy; epw;f> $j;jh;fs; mtu;fisr; Rw;wp te;J MLtu;.

2. fsj;JNkL
rpq;fsg; ghuk;gupa Mw;Wifahd nrhf;fupf;fhd
muq;f ntsp ,JthFk;. mWtil Kbe;j md;Nwy; #L
mbf;fg;ngw;W fsj;jpy; ,t;ntsp cUthf;fg;ngWk;.
tl;lf;fshp mikg;gpy; eLtpy; $j;J eilngw ghh;g;Nghh;
Rw;wptu ,Ue;J ghh;g;Nghh;> mq;F cah;j;jg; ngw;w
NkhilNah> jpiufNsh fhzg;glkhl;lhJ. Muq;fpd;
Xuj;jpy; gj;jpdpj; nja;tj;jpw;Fhpa tzf;fg; gFjp xd;W
njd;dq;FUj;jpdhy; itf;fg;n gw;wpUf;fk;.

3. fuypa
rpq;fsg; ghuk;gupa muq;fhd “ehlfk” tpw;Fupa
muq;f ntsp ,JthFk;. jkpo;f; $j;Jf;fs; Mlg;ngWk;
tl;lf;fshpia XusT xj;jjhf mikAk;. cau;j;jg; ngw;w
NkilapNy tl;lkhfj; jbfis el;L> NkNy Fby;
Nghd;W $iu mikj;J nts;is fl;Ltu;. fsupapd;
xUGwk; rpwpa nfhl;by; mikf;fg;ngw;W> xg;gidf;
$lkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;ngWk; Mw;Wif ntspf;Fk; xg;gigf;
$lj;jpw;FkpilNa Jzp nfhz;L gpupg;gu;. ghu;g;Nghu; %d;W
gf;fKk; ,Ue;J ,urpg;gu;. Kd; jpiufNsh>
gf;fj;jl;bfNsh gad;gLj;jg; ngWtjpy;iy.

03. etPd ehlf Mw;Wiff;fSf;fhd muq;f ntspfs;.

1. glr;rl;l muq;F
,J nrt;tf tbt Kfg;gpidf; nfhz;lJk;> %d;W gf;fk;
milf;fg;gl;L> xU gf;fk; ghu;g;Nghiuf; nfhz;lJkhFk;.
GNwhrPdpak; muq;F> tpy;tisT Nkil vd;w ngau;fshy;
miof;fg;gLk;. glr;rl;l Nkil gy;NtW cl;fl;Lkhdq;fisf;
nfhz;lJ.

 Kd;Nkil
 ,irf;fiyQu; jsk;.
 thd;jpiu / irf;Nshwhkh – Nkilapd; gpd;Gwj;jpy; fhzg;ngWk; ntz;zpwr; Rtu;

4
 gy;;NtW tifahd jpiufs; - jPaizg;Gj;jpiu
- fhl;rpj;jpiu
- Kd;jpiu
- gf;fj;jpiufs; (rpwFfs;)
glr;rl;l NkilahdJ newpahsh;> ebfh;> xsptpjhdpg;ghsh;> fhl;rp tpjhdpg;ghsh; Nghd;w
muq;ff; fiyQu;fs; jk; gzpia ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhf xd;gJ jsg;gphpg;Gfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLk;
(NkYk; gy gphpTfshfTk; gphpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;). ,t;tuq;F epiyahdjhfTk;> Njitf;Nfw;g
khw;wpaikf;ff; $bajhfTk;> ,lj;Jf;fplk; fhtpr; nry;yf;$bajhfTk; mikayhk;.

JUj;jpa muq;F
ghh;g;Nghh; gFjpAs; ePz;bUf;Fk; Mw;Wifg;
gFjpiaf; nfhz;l muq;F ,JthFk;. ag;ghdpa “Neh” Mw;Wiff;fhd
muq;fpYk;> FNshg; muq;fpYk; ,j; jd;ikapidf; fhzyhk;.

,t;thwhd Mw;Wif ntspfspy; eilngWk; Mw;Wifapy; Mw;WNthu;> ghh;g;Nghh; cwT

neUf;fkhdjhff; fhzg;gLk;.

jpwe;jntsp muq;F

xU gf;fk; milf;fg;gl;lJk;> %d;W gf;fk; ghh;g;Nghiuf; nfhz;lJkhf

mikAk;. %d;W gf;fg; ghh;g;Nghiuf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; Mw;WNthu;
ghh;g;Nghh; cwT neUf;fkhdjhf mikAk;. jkpo; ehl;Lj; njUf;$j;J
kw;Wk; fpNuf;f> cNuhk muq;Ffspy; ,j;jd;ikapid mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

njUntsp muq;F
kf;fs; mjpfk; $Lfpd;w njUntspfs;> Mya tPjpfs;>
re;ijfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; Mw;Wif ,lj;ijf; jw;fhypfkhf mikj;J>
Mw;Wif Nkw;nfhs;sg;ngWk; muq;Nf ,JthFk;. ,jd; mikg;G>
msT vd;gd Mw;wg;gLk; ,lk;> ghh;g;Nghhpd; epiy> Mw;Wifapd;
jd;ik vd;gdtw;Wf;fika NtWgLk;.

tpsk;guk;> tpopg;Gzh;Tr; nraw;ghLfSf;F ,t;tif muq;F

ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;jg; ngWfpd;wJ. ,e;j ntsp Mw;Wiff;F kpf ,yFthdJk;>
ghh;g;gjw;F trjpahdJk; ghh;g;NghUld; neUf;fkhdJkhd xs;whFk;. Mw;Wifapy;
tpWtpWg;igAk; ghh;g;Nghhpd; gq;Nfw;igAk; J}z;l ty;yjhFk;> ,q;F rpwpaNjhh; ,lk;
Mw;Wiff;Fg; NghjkhdjhFk;> ghh;g;Nghh; Rw;wptu ,Ue;Jk; ghh;g;gh;.

muq;f ntspapd; nghJthd ,ay;Gfs;

 ebg;gjw;F NghJkhd ,ltrjpiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
 ghh;g;Nghh; Mw;Wifiag; ghh;f;fj;jf;f tifapy; mike;jpUj;jy;.
 Mw;Wiff;F mtrpakhd Fiwe;jgl;r trjpfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
 rkjskhfNth cah;j;jg; ngw;wjhfNth mike;jpUj;jy;.
 Mw;WNthh; - ghh;g;Nghh; td;idiaj; jPh;khdpg;gjhf mike;jpUj;jy;.

5
muq;f tpisahl;Lf;fs;
 muq;fpw;Fhpa kfpo;tspg;ig Vw;gLj;jp> ebfhpd; jpwd;tpUj;jpiaj; J}z;LtJld;> cly;>
Fuy;> csg;gapw;rpahfTk;> ebg;gpw;Fj; jahh;gLj;jTk; cjTk; tpisahl;Lfs; muq;f
tpisahl;Lf;fs; MFk;.
 muq;f tpisahl;Lf;fs; gy;NtW NjitfSf;fhf tpisahl;Lg; ngWfpd;wd.
 clw;gapw;rpf;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; muq;f tpisahl;Lf;fs;.
- MLk; tPLk; - kPDk; tiyAk;
- ez;L> ,why;> kPd; - jiytiuf; fz;Lgpbj;jy;
 Fuw;gapw;rpf;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; muq;f tpisahl;Lf;fs;.
- Fiy Fiyaha; Ke;jphpf;fha;
- gRTk; GypAk;
- rq;F ntj;jpiy rUF ntj;jpiy
 fpufpj;jy; kw;Wk; mtjhdg; gapw;rpf;Fhpa muq;f tpisahl;Lf;fs;.
- fubAk; fpuhk kf;fSk; - tpuy;fisr; Rz;b vz; /
- fe;ijahz;iz nrhy;fpwhh; ngah; nrhy;yp tpisahLjy;
- FUthdth; tPl;by; - jpwg;Gf; Nfhh;itf; fhtyd;
- 7UP - Nfhop Nfhl;lhd;
- g];
 Ckk; rhh;e;j muq;f tpisahl;Lf;fs;.
- FUl;L Xl;Nlh
 ntw;wp Njhy;tpapd;wp midtUk; njhlh;e;J gq;F nfhs;sf;$ba muq;f tpisahl;L.
- MLk; tPLk; - rq;F ntj;jpiy
- gof;fyit - fiytiuf; fz;Lgpbj;jy;
 muq;f tpisahl;Lf;fis tpisahLtjd; %yk; Vw;gLk; jpwd;fs;.
- fw;gidj;jpwd; - njhlh;ghly;
- kdij xU epiyg;gLj;jy; - fzg;nghOjpy; jPh;khdk;
- Qhgfk; / kddk; vLf;Fk; jpwd;
- jiyikj;Jtk;
 muq;f tpisahl;Lf;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs;.
- kdkfpo;T Vw;gly;
- cly;> csj;jsh;T epiy
- $l;lhf ,aq;Fk; gz;G
- jiyik jhq;Fk; jpwd; kw;Wk; jiyikj;Jtg;gz;G ntspg;gLk;
- ntl;fk;> gak; ePq;fp ,ay;ghf ebg;gjq;F xjTk;
- cuj;Jk;> njspthfTk; Ngrf;$bathW Fuy;tsk; ngWk;
- tpl;Lf;nfhLf;Fk; kdg;ghq;F tsUk;
 muq;f tpisahl;Lf;fis tpisahLk; NghJ Vw;gLk; jilfs; / rthy;fs;.
- tpisahLk; NghJ fPNo tpOjy;
- xUtNuhL xUth; NkhJjy;
- tpisahl;bd; NghJ ntspNaWgth; ftiy miljy;
- cly; Neh kw;Wk; fhaq;fs; Vw;gLjy;
 muq;f tpisahl;Lf;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; tpisahLtjw;F tpjpKiwfs; cs;sd.
 muq;f tpisahl;Lf;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; tpisahLk; NghJ tpisahLk;
KiwikfisAk; tpjpKiwfisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;. mtw;iwj; njspthf
tpsf;Fk; jpwid tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

6
 ebfDf;fhd gapw;rpfs; / ebg;G gapw;rpfs;
1. clw; jsh;Tg; gapw;rp
ebfuJ rpj;jpupg;G %yfq;fspy; gpujhdkhdjhf miktJ cly; MFk;. ebfuJ
xt;nthU cWg;Gk; rpj;jhpg;Gf;Fk; kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjJ. cly; cWg;Gf;fis ebfh;
itj;jpUf;Fk; KiwahYk; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jhYk; gy;NtW mh;j;jq;fs;> nra;jpfs;
ghh;g;NghUf;Fk; Gyg;gLj;jg; ngWfpd;wd. mj;jifaNjhh; cliy ebfh; jkJ
tpUg;gj;jpw;Fk; fl;likg;Gf;Fk; Vw;g tise;J nfhLf;f ty;yjhf khw;wpaikf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt clw;jsh; epiyahFk;. vdNt ebfd; jdJ cliyj; jd;trg;gLj;jp>
fl;Lg;gLj;jp vj;jifa rpj;jhpg;gpw;Fk; jahuhd nefpo;r;rpj; jd;ikAilajhf
itj;jpUj;jNy cly; jsh; epiyahFk;. mjd; nghUl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg; ngWfpd;w
gapw;rpfs; clw; jsh;Tg; gapw;rpfs; MFk;.
clw; jsh;Tg; gapw;rpfshf mikaf; $bait.
1. cliy Kidg;GWj;jf; $ba gy;NtW muq;f tpisahl;Lf;fs;.
2. I];fpwPk; cUFjy; / gdpf;fl;b cUFjy; Nghd;w gapw;rpfs;.
3. jhsj;Jf;F Vw;g mirjy;.
4. ghuk;ghpa etPd eldg; gapw;rpfs;.
5. tof;fkhd clw; gapw;rpfs;.
clw; jsh;Tg; gapw;rpfs; ebg;gpw;F cjTk; tpjk;.
1. ebfuJ cly; vj;jifa rpj;jhpg;gpw;Fk; jahuhf ,Uj;jy;.
2. ebfh; jkJ cliyg; gy;NtW epiyfspy; itj;jpUg;gjd; %yk; ghj;jpug; gz;ig
ntspg;gLj;jy;.
3. ntt;NtW kl;lq;fspy; cliy itj;jpUg;gjw;F toptFf;Fk;.
4. muq;fpy; jhf;fkhd mirTfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F toptFf;Fk;.
5. clYf;Fk; cs;sj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;G fhuzkhf> gilg;ghf;fj;jpw;F
Ntz;ba fw;gidia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F.
6. Fwpj;jNjhh; #oiktpy; ghj;jpuj;jpd; kdepiyia cly; topahf
ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F.
7. ghj;jpu czh;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;jTk; khw;wTk;.
8. ghj;jpuNkw;Fk; NghJ me;jg; ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fs; gpuNtrpg;gjw;F.

clw; jsh;Tg; gapw;rpapd; tpisTfs;

1. clypy; Nyrhd jd;ik Vw;gLk;.
2. cs;sj;ijj; jsh;Jtjw;Fj; Jiz GhpAk;.
3. ghj;jpuNkw;wiy ,yFgLj;Jk;.
4. cly; rhh;e;j gpur;rpidfspy; ,Ue;J tpLjiy ngw ,aYk;.
5. kdj;jilfis nty;tjw;F Cf;fpahf mikAk;.

2. Fuw; gapw;rp
ebfhpd; ntspg;ghl;Lr; rhjdk; md;Nwy; fUtpfspy; FuYk; xd;whFk;. ghj;jpur;
rpj;jhpg;gpd; NghJ> ebfuJ clYk; FuYk; xd;iwnahd;W mDrhpj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd.
clyhy; tpsf;f Kbahj re;jh;g;gq;fspy; FuYk;> Fuiy Kidg;GWj;Jk; Njit
,y;yhj NghJ clYk; rpj;jhpg;gpw;Fj; Jiz nra;fpd;wd.
Fuy;topr; rpj;jhpg;gpd; NghJ Ngr;Rk; xypf;FwpfSk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. Ngr;rhdJ
nrhy;yhlyhf> jdpnkhopahf> Gwr; nrhy;yhf> Mfhaf; fpsu;j;jyhf> mruPupahf>
jdpepiyg; Ngr;rhf epfo;j;jg; nghwyhk;. mNj rkak;> k;> M> rp>M`h> XN`h> rhr;rh
Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d xypf;FwpfSk; gad;dLj;jg; ngWfpd;wd. Fuy;topr; rpj;jhpg;G
El;gq;fshf Vw;w ,wf;fk;> Gwj;njwpif> njhdp> tPr;R> RUjp> fjp vd;gd
fUjg;ngWfpd;wd. ,it njhlh;ghd gapw;rpfs; ebfUf;F mtrpakhdit. Fuw;gapw;rp
vd;gJ ebfuJ Fi=uiy Kidg;GWj;Jtjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;ngWk; gapw;rp MFk;.
Kdpj clypy; jirehh;fis mOj;Jtjd; %yk;rj;jq;fs; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; Ie;J
,lq;fs;.
1. mbtapW 4. %f;F
2. neQ;R 5. cr;re;jiy
3. njhz;il

7
FuYf;fhd gapw;rpfshf mikaf; $bait
1. muq;f tpisahl;Lf;fs;.
 Fiy Fiyah Ke;jphpf;fh
 gRTk; GypAk;
 rq;F ntj;jpy rUF ntj;jpy
2. clypd; Ie;J ,lq;fspy; jirehh;fs; mOj;Jtjd; %yk; rj;jq;fisg; gpwg;gpj;jy;.
3. gpuhzpfs;> ,ae;jpuq;fs;> thfdq;fs;> thj;jpaf; fUtpfs; vd;gtw;wpd; xypfis vOg;gpg;
gapYjy;.
4. gy;NtW nrhy;yhly;fisg; Ngrpg; gapYjy;.
5. ntt;NtW tPr;Rf;fs; kw;Wk; czh;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;jf; $ba ftpijfs;> ghly;fs;
vd;gtw;iwg; gapYjy;.
 cs;sk; rhh;e;j gapw;rpfs; :-
Mrphpahpd; cjtpAld; tFg;giwf;F ntspapw; nrd;W fz;zpy; gLgtw;iw
mtjhdpAq;fs;. tFg;giwf;F te;J> ePq;fs; mtjhdpj;jtw;iw vOJq;fs;> kw;wth;fspd;
gl;baYld; xg;gpl;L cq;fs; epidthw;wiy ghprPypj;jJf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

3. cs xUikg;ghl;bw;fhd gapw;rp
cs;sj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp Fwpj;jNjhh; tplaj;jij Nehf;fp Ftpar; nra;Ak;
nghUl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg; ngWk; gapw;rp ,JthFk;. cliyj; jsh;j;JtjhYk; cs;sj;ij
nefpo;tha; itj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

cs xUikg;ghl;bw;fhd gapw;rpapd; mtrpak;

1. ebfd; ghj;jpukhf cyhtUtjw;F.
2. ghj;jpuk; gw;wp fw;gidapy; <LgLtjw;F.
3. ghj;jpu czh;r;rpf;Fs; gazpg;gjw;F.
4. kdj;jilfis fiotjw;F.
5. nrhe;j czh;r;rpfshy; ebg;Gr; nraw;ghL ghjpg;gilahJ ,Ug;gjw;F.
6. ghj;jpur; nry;yhly;fs;> nraypaf;fq;fis epidtpy; itj;jpUg;gw;F.
7. clYf;Fk; cs;sj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;ig tpsf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F.
8. vijAk; vspjha; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F.
9. Ckr;rpj;jhpg;gpw;F cjTk;.

gpd;tUtd cs xUikg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gapw;rpfshf mikayhk;.

1. muq;f tpisahl;Lf;fs;.
2. ,ilawhr; rpe;jid top epw;wy; (jpahdk;).
3. rpe;jidf; fpswy;.

kuGtopf; $j;Jf;fs;
jkpoh;fspd; kuGtop ehlfkhff; nfhs;sg;gLtJ “$j;J”f;fiyahFk;. ,jw;F kpfj;
njhd;ikahd ghuk;ghpak; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. <oj;jpd; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspYk; gpuNjr
jdpj;JtKila gy;NtW $j;J tiffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> kl;lf;fsg;G
gpuNjrj;jpy; tlNkhb> njd;Nkhb> kfpb> tre;jd; Nghd;w gy $j;Jfs; gapyg;gLfpd;wd.
kl;lf;fsg;G> aho;g;ghzk;> kd;dhh;> td;dp> kiyafk; vdf; $j;Jg; gapyg;gLk;
gpuNjrq;fis ,dq;fhZfpd;Nwhk;. ,tw;wpy; ntt;NtW $j;J kuGfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,t;thWgy gpuNjrq;fspy; gy $j;J kuGfs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; mtw;wpy; gy;NtW nghJg;
gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpd; mspf;if Kiw> Mw;Wifg; gz;Gfs; ngUk;ghYk;
xj;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

kuGtopf; $j;jpd; Mw;Wifg; gz;Gfs;

kuGtopf; $j;jpd; Mw;Wif KiwahdJ gy;NtW nghJg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;L
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Mtw;wpd; rpy gz;Gfs; gtUkhW :-
 $j;jpd; ghj;jpuq;fs; “rigNahuhy;” md;Nwy; fl;baf;fhudhy; md;Nwy; ghj;jpuq;fs;
jk;ik jhk;> vd mwpKfk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
 Mz;zhtpahh;> gpw;ghl;Lg; ghLgth;> ry;yhhp ,irg;gth;> kj;jsk; thrpg;gth;> VLgbg;gth;
vd;w gyUk; mlq;fpa FOtpdu; “rigNahh; vd miof;fg;gLth;. ,th;fs; ngUk;ghYk;
fshpapNyNa epd;W Mw;Wif elj;Jthh;fs;.

8
 $j;jpd; ebg;ghdJ “glh;f;ifg; gz;Gfs;” vLj;Jiuf;Fk; ghq;Fld; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
 ghj;jpu ntspg;ghlhdJ Mly;> ghly;> ciuahy; ,ize;j NkhbAw;w ghq;Fld;
fhzg;gLk;.
 $j;Jf;fshpapd; jd;ikf;F mika> Mw;Wif Kiw mike;jpUf;Fk;. Cjhuzkhf>
tl;lf;fshpapy; MLgth;fs; ehd;F GwKk; jkJ mirTfis Nkw;nfhs;thh;fs;.
 $j;jpd; fij ghj;jpuq;fshYk; rigNahuhYk; tsh;j;Jr; nry;yg;glk; .
 MlYk;> ghlYk; $j;jpd; mbg;gil El;gq;fshf ,Ug;gjhy; mjw;F cjTtjw;Fj;
“Njhw;fUtpfs;” gpujhd ,irf; fUtpfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
cjhuzk; :- kj;jsk;> cLf;if> kpUjq;fk;> jg;G
 ebfh;fs; fhy;fspy; ryq;if mzpe;J tUthh;fs;> ,r; ryq;if ,irAk; ebfh;fspd;
MlYf;F cjTk;.
 Ciuahly;fs; ghly;fs; %yKk;> Cl;L trdq;fs; %yKk; epfo;j;jg;gLk;.

$j;jpd; fl;likg;G
$j;Jf;fs; kuGtopahf> guk;giu guk;giuahf epfo;j;jg;gl;L te;jhYk; mjw;;nfdf;
Fwpg;gpl;l fl;likg;G xd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

1. fhg;G ,iwtzf;fk;
Fwpg;gpl;l nja;tj;ij Nehf;fpf; $j;jpid MLtjw;Ftuk; Ntz;bg; ghLtJ.

2. fl;bf;fhud; tuT
mur tuitf; $Wk; fjhghj;jpuj; jpd; tuTk; tUtJiug;Gk;.

3. mur gpujhdpfs; tuT

murd;> ke;jphp> jsgjp> murp Nghd;w ghj;jpuq;fs; muq;fpw;F tUtJ.

4. ehl;L tsk; / Njrtprhuiz

ehl;bd; tsk; gw;wp murd; gpujhdpfSld; ciuahLjy;.

5. fij efh;T
Fwpg;gpl;l $j;jpd; fij> fhl;rpfshf epfo;j;jg;gLk;.

6. kq;fsk; / thopghLjy;
$j;jpd; epiwtpy; vy;NyhUk; ,ize;J thopghLth;.
Nkw;$wg;gl;lthW $j;Jf;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l fl;likg;Gld; NkilNaw;wg;gLk;> rpw;rpy
$j;Jtiffspd; fl;likg;G NtWgl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;.

$j;jpd; muq;f ntspAk; Mw;WifAk;

$j;Jf;fspd; muq;f ntspahdJ ngUk;ghYk;; Rw;wptu ghh;g;Nghh; mkh;e;jpUe;J ghh;f;Fk;
tifapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;. “tl;lf;fshp” xU nghJikahd muq;f ntspahFk;.

 Rw;wptu ghh;g;Nghh; mkh;e;jpUg;gjhy; Mw;Wk; KiwahdJ Rw;wptu epfo;j;jg;gLk;

jd;ikahdjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
 ghj;jpuq;fs; kiwe;J epd;W tuKbahjpUg;gjhy;> ,Uth; jpiu gpbj;J te;J>
ghj;jpuq;fis muq;fpy; tpLk; tof;fk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 tl;ltbtkhd “muq;f ntsp” ahff; fhzg;gLtjdhy; fhl;rp tpjhdpg;Gr; nra;ag;gl
Kbahjjhff; fhzg;gLk;. ,jdhy; ghj;jpu ciuahly;fs; %yKk;> ghly;fs; %yKNk
fhl;rpr; #oy; tpsf;fg;gLk;.
 ghj;jpuq;fspd; epfo;j;Jiffs; epiyahd xU ,lj;jpy; jhpf;fhjitahf> efUk;
jd;ikahditahf mjpfk; fhzg;gLk;.
 Rw;wptu ghh;g;Nghh; mkh;e;jpUg;gjdhYk;> fshp mjpfk; cah;j;jg;glhJ ,Ug;gjhYk;>
kiwtplq;fs;> ,y;yhjjdYk; khaj;jdkhdJ vJTk; ,y;yhjjpdhYk;> ghh;g;NghUf;Fk;
Mw;WNthUf;Fkhd cwT neUf;fkhdjhff; fhzg;gLk;.

9
 $j;jpidg; gapy;tjw;fhd gbKiw
$j;Jf;fs; gpuNjrj;Jf;Fg; gpuNjrk; NtWgLtJ NghyNt gapy;T KiwfSk;> NtWglyhk;.
vdpDk; mjpf rhj;jpag;ghlhd gapy;T xOq;fhfg; gpd;tUtijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

1. ghj;jpuq;fis toq;Fjy;.
Fwpg;gpl;l $j;jpy; tUfpd;w ghj;jpuq;fisj; jhq;fty;y> ghliyAk; MliyAk;
epfo;j;j ty;y ebfh;fisj; njhpT nra;J ghj;jpuk; toq;fy;.

2. $j;jpd; ghly;fisg; gapy;jy;.

njhpT nra;ag;gl;l $j;jpd; ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fhpa ghly;fisgl gapYjy;> kuGtopahfg;
Ngzg;gLfpd;w mjd; nkl;L> ,uhf> jhsq;fs; gprfhj tifapy; $j;jpDila
ghly;fis ebfh;fs; gapy;thh;fs;. mz;zhtpahh; ghly;fisg; gapw;Wthh;.

3. Mly;fisg; gapw;Wjy;
ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fhpa mirTfs;> Mly;fs; vd;gd mz;zhtpahuhy; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gLk;.
Mlw;gapy;tpy;>
- epw;wy;
- jhsj;Jf;F Vw;gf; fhy; NghLjy;
- jhsj;Jldhd eil
- Mlw; Nfhyq;fs;
- Jhpj Ml;lk;
- ghj;jpug; gz;gpid cl;nfhz;l Ml;lk;.
Vd Mly;fs;> gbg;gbahfg; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gLk;.

4. MliyAk; ghliyAk; ,izj;Jg; gapy;jy;.

ghliyAk; MliyAk; ,izj;Jg; ghj;jpukhf Mw;Wif nra;tjw;Fg;
gapw;Wtpf;fg;gLk;. ,jd; NghJ>
- ghlypd; fjp MlYld; xj;JtUjy;.
- ghliyAk; MliyAk; nghUj;Jk; tifapy; ,izj;jy;.
- ghj;jpug;gz;G ntspg;gl epfo;j;Jjy;.
- Czh;Tfis ntspg;gLj;jy;.
- fijg;Nghf;fpw;fhd Clhl;lj;jpid ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.
- jhsj;jPh;khdq;fis chpa ,lq;fspy;> epfo;j;jg; gapYjy;.
vd ,t; ,izg;Gg;gapy;T njhlUk;. ,irf;fUtpfSk; ,jpw; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;.

5. Mw;Wif xOq;Fld;> $j;jpidg; gapYjy;.

jdpj;jdpg; ghj;jpuq;fshf> fhl;rpfshfg; gapyg;gl;l epiyapy; ,Ue;J $j;jpd;
fijg;gpd;dYf;F mika njhlf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,Wjptiu fhl;rpfis ,izj;Jf;
$j;Jf;fisg; gapy;th;. mjd; gpd;dNu fshp Vw;wk; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;.

,yq;ifapy; $j;J Mlg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs;

1. kl;lf;fsg;G : tlNkhb> njd;Nkhb> tre;jd;> kfpb> giw
2. kd;dhh; : tlghq;F> njd;ghq;F> clf;Fgh];f;> thrfg;gh
3. aho;g;ghzk; : tlNkhb> njd;Nkhb> fhj;jtuh[d;> kfpb> ehl;il> tre;jd;
4. Ky;iyj;jPT : Nfhtyd; $j;J> FlKjw; $j;J> kfpb> tre;jd;> fhj;jtuh[d;
5. kiyafk; : fhkd; $j;J> mUr;Rdd; jgR> nghd;du;rq;fu;
6. jpUNfhzkiy : Ntld;gwp
njd;Nkhb
fw;gidf; fijfs; mjpfk; epfo;j;jg; ngWgit.
fhjYk;> mjpy; ntw;wp ngWjYk; Kf;fpa fUg;nghUs;fshFk;.
ghly;fs; ,Oj;Jg; ghlg;ngWk;.
tl;lf;fshpapy; ehw;GwKk; Rw;wp Mlg;ngWk;.
Mly;fs; EZf;fk; $bait.
ghj;jpu tuT rigNahuhy; ghlg;ngWk;.

tlNkhb
kfhghuj> ,uhkhazf; fijr;RUf;fj;ij mjpfk; nfhz;lJ.
Nghh;> tPuk;> ntw;wp vd;gd Kidg;GWj;jg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

10
 Mly;fs; NtfKk;> tpWtpWg;Gk; cilait.
ghj;jpu tuT cupa ghj;jpuq;fshNyNa ntspg;gLj;jg; ngWk;.
ghuk;$ba fug;GLg;G> fpuPlk; vd;gd gad;gLj;jg; ngWtJ.
ebfh; muq;if tpl;L ntspNaWk;NghJ fhyNkw;Wjy; vDk; Ntfkhf Ml;lk;
Mlg;ngWk;.
vl;L> tPrhdk;> Fj;Jkpjp> cyh vd;gd Kf;fpa Ml;l tbtq;fs; MFk;.

kfpb
ke;jpu je;jpu tpisahl;Lf;fSld; njhlh;GilaJ.
gpujhdkhf 3 tif kfpbfs; fhzg;ngWfpd;wd.
ePs;rJu> rkjs> tl;l muq;F vd;gd epfoplkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
ghh;g;Nghh; Kg;gf;fk; epd;W md;Nwy; ,Ue;J ghh;g;gh;.
%d;whk; kfpb Vl;Lg; gpujpAilaJ. fijak;rk; fhzg;ngWfpd;wJ.
,J ehd;F gf;fKk; ghh;g;Nghiuf; nfhz;l rkjs muq;fpy; Mlg;ngWtJ.

giwNksf; $j;J
kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPTg; gpuNjrq;fspy; Mlg;gLk; $j;Jf;fSs; xd;W.
jdpahd fijg;Nghf;F ,y;iy.
ngUk;giw> rpWgiw> nrhh;zhop vd;gd ,irf; fUtpfshFk;.
,uhr tuT> ke;jpup tuT> Nfhzf;fp tuT vdg; gy tifg;gl;l jhsq;fs; fhzg;gLk;.

tre;jd;
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Nfhtpy; ntspapy; rpWth;fshy; Mlg;ngWtJ.
vl;Lg;Ngh;> gd;dpuz;L Nguhfr; Nrh;e;J MLth;.
,UifapYk; Nfhy;fisg; gpbj;J xd;Wld; xd;W jl;bahLth;.
kj;jsKk;> ry;yupAk; thj;jpaq;fs;.
tre;juh[d; tre;jd; $j;Jg; ghh;f;f tUtJ NghyTk; tre;jd; gps;isfs;
Ntshz;ikj; njhopiy mgpeapg;gJ Nghd;Wk; ,f;$j;J mikAk;.

mUr;Rdd; jgR
jpnusgij mk;kd; rlq;Fld; njhlh;GilaJ.
mu;r;Rdd; ghRgjh];jpuk; ngw;w fij.
40 mb cau jgRkuk; elg;gLk;.
ghly;fs; rpe;J eilf; $j;ij xj;j yhtzpg;ghly;fs;
MyaKd;wy;fspy; rkjs muq;fpy; epfo;j;jg;gLk;

fhkd; $j;J
kiyafj;jpd; Njrpaf; $j;J.
fhkd; gz;bifAld; njhlh;GilaJ.
khrp> gq;Fdpapy; epfo;j;jg; ngWfpd;wJ.
fhkd; kh];lh; - mz;zhtpahh;.
fhkd; nghl;lypy; epfo;j;jg; ngWfpd;wJ.
kd;kjd; - ujpAld; njhlh;Gila fij.
jg;G gpujhd thj;jpak;.

nghd;dh; rq;fh;
mz;zkhu; topghl;Lld; njhlu;GilaJ.
khrp> gq;Fdp khjq;fspy; epfo;j;jg;gLk;.
jUkuhf nghd;dUk;> mUr;Rzdhf rq;fUk; nfhs;sg;gLtu;.
Foe;ij tuk; Ntz;LjYld; njhlu;GilaJ.
fijapid efu;j;jpr; nry;gtu; ke;jpukhKdp vd miof;fg;gLtu;.
jg;G gpujhd thj;jpak;.

Nfhtyd; $j;J
Nfhtyd; fz;zifAld; njhlh;Gila fijiaf; $Wk; $j;jhFk;.
Ky;iyj;jPT> tw;whg;gis fz;zif mk;kd; Nfhtpy; nghq;fy; tpohtpy; epfo;j;jg;
ngWk;.
tpy;YLg;G mzpe;jhLk; kuG cs;sJ.
nghw;nfhy;yd; Ml;lk; rpwg;ghdJ.(tQ;rpg;gj;jd; vdTk; miog;gu;)

11
 kj;jsKk;> ry;yupAk; thj;jpaf; fUtpfs; MFk;.
tl;l tbtpy; rkjiu muq;fpy; jbfs; ehl;b> nts;is fl;b> thiof; Fw;wp kPJ
Njq;fha;g; ghjpf;Fs; jPg;ge;jk; itj;J xspA+l;b Mlg;ngWk;.

thrfg;gh
trdk; fye;j ghl;L.
kd;dhh; gpuNjrj;Jf;FupaJ.
ehlfr; nrhw;fs; kf;fSf;Fg; Gupahikia czh;e;J ifahsg; ngw;wJ.
rkag; gpurhuj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg; ngw;wJ.
ehlf mwpKfj;jpidg; Gyre;Njhu; vDk; ghj;jpuk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

ehl;il
aho;g;ghz tlkuhl;rpf; $j;Jg; ghuk;gupaq;fSs; xd;W.
“GOjpf;$j;J” vdTk; miof;fg; ngWfpd;wJ.
ryitj; njhopyhsh;fshy; Mlg; ngWfpd;wJ.
xUgf;fk; ghh;g;Nghihf; nfhz;l rkjiu muq;fpy; epfo;j;jg; ngWtJ.
,t;tuq;fpd; gpd;Gw ,ilapy; rw;Wj; jpwf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
MLfsj;jpd; gpd;Nd epw;Fk; gf;fg;ghl;Lg;fhuh;> kj;jsk; mbg;gth; Nghd;Nwhh;
,t;tpilntspf;F Clhf muq;fpidg; ghh;j;J Mw;Wifapy; <LgLth;.
fjpiug; G+irAld; $j;Jj; njhlq;Fk;.
ghj;jpuq;fs; rpwpa jpiuf;Fg; gpd;dpUe;J Njhd;Wk;.
fl;baf;fhud; $j;ijj; njhlq;fp itg;gh;. ghj;jpuq;fs; jk;ikj;jhNk mwpKfk;
nra;Ak;.
tlNkhb Mly;> njd;Nkhbg; ghly;fs;> njUf;$j;J> af;~fhdhtpd; rpy tbtq;fSk;
,jpy; ,lk; ngWk;.
Nriyapy; RUf;F itj;Jg; ghthil Nghy; fl;bf;nfhs;thh;.

fhj;jtuh[d; $j;J
rpe;Jeilf; $j;J
Kj;Jkhup mk;kd; topghl;Lld; njhlh;GilaJ.
ghly;fs; rpe;Jeilapy; mike;Js;sd.
ghj;jpuq;fs; jk;ikj;jhNk glh;f;ifapy; mwpKfk; nra;Ak;.
cLf;F gpujhd thj;jpak;.
glr;rl;l Nkilapy; epfo;j;jg; ngWgit.
rptd;> Kj;Jkhupak;kd;> fhj;jtuhad;> rpd;dhd;> Mupag;G+khiy MfpNahh; Kf;fpa
ghj;jpuq;fs;.

$j;jpd; kuGtopj; jd;ikapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

ghuk;ghpakhfg; gpd;gw;wg;ngw;W tUfpd;w kuGtopf; $j;Jf;fis> ,w;iwg; ghLilajhf;Fk;
Nehf;fpy; gy etPd rpe;jidfis cs;thq;fp> $j;jpid tbt hPjpahfTk; cs;slf;f
hPjpahfTk;> khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w gy;NtW ghPl;rhh;j;j Kaw;rpfs; fhyj;Jf;Ff fhyk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg; ngw;W tUfpd;wd.

fj;Njhypf;f $j;J kuGfs;

Nghh;j;Jf;Nfahpd; tUifapd; gpd; aho;g;ghzk;> kd;dhh;g; gpuNjrf; $j;Jf;fspy;
fj;Njhypf;f rkak; rhh;e;j ghL nghUs;fSk;> Nghh;j;Jf;Nfahpd; muq;f El;gq;fSk;
,ize;J $j;Jf;fspy; gy;NtW khw;wq;fs; cUthfpd. mit ngUk;ghYk; “fj;Njhypf;ff;
$j;Jf;fs;” vd;W ,d;W miof;fg; ngWfpd;wd.

Nguhrphpah; R. tpj;jpahde;jdpd; $j;Jg; Gj;jhf;f Kaw;rpfs;

Nguhrphpah; R. tpj;jpahde;jd; fpuhkq;fspy; Mlg;ngw;w $j;Jf;fis> etPd
rpe;jidfSf;F mikag; Gj;jhf;fk; nra;J>gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; NkilNaw;wpdhh;. mth;>
$j;jpy; gpd;tUk; khw;wq;fisr; nra;jhh;.

- tl;lf;fshpapy; Mlg;ngw;w $j;jpidg; glr;rl;l muq;fpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;jhh;.

- tpba tpba Mlg;ngw;w $j;jpid 1.30 kzpj;jpyhj;jpw;Fs; RUf;fpdhh;.
- Ntl cil xg;gidapd; kpifg;ghl;ilf; Fiwj;J> ,aw;gz;Gk;> fth;r;rpAk; kpf;f
jhf;fpdhh;.

12
- ebg;Gf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jhh;.
- Gjpa ,irf;fUtpfis mwpKfk; nra;jhh;(rq;F> Nrkf;fyk;> giw)
- Mly;> ghly;fisr; nrk;ikg;gLj;jpdhh;.
- rigNahiug; glr;rl;l muq;fpNy kiwj;jhh;.
- gpw;ghl;Lg;ghLNthiu> xj;j rPUilapy; muq;fpd; gpw;gFjpapy; epWj;jpdhh;.

,j;jifa khw;wq;fspdhy; gy;fiyf;fof muq;fpYk;> gy;NtW efug; ghh;g;Nghh; kj;jpapYk;

$j;J mjpf nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wJld; $j;J kuGf;Ff; nfsutKk;> tuNtw;Gk; Vw;gl;lJ.
mt;thW Gj;jhf;fk; nra;ag; ngw;W NkilNaw;wg;gl;l $j;Jf;fs; tUkhW

1. fh;zd; Nghh; (1962 tlNkhb)

2. nehz;b ehlfk; (1963 njd;Nkhb)
3. muhtNzrd; (1964 tlNkhb)
4. thyptij (1965 tlNkhb)

,tw;Ws; ,uhtNzrd; Gjpjhf vOjg; ngw;w xd;whFk;. ,J $j;jpid Ml;l epiyapy;

,Ue;J ehlf epiyf;F cah;j;Jk; ghpNrhjid Kaw;rpahf Nkw;nfhs;sg; ngw;wJ.

Nguhrphpah; R. tpj;jpahde;jdpd; $j;Jg; Gj;jhf;f eltbf;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpg; gyUk;

$j;Jf;fisg; Gj;jhf;fk; nra;J NkilNaw;wpdh;.
1. jputpak;- ,uhkr;re;jpud;
- cj;jkd; gujd;
- nrQ;Nrhw;Wf;fld; jPh;j;j nrk;ky;
- fh;zd; Nghh;

$j;jpd; cUt cs;slf;f uPjpahd guPl;rhh;j;j Kaw;rpfs;

1. $j;jpd; tbtj;Jf;Fs; Gjpa cs;slf;fj;jpidg; GFj;jpa Kaw;rpfs;
$j;jpd; tbtq;fSf;Fs;> Guhz> ,jpfhrf; fijg; nghUs;fis tpLj;J rkfhy
Kf;fpaj;JtKila fUg;nghUs;fis ,izj;J Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eltbf;iffSk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
cjhuzk; :- rp.nksdFU - rq;fhuk;
,isagj;kehjdpd; - fe;jd; fUiz

2. $j;jpidAk; gujj;jpidAk; ,izj;J nkw;nfhs;sg; ngw;w Kaw;rpfs;

$j;jpd; Mly; ghlw; Nfhyq;fisg; gujehl;baj;Jld; ,izj;J xU
tbtkhf;Fk; ghPl;rhh;e;j Kaw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
cjhuzk; :- fhh;j;jpfhfNzrh; - fhdfk; Vfpa ,uhkd;
rp. nksdFU - rf;jp gpwf;FJ
3. $j;JUt ehlfq;fs;
gy;NtW $j;J kuGfisAk; ,izj;Jg; Gjpa tbtnkhd;wpidg; ghPl;rhu;j;jkhf
cUthf;Ffpd;w $j;JUt ehlf Kaw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. Ntt;NtW
$j;JkuGfspTk; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gLfpd;w> rpwg;ghd tplaq;fis xd;wpize;J mofpaw;
ngWkhdKila $j;Jf;fis cUthf;Fk; NghJ mit gyiuAk; ftUk; jd;ikahd
njhlh;Gf; fhj;jpukhd ehlf tbtkhf khWtijg; gyUk; tuNtw;Fk; jd;ik
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf :- m. jhrPrpa]; - fe;jd; fUiz(ebfh; xd;wpak;)
Nah. Nahz;rd; uh[;Fkhu; - mw;iwj; jpq;fs;(jpUkiwf;
fyhkd;wk;)

kuGtopf; $j;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;J Gjpa> ghPl;rhh;e;j Kaw;rpfs; gy;NtW tiffspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;

ngw;whYk;> mit gw;wpajhd rhjf ghjf tpkh;rdq;fs; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; vOe;Js;sd.
cjhuzkhf $j;Jf;fspy; ghPl;rhh;e;j Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ “mJ ghuk;ghpakhd
$j;Jf;fisg; ghjpf;Fk;” vd vOe;j tpkh;rdj;jpidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

13
 ,ir ehlf muq;f kuG
 ,ir ehlfk;
- ghb elj;jY}lhff; fij nrhy;Yk; muq;f kuG.
- midj;Jk; ghlNyhL ,ize;j elj;jyhy; epfo;j;jg; ngWfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk; :- ciuahly;> ebj;jy;> NjLjy;> mOjy;> jz;zPh;ms;Sjy; kw;Wk; gpw.
“Njbj;jphpfpNwNd mz;ziy ehd; Njbj;jphpfpNwNd.”

 ,ir ehlfj;jpw;F toq;fg;ngWk; NtW ngah;fs;

- ghh;]pa kuG ehlfk;.
- ];ng~y; ehlfk;.
- mz;zhtp kuG ehlfk;.
- nfhl;liff; $j;J

 ,ir ehlfj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

- ghLjyhy;> ebj;jYk;> ebj;jhy; ghLjYk; ,uz;lw;W xd;WgLjypNyNa ,k;kugpd;
ebg;G rpwg;G ngWfpd;wJ.
- ghLjiyAk;> ebj;jiyAk; Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;lJ.
- fh;ehlf ,irkugpidg; gpujhd ,irkughff; nfhz;lJ.
- ebfhpd; rhhPu tsNk (Fuy;) ,jd; %yjdkhFk;.
- RUjp> jhsk;> ,uhfk;> ght Qhdj;jijAk;> tsj;jijAk; nfhz;lth;fs; ,k;
kugpidr; rpwg;ghf epfo;j;j KbAk;.
- gy;tif u]q;fisAk; ntspg;gLj;jty;y ,irnkl;Lf;fis ,J
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.
- ghly;fspilNa kpfTk; Fiwe;j mstpyhd Cl;L trdq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; :- “ehjh !…..”>”INah! ntl;fkhf ,Uf;fpwNj.”
- glr;rl;l Nkilapy;> th;zk; jPl;lg; ngw;w fhl;rpj; jpiufisg; gpd;dzpahff;
nfhz;l muq;f ntspapy; ghj;jpuq;fs; Njhd;wp ebg;gij Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

,ir ehlf kuG mwpKfk; nra;j Gjpa tplaq;fs;

- glr;rl;l Nkil
- nfhl;lif muq;Ffs;
cjhuzk; :-  Gj;Jthl;bahu; kLtk;.
 nfhl;lbf; fWj;jhh; kLtk;.
 Nfhz;lyb kLtk;.
 Nwhay; jpNal;lh;.
- th;zk; jPl;lg;ngw;w Kg;ghpkhz khia nfhz;l fhl;rpj; jpiufs;.
cjhuzk; :- muz;kid> fhL> ee;jtdk;> tPjp / njU> rpiw kw;Wk;
Kg;ghpkhz trjpfUjp ntl;Lj; jpiufSk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lfpd;wJ.
- ghj;jpug; nghUj;jg;ghLk;> fth;r;rpAk;> kpf;f Ntl cilfs;.
cjhuzk; :- kpDq;Ffpd;w gl;lhilfs; >Nriyfs;> nty;ntw; Nkyhilfs;>
kw;Wk; gpw
- thA (Gas) tpsf;Ffs;.
- `hh;Nkhdpak;> kpUjq;fk; Nghd;w ,ir thj;jpf; fUtpfs;.
- ehlf Mw;Wifapy; Neur;RUf;fk;.
- njhopy; Kiwg;ghq;fhd fiyQh; FOKiwj; Njhw;wk;.
- gzk; nfhLj;J ehlfk; ghh;j;jy;.
- ];ng~y; ebfh;fs;.

14
 ,ir ehlfj;jpd; fUg;nghUshf mike;jit.
- Guhz ,jpfhrf; fijfs;.
- ehl;lhh; fijfs;.
- tuyhw;Wf; fijfs;.
cjhuzk; :- rk;g+h;z mupr;re;jpuh> rj;jpathd; rhtpj;jph;> = ts;sp> gf;j
ee;jdhh;> Nfhytd; fz;zfp> Qhdnrse;jhp> g+jj;jk;gp>
kw;Wk; gpw

 ,yq;iff;F ,ir ehlf mwpKfk;.

- 19 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ,yq;iff;F mwpKfkhfp ,d;Wtiu gapy;epiyapYs;s
ehlf kughf cs;sJ
- ehl;Lf; Nfhl;ilr; nrl;bkhhpdhy; (tpahghhpfs;) ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,yq;iff;Ff;
nfhz;L tug;gl;L mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
- njhopy; Kiw ehlff; FOf;fspd; %yk; ,q;F mwpKfkhfpaJ.
- ,ir ehlfkuG %d;W fl;lq;fshf ,yq;ifapy; epytp te;Js;sJ.

1. 1919 f;F Kd; - ,e;jpaf; fiyQh; khj;jpuk; tUif je;J ehlfq;fis

epfo;j;jpdh;.
2. 1919 – 1919 f;F ,ilg;gl;lfhyk; - ,e;jpaf; fiyQUk;> ,yq;iff; fiyQUk;
,ize;J ehlfq;fis epfo;j;jpdh;.
3. 1939 f;Fg; gpd; - ,yq;iff; fiyQh;fs; khj;jpuk; ehlfq;fis epfo;j;jpdh;.

,ir ehlf MSikapdh;.

- jkpo; ehl;L(,e;jpah) MSikapdh;.

jtj;jpU rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;> NtYehaf;fh;> v];.[p.fpl;lg;gh> nre; jpNty;
Njrpfh;> Nf.gp.Re;juhk;ghs;> vk;.Mh;.Nfhtpe;jrhkp.

- <oj;J MSikapdh;.
fpU~;zho;thh;> nghd;dhiyf; fpU~;zd;> ,Dtpy; Vuk;G Rg;igah> ehfypq;fk;>
ey;Y}h; Rq;juk;gps;is> mz;zhtp ,uhkh;> mz;zhtp igutp> mz;zhtp
nghpanghb> v];.Nf.nry;iyahg;gps;is> fe;jtdk;> rutzKj;J re;jpuh> ,Ztpy;
fdfuj;jpdk;> fd;dpfh guNk];thp> funtl;b Re;juk;> Nf.v];.n[auhrh>
v];.jk;gp[ah> rp.hp.nry;tuh[h> tp.vd;.nry;tuh[h> ew;Fzk;> v];.tp.khrpyhkzp>
vk;.gp.mz;zhr;rhkp> b.Nf.,uj;jpdk;. khh;f;fz;L> tp.tp.ituKj;J> rutzKj;J
(rpd;dkzp)> tp.nry;tuj;jpdk;> k.ijhpaehjd;> rutzKj;J(gG+d;).

 ,irf;fUtpfis thrpj;j fiyQh;fs;.

`hh;Nkhdpak; kpUjq;fk;
1. fhjh; ghr;rh - Nfhil ,b ,uj;jpdk;
2. gpypg; (N[hz; fghrpd; je;ij) - rptghjk;
3. N[hz; fgh]; - mUik
4. rutzKj;J (,Ztpy;) - f.KUifah
5. Nfrtuh[h -

15
 ,ir ehlfj;Jiwapy; Gfo;ngw;w Kd;khjpup MSikapdh;.
1. fpU~;zho;thh; - ngz; ghj;jpuk;> tuftp
2. nghd;dhiyf; fpU~;zh; - gg+d;> tuftp
3. khh;f;fz;L - ,akd;
4. nry;tuj;jpdk; - ngz;ghj;jpuk;
5. rutzKj;J - eifr;Rit> Jizg;ghj;jpuk;
6. tp.tp.ituKj;J - vy;yh tifapYk;
7. k.ijhpaehjd; - vy;yh tifg; ghj;jpuKk;

ebifkzp tp.tp.ituKj;J
- 1960> 70> 80fspy; <oj;J ,ir ehlfj;Jiwf;F khngUk; kWkyh;r;rpia
Vw;gLj;jpath;.
- “tre;jfhd ehlfrgh” vDk; njhopy;Kiw ehlff; FOit epWtpr; nrOikkpf;f
[duQ;rfg; gz;G nfhz;L gilg;ghf;fk; nra;jhh;.
- rhhPu tsj;jhYk;> ,irQhdj;jhYk;> ebg;Gj;jpwdhYk;> kdpjg;gz;gpdhYk; Kd;khjphp
(Roll model) ahfj; jpfo;e;jth;.
- ,yq;ifapd; gy ghfq;fspYk; ehlfq;fis epfo;j;jpdhh;.
- rpwe;j gy fiyQiuAk; ,izj;J ‘];ng~y;” ehlfg; ghuk;ghpaj; njhlh;r;rpia
Vw;glj;jpdhh;.
- “ghLjyhy; ebj;jy;” vd;gij kpfr;rpwe;j El;gj;Jld; Fuy; tsj;jhYk;> cly;
nkhopfshYk;> czh;r;rpg; gputhfq;fshYk; ntspg;gLj;jp> “,ir ehlfk;
,g;gbj;jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd vz;Zk;gbahf muq;fkuigj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
- mhpr;re;jpud;> ee;jdhh;> me;jpuhrp> rj;jpathd;> re;jpukjp kw;Wk; gpw ghj;jpuq;fisr;
rpwg;ghf ebj;Jg; Gfo; ngw;whh;.
- jdf;Fg;gpd; ,uj;jpdk;> nry;tk;> ijhpaehjd;> rutzKj;J vdf; fiyQh;fis
cUthf;fp cs;shh;.

nghd;dhiyf; fpU~;zd;.
- ,e;jpaf; fiyQUlDk;> <oj;Jf; fiyQUlDk; ,ize;J ebj;jth;.
- muq;fpy; Rakhfg; ghy; ,aw;wpg; ghLk; jpwd; nfhz;lth;.
- “gG+d;” ghj;jpur; rpj;jhpg;gpdhy; mjpfk; Gfog;gl;lth;.
- “gG+d;” ghj;jpue;jhq;fp> rkfhy tplag; nghUs;fis eifr;Ritahf> cld;
ghlyhf ,aw;wpg; ghbg; gyuhYk; tuNtw;fg;gl;lth;.

nry;tuj;jpdk; (nry;tk;)
- ngz; ghj;jpur; rpj;jhpg;gpid kpfTk; rpwg;ghfr; rpj;jhpg;gth;.
- ngz;zhf xU Mz; ebg;gjw;Fhpa rpwe;j El;gq;fisf; ifahz;lth;.
- ebifkzp tp.tp. ituKj;JNthL ,ize;J gy E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Nkilfspy;
ebj;j mDgtk; nfhz;lth;.
- re;jpukjp> ey;yjq;fhs;> rhtpj;jphp> my;yp> Qhdnrse;jhp Nghd;w ngz;
ghj;jpuq;fisj; jdJ ebg;ghw;wyhy; rpwg;gpj;jth;.
- ,ir ehlfq;fisg; gapw;Wtpf;ff;$ba MSikAk; nfhz;lth;.
- njhopy; Kiw fiyQdhfj; njhopw;gl;lth;.

vk;.tp.fpU~;zo;thh;
- ,aw;ngah; Mo;thh;gps;is.
- ,e;jpaf; fiyQh;fNshLk; ,ize;J ebj;Jg; Gfo; ngw;wth;.
- ngz;ghj;jpuq;fisr; rpwg;ghfj; rpj;jhpf;f ty;ytuhf ,Ue;jhh;.
- “Rgj;jpiu” ghj;jpuj;ijr; rpwg;ghfj; jhq;fpaikahy; “Rgj;jpiu Mo;thh;” vdTk;>
fpU~;zd; ghj;jpuj;ij Mbf; “fpU~;zho;thh;” vdTk; rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lth;.
- tuftpahf ,Ue;J NkilapNyNa ghly; ,aw;wpg; ghLe;jpwd; nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
- ,e;jpah> kNyrpah Nghd;w ehLfSf;Fk; nrd;W ehlfq;fis ebj;Jg; Gfo;
ngw;wth;.
- Rgj;jpiu> fpU~;zd;> gtsf;nfhb> ey;yjq;fhs; Nghd;w ghj;jpuq;fshy; mjpfk;
Gfo;ngw;wth;.
- “<oj;Jr; rq;fujh];” vd;Wk; Gfo;ngw;wth;.

16
 <oj;Jr;rlq;Ffs;.
rlq;Ffs; epfo;j;Jtjd; nghJthdNehf;fk;: Neha;nehbjPh;j;jy;>tsk;>nrsghf;fpak; kio
Ntz;Ljy;…….
FSu;j;jp :
fz;zfpmk;kd; rlq;Fld; njhlh;GilaJ.
itfhrp khjj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk;.
khupak;kd; Nfhtpy;fspYk; eilngWk;.
mk;kidf; Fsph;tpj;J Neha; jPh;j;jy;> kio Ntz;Ljy; vd;gtw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
gh];fh :
fj;Njhypf;f kf;fspd; jtf;fhy topghl;Lld; njhlh;Ggl;l rlq;F.
gh];F vd;gJ “Pascoa” vDk; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa nkhopr; nry;thf;F MFk;.
,yq;ifapy; gy ,lq;fspy; Fwpg;ghf kd;dhh;> aho;g;ghzk; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy;
epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,NaRtpd; ghLfs;> kuzk;> caph;g;G Mfpa tplaq;fs; rpj;jpupj;Jf;
fhl;lg;ngWfpd;wd.
gh];F ehlfk; jpwe;j ntspahd ehlf muq;f ntspapy; ngUq;fhl;rpAld;
epfo;j;jpf; fhl;lg; ngWk;.
nghk;ikfisf; nfhz;L epfo;j;jg; ngWk; kuGk;> ebf;Fk; kuGk; cz;L.
mjpfkhd Mw;WNthh; gq;Fngw;Wth;.
ehlfj; jd;ikapy; NtlTil> xg;gid> fhl;rpg;nghUl;fs; gad;gLj;jg;
ngWfpd;wd.

#ud;Nghh; :
KUf topghl;Lld; njhlh;Gila rlq;fhFk;.
fe;jGuhz fijia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
fe;jr~;b tpujj;jpd; Mwhk; ehs; ,J epfo;j;jg;gLk;.
KUfd;> #ud; MfpNahhpd; cUtg; nghk;ikfis gf;jh;fs; fhtp tUth;.
tPuthFj;Njth;> jhufh#ud;> rpq;fKfh#ud; Kjypa ghj;jpuq;fSk; ,lk;ngWk;.
ghh;g;Nghupd; gq;fspg;G Kf;fpak; ngWk;.
Mya tPjp muq;fhfTk;> gf;jh;fs; ghh;g;NghuhfTk; nraw;gLth;.
ths;> #yk;> Nty;> khq;nfhk;G Kjyhd muq;fg; nghUl;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
jPth;j;jp> jPg xsp vd;gd xspA+l;ly;fshFk;.
ehj];tuk;> ftpy;> rq;F> Nrkf;fyk; vd;gd ,irf; fUtpfs;.

ghz;lth; tdthrk; :
jpnusgij mk;kd; topghl;NlhL njhlh;Gila xU rlq;fhFk;.
fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; fy;Kid mUNf ghz;bUg;G jpnusgij mk;kd;
Myaq;fspYk; epjo;j;jg;gLtJ.
18 ehl;fs; epfOk; rlq;fpy; “tdthrk;” 16tJ ehshf ,lk;ngWk; rlq;fhFk;.
ghujf; fijAld; njhlh;Ggl;lJ.
gQ;r ghz;ltUld; jpnusgjp> fpU~;zUk; tdthrfj;jpw;F Ntlkpl;Lr; nry;th;.
Ch;ty muq;fpw;NfAupa ,ay;Gfs; fhzg;ngWk;.
KOf; fpuhkKNk muq;f ntspahf; fhzg;ngWk;.
ths; khw;Wr; re;jpapy; jUkuplk; ,Ue;J this tPkd; ngw;wTld; tPuj;Jld;
gha;e;J nry;thh;.
tPkNu tdthrff;fhyg; nghWg;ig Vw;fpd;whh;.
gQ;r ghz;lth;fSld; kf;fSk; Neh;j;jpia epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L
,izfpd;whh;.
ghh;g;Nghh; gq;Nfw;Gld; epfo;tjhf mikfpwJ.

17
ul;laf;Fk :
njd;khfhzj;jpy; gpugy;ak; ngw;w rlq;F tbtk;.
ngz;fspd; kyl;Lj; jd;ikiag; Nghf;FtJk;> fh;g;gpzpg; ngz;fisg;
ghJfhg;gJk;> gpurtk; f];lkpd;wp ,lk; ngwTk;> gpwe;j Foe;ijiag;
ghJfhg;gJNk “ul;laf;Fk” rlq;fpd; vjph;ghg;Gf;fshFk;.
VO kyl;L murpfSld; njhlh;GilajhFk;.
,jid “upj;jpaf;Fk” vdTk; Fwpg;gpLth;.
ghj;jpuq;fs; : KJky; Fkhup> uhky; Fkhup> fpe;jky; Fkhup> ff;FWky;
Fkhup> fg;GWky; Fkhup> gpr;rky; Fkhup> rg;Gky; Fkhup> fSff; Fkhuha(gprhR)

rd;dpaf;Fk :
rpq;fs kf;fs; rlq;F epiy Mw;Wif. Guhzf; fijAld; njhlh;GilaJ.
nfl;l Mtpfspy; ,Ue;J jk;ik tpLtpf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gLk;.
,jpy; 18 Nga;fs; 18 tifahd Neha;fisj; jUtjhf mikAk;.

rpq;fs ehlf tuyhW

 rlq;F tiffs;

njhtpy; -
xUtifg; gprhrhl;lk; (Devi Dance)Ju;j;Njtijfspd; nghUl;Nl epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ.
gprhNrhl;Lgtu;> Nehahsp> ghu;g;Nghu; rk;ge;jg;gLtu;. tPl;Ltstpy;/Rliyapy; epfo;j;jg;gLk;
NtlKfk; mzpe;J> fhypy; rjq;iffl;b FUj;Njhiyahy; clypid myq;fupj;J Fwpj;j
jhsj;jpw;F Vw;g MbAk; ghbAk; epfo;j;Jifapy; <LgLtu;. G+rhupf;Fk; Nga;f;Fk; ,ilapy;
ciuahly;fs; ,lk;ngWk;. ntrKdp> Gj;jngUkhd; gprhrpid mlf;Fgtuhf fhzg;gLtu;
muq;fpay; rhu; gz;Gfshf IjPfk;> Mly;ghly;> mgpeapj;jy;> NtlKfg;ghtid> Ntl cil>
xg;gid> Mw;Wifntsp> ifg;nghUs; ciuahly;> ghj;jpur; rpj;jphpg;G> xyp xsp> ,ir
Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.,r;rlq;fpidj; jkpoh;fspd; fopg;Gr; rlq;NfhL xg;gpl;L
Nehf;Fth;.

ul;laFk / hpj;jpahfa
Foe;ij tuk; Ntz;b epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.njd;khfhzj;jpy; rpwg;ghf ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. VO
kyl;LuhzpfSld; njhlu;GilaJ.gy;NtW IjPff; fijfSld; njhlh;GilaJ.
Eg (tpy;nyhb efhpd; ud;fphp $l;la kiyj;njhlhpd;….. fij.)Jjpg;ghly;f@lhfg; gprhRfs;
tutiof;fg;gLk;.gprhNrhl;bf;Fk; gprhRfSf;FkpilNa ciuahly; ,lk;ngWk;. ,jD}lhfr;
rlq;fpd; Nehf;fk; mwpag;gLk;.“tPjpa” vDk; gygPlk; epfo;tplkhff; nfhs;sg;gLk;.Fspj;jy;>
ghapioj;jy;> E}y;E}w;W Nriy/rhy;it
nea;jy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs; ghtidgz;zg;gLk;.Foe;ij fpilg;gJld; fhzpf;if
nrYj;JtJld; rlq;F epiwTf;F tUk;.muq;fpay; rhu; gz;Gfs;
ehy;tifr; rpj;jpupg;G> nrhy;yhly;> Nghyr;nra;jy; ghly;> muq;f myq;fhpg;G> xsp xyp ,ir

nfhn`hk;g fq;fhhpa
jdpg;gl;l tifapy; FLk;g f];lk; ePq;Ftjw;Fk;> fpuhkj;jpw;F/CUf;F/ehl;bw;F ed;ik
Ntz;br; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.fz;b kw;Wk; VONfhuis> ehd;F Nfhuis> cLEtu> al;b Etu
Nghd;w kiyehl;Lg; gpuNjrq;fspy; epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.tpIad; FNtdpAld; njhlu;Gila
fij epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ. FUehd;Nr epfo;it Muk;gpg;ghu;.12 kzp Neuk; njhlh;r;rpahf
(,utpy;) epfo;j;jg;gLk;njhlu;Ggl;ljhd ehlfk; rhu;e;j re;ju;g;gq;fs;>Cuh af;fk> nghW
af;fk> eah af;fk> ntjp af;fk> jh;gz af;fk - fz;zhb> rPjh af;fk> mapNy
af;fk> tNd af;fk >k` af;fk> kNy af;fk >ehlfk; rhu;e;j mk;rq;fs;nrhy;yhly;>

18
muq;fntsp> ehy;tif mgpeaq;fs;> Nghyr; nra;jy;. ghh;g;Nghu; gq;F nfhs;sy;. #oikTfs;
rpj;jpupf;fg;gLjy;> cs;sij cs;sthW fhl;ly;. xsp> xyp ,ir

 ehl;lhH; muq;Ffs;
Nfhyk;
fuz epiyapy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;l muq;f tbtk; tUlg;gpwg;ig mz;ba fhyg;gFjpapy;
epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ.kfpo;tpj;jNy gpujhd Nehf;fk; jho;epyg; gpuNjrq;fshd nge;ju> cLgpy>
mk;gyhq;nfhl> kPnfhl> fSj;Jiw Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspy; epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ rg;gpufKt
khfhzk;> jhdhak;gy/thb tPl;L Kw;wj;jpy; epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ> kzpf;ghy Njtpapd;
krf;ifiaj; jzpg;gJ njhlh;ghd fij njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ.rghgjp midtUf;Fk; tpsf;fk;
nrhy;yp epfo;tpid Muk;gpg;ghu; - ghapuj;ij xj;jJ.Nfhy Ml;lk; nghJthf 3 tifg;gLk;
1. nghyp]; Nfhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J Kjyhsp Nfhyk; tiuahd Ml;lq;fs;
2. murd; mtdJ ghpthuq;fs; Njhd;Wjy; Mz;bf;FU fshpapy; te;J MLtJtiu
3. fij nghUe;jpa Mly; (re;j ,e;J}W fjht> kdNf fj;jht…….)
Nfhy ehlfg; gz;Gfs;
ehl;ba ju;kpapyhd Mw;Wif>kpifg;gLj;jg;gl;l – myq;fhu Ntiyg;ghLfSld; $ba
NtlKfk; gad;gLj;jg;gly;>fl;bafhudhy; (fhhpa futzuhyh) ghj;jpuq;fs;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLtNjhL fijg; gpd;dYk; Kd; itf;fg;gLk;.epiyahd ghj;jpuq;fs; te;J
Nrh;e;j gpd;dh; fijg;gpd;dy; ebj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;.Mz;fs; khj;jpuk; ebg;gpy; <Lgly;>gpujhd
Ritahf ieahz;bj;jd;ikAld; $ba `h];ak; >rd;dpFaf;Fktpd;
nry;thf;F>jdhak;gy/thbtPl;L Kw;wj;jpy; epfo;j;jg;gLjy;>fJW vDk; ghuk;Fiwe;j
fhl;Lkhtpdhy; Ntl Kfk; jahhpf;fg;gLjy;>‘ftp’ ehlfj;jpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F fhuzkha;
mike;Js;sJKf;fpa ghj;jpug;gilg;ghf “IrhTk;”> “ypQ;rpdhTk;” nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wdu;.
Nfhyk; ehlfj;jpid jkpoh;fspd; tre;jd; $j;NjhL xg;gpl;L Nehf;Fth;.

nrhf;fup
nrhf;fup vd;gjd; mu;j;jk; mofpa khJ.gj;jpdpj; nja;t topghl;Lld; njhlu;GilaJ
yf;fiy> ~pq;Fuhq;fj;ij> kPYg;Ng> jyhj;J Xah> jk;Gs;s Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspy;
epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ.nry;tr;nropg;G> nrsghf;fpak; Ntz;b epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ. fUtsr;
rlq;fhfTk; epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.,e;jpahtpd; fhrpiar; Nrh;e;j FUfhkp mtuJ kidtp
nrf;fup gr;rpkPuh> ,uhkd; fhspak;kh nrhj;jhd ghk;ghl;br; nrl;b> Mrhhp itj;jpau; Nghd;w
ghj;jpuq;fs; fijAld; njhlh;Ggl;Ls;sd.“fpd;dua” vd;w ghapiof;Fk; r%fk; ,jid
epfo;j;Jfpd;wdu;.Mw;Wif fsj;J Nkl;by; ,lk;;ngWk;.ngj;NjFU fijapid mwpKfQ;
nra;thh;.ghj;jpuq;fs; Ntl Kfj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;ehlfr; #oikTfshf>kuk;
jwpj;jy;> Njhzp nra;jy;> fg;gy; gazk; Nkw;nfhs;sy; tPL fl;Ljy;> nkOFjy;> gha;
,ioj;jy; vd;gd Ckj;jpy; epfo;j;jg;gLk;.fliyj; jhz;Lk; NghJ ghlg;gLk; ghly;
fhj;jtuhad; $j;jpd; ,iria xj;jJ.nrhf;fup Foe;ijiaj; jhyhl;LtJ jkpopiria
xj;jJ kiyehl;L Nksk; ifj;jhsk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

nrhf;fhpapd; ehlfg;ghzp
FUehd;Nr ghj;jpuj;jpid mwpKfQ; nra;jy;> NtlKfg;gad;ghL>ehl;ba ju;kpg; ghzpapyhd
Mw;Wif>FwpaPl;Lr; rpj;jpupg;G>Mz;fs; khj;jpuk; ebj;jy;>Ckr;rpj;jpupg;G xsp> xyp
,irg;gad;ghL
nrhf;fhp Mw;Wifapidj; jkpoh;fspd; kfpbf; $j;NjhL xg;gpl;L Nehf;Fth;.

ehlfk
18k; E}w;whz;L Njhd;wp 19k; E}w;whz;L tiu tsh;;r;rpaile;j xU IduQ;rf muq;f
tbtk;>Kd;dh; fhzg;gl;l Mw;Wiffis tpl xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l ehlf mikg;Gld;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhy; ngUtuNtw;igg; ngw;wJ.gpypg;G rpe;NQh gpjhkfuhf fUjg;gLfpwhu;.
1824 ,y; ,tuhy; vOjg;gl;l “m`ynghy” KjyhtJ ehlfkthFk;. kpfg;goikahd
ehlfkhf `hpr;re;jpu nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. rpyhgk;> nfhOk;G> ntypfk> khj;jiw> jq;fhiy
Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspy; epfo;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.Muk;gj;jpy; fj;Njhypf;ff; fijfSk; gpd;G ngsj;j
,e;Jf;fijfSk; mjd; gpd;G r%ff; fijfSk; epfo;j;jg;gl;Ls;sd.fuspa vDk; Mw;Wif
ntspapy; epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ ngj;NjFU fijapid mwpKfQ; nra;thu;.cgrhuf; fhz;lk;
fjhfhz;lk; vd;w ,Ugjpfshf epfo;j;jg;gLk;.nghj;Nj ftp/ G+uz tpUj;jk; nghj;Nj rpe;J

19
/Njhlak; ifapUg;G ghj;jpuq;fs; Njhd;Wk; - gFG+ijah/Nfhzq;fp>
nry;yd; ykh
Njrdhtjp giwaiwNthd; fij epfo;j;jg;gLk;3 – 7 ,uTfs; Mw;Wif ,lk;ngw;wJ.
jdpj;Jtkhd gz;Gfs; rpy>mofpa Mly;> ghly;> ,ir xg;gidfs;,irAld; $ba
nrhy;yhly; ehlf vOj;JU xd;W fhzg;gly;> Gjpa fijfs; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; fh;ehlf
rq;fPjg; gad;ghL epiyahd ghj;jpuq;fs;ehl;ba jh;kp ghzpapyhd Mw;Wif> Mz;fs;
khj;jpuk; ebg;gpyPLgl;;lik
 tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzk;
njhlh;e;J gy ,uTfs; epfo;j;jg; gl;;lik>xNu tifahd ghly;> ebg;G vd;gd kPs kPsg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;;lik>ghh;g;Nghh; kw;Wk; ebfh;fspd; r%fg;gpwo;thd elj;ijfs; r%fg;
nghUshjhu murpay; khw;wq;fs;>E}u;j;jp ehlf tifapd; Njhw;wk;

ehlfktpidj; jkpohpd; $j;J kuNghL xg;gpLtu;

E}h;j;jp
rpq;fs ,ir ehlfNk E}u;j;jp MFk;>,e;jpa ghh;]p ehlff; FOtpdhy; ,yq;iff;F
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ>glr;rl;l Nkilfspy; rPdwpfs; fhl;rpaikg;GfSld;
,lk;ngw;wJ.gpujhkfuhf njhd;g];hpaDk; E}h;j;jp muq;ifr; nrOikg;gLj;jpatuhf NIhz;b
rpy;thTk; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;.Gjpa gy ebfh;fSk; ehlff; FOf;fSk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.rpq;fs
“epUj;jparkhrk;” KjyhtJ ehlff;FO /NIhd; brpy;th
rpq;fsth;fSf;fhd xU muq;if epWt Kw;gl;lhu;rpwprq;fNgh> tpf;;fpukuhIrpq;f>
Njtek;gpajPr> tpfhukhNjtp> rhFe;jyh> Jl;lifKD Nghd;wd ,tuJ gilg;G,tiuj;
njhlh;e;J kfdhd gPw;w B rpy;th rpy ehlfq;fis NkilNaw;wpdhu; (FNtdp> kNdhfuh
…)v.b ngNuuh> ];Bgd;> gpNukr;re;jpu> Nghjpghy rhs;];la]; Nghd;NwhUk; E}h;j;jp
ehlfq;fis Nkilapl;ldu;.jdpj;Jtkhd gz;Gfs;
fhjy;fijfs;> jpiufspd; gad;ghL> gfl;lhd Ntlcil> xg;gid> nfhl;lif muq;fg;
gad;ghL> ,e;J];jhdp ,ir ehl;bajh;kpg; ghzpapyhd ebg;G> Nehr;RUf;fk;> ngz;fSk;
gq;Nfw;wik

- tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
ntt;NtW ehlfg; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fspd; fyg;G >nghUj;jkw;w tifapy; ghly;fs;
mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik>ehlff; fiyapYk; ghh;f;f ghly;fiy Nkk;gl;L epd;wik
>ehlfj;ij rpjwpg; NghFk; tifapyhd fhl;rpaikg;G >r%f rPh;jpUj;jf; fijfs;
cs;slf;fg;glhik >Bl;lh;> kpdh;th ehlfq;fspd; Njhw;wk;

Ckk;
- Ckk; vd;gJ ebfh; jkJ ntspg;ghl;il thh;j;jijfs; ,d;wpr; nraypNt
nra;tjhFk;.
- cly; topr;rpj;jhpg;G gpujhdg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
- fhz;gpa topr;rpj;jhpg;G> czh;r;rp topr; rpj;jhpg;G vd;gd Jizahfg;
gad;gLj;jg;ngWk;.
- Fuy; topr;rpj;jupg;G gad;gLj;jg;ngwhJ.
- ,irj; Njitf;Nfw;wthW gag;gLj;jyhk;.
- ,e; ebg;gpy; cly; nkhop vd;gJ Kf;fpag;gLj;jg; ngWfpd;wJ. mjhtJ clypd;
epiyfs;> clypd; mirTfs;> iriffs;> FwpaPLfs; vd;gd cly; nkhopahff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
- Ckk; %ykhf - xU nraiy (Mime Action)
xU fhl;rpia (Mime Scenc)
xU ehlfj;jir; nra;J fhl;lyhk;(Mime Play)
- ,q;F ciuahly; nry;yhly; fhzg;ngwhj fhuzj;jhy; ghh;g;NghUf;F tpsq;Fk;
tifapy; midj;ijAk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
- ,q;F ghj;jpukhf khQjy;> nfhUj;jkhd cdh;it ntspg;gLj;jy; mjw;Nfw;w
nra;iffisr; nra;jy; vd;gd Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fshf mikfpd;wd.

Ckr; rpj;jhpg;gpy; <LgLk; NghJ ftdpf;fg; ngw Ntz;bait.

20
 - ghj;jpuk; gw;wpa gFg;gha;T.
- ntspg;gLj;jTs;s rk;gtk; gw;wpa njspT mjidj; Jz;l q;fshf Muha;jy;.
- epfo;tpw;fhd fhyk; mjidr; nra;if %ykhf vt;thW ntspg;gLtJ vd;gJ.
- fsj;jpy; cs;s nghUl;fs; gw;wpa njspT.
- Vida ghj;jpuq;fSld; nfhz;Ls;s cwTk; njhlh;ghly; KiwAk;.
- vjph; tpidfspd; Js;spakhd ntspg;ghL.
- nghUj;jkhd czh;Tfs; ntspg;gLjy;. ,jw;fhfg;
- nghUj;jkhd Kfghtk;> nra;iffspd; ntspg;ghL. Fwpg;ghff; fz;fsJ gad;ghL.
- “Ckk;” epfo;j;Jk; NghJ jtwhfg; Ghpe;J nfhs;sf; $ba nray;fisr; nra;ahJ
,Ug;gJk; Kf;fpakhFk;.

newpahs;if
 fUj;J epiyapYs;s ehlfhrphpauJ rpe;jidfSf;F ebfid Clfkhff; nfhz;L
ghh;g;Nghh; Kd;dpiyapy; fhl;rp tbtk; toq;Fk; nrad;Kiwia newpahs;if vdyhk;.

newpahsh;
 vj;jifa xU nraw;ghl;bd; ntw;wpAk; rpwg;ghd jpl;lkplypy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
 ehlfk; xU $l;Lf;fiy tbtk; MFk;.
 ,jpy; gy;NtW fiyfSk; rq;fkpg;gjhy; mjid xOq;FgLj;jp ,izg;ghf;fk;
nra;tjw;F xUth; mtrpak;.
 mtNu newpahsuhthh;.
 vOj;JUtpw;F caph; nfhLj;J cyht tpLth; newpahsNu.
 newpahsuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; xOq;FgLj;jy;fSk; tbtikg;Gf;fSk; newpahs;if
vdg;gLk;.
 ehlf vOj;JUit muq;fpy; tpahf;fpahdk; nra;tNj newpahsuJ gpujhd gzp
vd;gjhy; mth; fw;gidAk;> GJikahd vz;zq;fSk; cilatuha; ,Ug;gh;. ,jdhy;
mtiu> Nkilapd; rpU~;bfh;j;jh vd;gh;.
 ghuk;ghpa muq;fpy; newpahsuJ gzpia Nkw;nfhs;gth; mz;zhtpahh; vdg;gLfpwhh;.

newpahshpd; gpujhd flikfs; / gzpfs;

1. vOj;JUj; njhpTk; vOj;JU thrpg;Gk;.
2. vOj;JUg; gFg;gha;Tk; jpl;lkplYk;.
3. ebfh; njhpTk; ebghfkspj;jYk;.
4. xj;jpiffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

1. vOj;JUj; njhpTk; vOj;JU thrpg;Gk;.

 ehlfk; jahhpg;gjw;fhd Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; vOj;JUj; njhpT ,lk; ngWk;.
nghUj;jkhd vOj;JUitj; njhpT nra;tjw;Fj; jahhpg;ghsUf;Fj; jdJ
MNyhridfis toq;Fgth; newpahsNu.
 njhpT nra;ag; ngw;w vOj;JUitg; gyjlit gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; thrpj;jy;.

2. vOj;JUg; gFg;gha;Tk; jpl;lkplYk;

 vOj;JUit Mw;Wif nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; gFjp> gFjpahfg; gphpj;Jg; gFg;gha;T
nra;jy;.
cjhuzk; :-
vOj;JUg; gFg;gha;tpD}L ehlfj;jpd;
- fU
- fijg;gpd;dy;
- NkhJif
- ghj;jpuq;fs;> ghj;jpg; gz;G
- ehlftif
- Nkhb

21
 - nrhy;yhly; Kiw
Nghd;wd njhlh;ghfj; njspthd tpahf;fpahdk; ngwy;. mjdbg;gilbapy;
Mw;Wiff;fhd jpl;lkpliy Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

 jpl;lkplypd; NghJ gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fisf; fUjpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

- Mw;Wiff;fhyk;
- xj;jpiff; fhyk;
- Njitahd kdpj> ngsjpf> epjp tsk;.
- Mw;Wiff;fhd muq;F
- ,yf;Fg; nghh;g;Nghh;
Nghd;wd.

3. ebfh; njhpTk; ebghfkspj;jYk;

 ebfUf;fhd mbg;gilg; gapw;rpfis toq;Fjy;.
 ehlfk; gw;wpa njspthd tpsf;fq;fs gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
 ghj;jpuj; njhpTfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sy;. ,J ebghfkspj;jy; vdTk;
miof;fg; ngWk;.
 epak muq;fpy; gpd;tUk; ebfh; njhpT / ghj;jpuj; njhpT Kiwfs; ifahsg;
ngWfpd;wd.
- jpwe;j njhpT
- %ba njhpT
- ry;yilj; njhpT
 NkYk; Ckk;> Gjpjspj;jy; %ykhd tpNrl njhpT %yKk; ebfh; njhpT ,lk; ngWk;.

4. xj;jpiffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
 vOj;JU thrpg;G Kjy; NkilNaw;wk; tiuapyhd jahhpg;Gr; nranyhOq;F xj;jpif
vdg; ngWk;.
 ,e;j xj;jpiffs; thrpg;G xj;jpif Kjy; ,Wjp xj;jpif kw;Wk; Mw;Wif /
NkilNaw;Wk; tiuapy; gy;NtW gb Kiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 ,e;j xj;jpifapd;gb epiyfspNyNa Vida muq;F %yfq;fspd; ,izg;ghf;fKk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;ngWk;.

newpahsuJ jFjpfSk; jpwd;fSk;

- tpkh;rd Nehf;F. - jiyikj;Jyg; gz;G.
- gue;j ,yf;fpa mwpT. - $l;lhf ,aq;Fk; gz;G.
- gilg;ghf;fr; rpe;jid. - nefpo;r;rpj; jd;ik.
- rkepiy MSik. - mofpaYzh;T.
- Kfhikj;Jt mwpT. - njhlh;ghlw;wpwd;.

ehlfj; jahhpg;G
 ehlfj; jahhpg;G vd;gJ ehlff; fiyg;gilg;gpid NkilNaw;Wtjw;fhd
mbg;gilfisj; Njhw;Wtpg;gJld; fiyg; ngWkhdq;fSf;fhd #oy;fisj;
jpl;lkpLtJld; $ba Kfhikj;Jtr; nraw;ghL vdyhk;.
 ehlfj; jahhpg;gpy; gy;NtW fiyQh;fspd; xd;wpize;j gq;fspg;G cs;slq;fp
,Uf;Fk;. ehlfhrphpah;> ebfh;> Nkil cil tbtikg;ghsh;> xsp mikg;ghsh;> xyp
mikg;ghsh; Nghd;Nwhh; ,jpy; cs;slq;Fth;.
 xU ehlfj;ij newpahsh; NkilNaw;Wtjw;F Ntz;ba midj;J cjtpfisAk;
nra;gth; jahhpg;ghsh; Mthh;.
 jahhpg;ghshpd; gzpfshtd.
- ehlfj; jahhpg;igj; jpl;lkpLjy;
- ehlf vOj;JUitj; njhpT nra;jy;.
- newpahsh; njhpT.

22
 - ebfh;fis xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;.
- epjpf; ifahs;if.
- tpsk;gug;gLj;jy;
- EisTr; rPl;Lf;fis toq;Fjy;.
- Vida fiyQh;fis toq;Fjy;.

 jahhpg;ghsUf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba jifikfs;.

- jiyikj;Jtk;.
- MNyhrid $Wk; jpwd;.
- topg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;.
- ehlfk; gw;wpa mwpT.
- epjp eph;thfj; jpwd;.
- njhlh;ghly; jpwd;.

<oj;J jkpo; etPd ehlf kugpy; MSikfs;

rkaf; fuzq;fs; topahf cUthf;fk; ngw;w ehlff; fiyahdJ gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; gy
gbKiw tsh;r;rpfisf; fz;L Gjpa ehlf Kiwikfisg; gpurtpj;J <oj;jkpo; muq;f
tuyhw;wpy; gy jpUg;G Kidfisj; Njhw;Wtpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. mjd; gpd;Gyj;jpy;
gyuJfUj;J epiyfSk; MSikfSk; VJtha; epd;wJ. Mt;thwhd MSikahsh;fshfg;
gpd;tUNthiu Nehf;fyhk;.

fiyauR f. nrhh;zypq;fk;
<oj;jpy; ciueil md;Nwy; nrhy;yhly; ehlf kuigg; gpuf;iQ G+h;tkhf
mwpKfk; nra;jth;.jkpo; etPd ehlf kugpd; Kd;Ndhb vdg;gLgth;.jdJ
11MtJ tajpy; ehlfg; gpuNtrk; nra;J ebfh;> newpahsh;> jahhpg;ghsh; vdg;
gd;Kfg;gl;l MSik nfhz;l fiyQdhfj; jpfo;e;J epd;whh;.
- jkpofj;jpd; etPd ehlf Kd;Ndhbahd gk;ky;rk;ke;jKjypahupd;
ehlfq;fshy; ftug;ngw;W mtiu khdrPff; FUthff; nfhz;L mtuJ
ehlfq;fisNa jahhpj;J “yq;fh RNghj tpyhrrig” Clhf nfhOk;gpNy mspf;f
nra;jhh;.
- rhuq;fjhuh> kNdhfuh> rpk;`sehjd;> Ntjhs cyfk;> ghJfhal;lhgpNrfk;> mhpr;re;jpuh>
rFe;jiy> eP tpUk;gpa tpjNk> thzpGuj;J tzpfd; Nghd;w gy ehlfq;fs;.
- ehlfj; jahhpg;ig nrOikg;gLj;jpdhh;. mjhtJ ebg;G> Ntlcil> xg;gid> fhl;rp
mikg;G> ,ir tpjhdpg;G> xspaikg;G ehlff; jahhpg;G vd midj;jpYk; gy
khWghLfis nfhz;L te;jhh;.
- ebg;gpNy “ghj;jpukhf thOjy;” vd;gijAk; vjph;tpid ebg;G> ghj;jpu epiyfs;>
mirTfs; nghd;wtw;wpYk; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jpdhh;.
- Ntl cil> xg;gid> fhl;rp mikg;G> xsp tpjhdpg;G vd;gtw;iw ajhh;j;j g+h;tkhfTk;
fhj;jpukhd tifapYk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;.
- ebfh; njhpT Kjy; NkilNaw;wk; tiu midj;ijAk; tud;Kiwf;Fs; Nkw;nfhz;L
epd;whh;.

Nguhrphpah;f.fzgjpg;gps;is
<oj;J ,ay;G newp ehlf kugpy; Kd;Ndhb vdg;gLth;. 1936 Kjy; ,tuJ
ehlfq;fs; Nguhjidapy; muq;Nfw;wg;gl;lJ.
fw;gdhNyhfj;jpypUe;j ehlf kuig elg;gpay; cyFf;F nfhz;L te;jth;.
<oj;J kf;fSila elg;gpay; gpur;rpidfs;> mgpyhi~fis muq;fpNy Ngr
Kw;gl;lhh;.

23
- aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrg; Ngr;R tof;if ehlfq;fspNy gad;gLj;jpdhh;. ciuahlypy;
gonkhopfs;> ,iz nkhopfs;> mLf;fpLf;Fj; njhlh;fs; Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fs;> gpwnkhopr;
nrhw;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; ifahz;lhh;.
- r%fj;jpy; cyhTk; cilahh;> tpjhidahh;> kzpafhuh;> GNuhf;fh; Nghd;w ghj;jpuq;fis
muq;fpNy cyht tpl;lhh;.
- ehlfq;fs; Clhff; FLk;g> r%f> muq;fpaw; gpur;rpidfis muq;fpNy nfhz;L te;jhh;.
1. cilahh; kpLf;F
2. KUfd; jpUFjhsk;
3. ehl;ltd; efu tho;f;if
4. fz;zd; $j;J
5. nghUNsh nghUs;
6. jtwhd vz;zk;
7. Re;juk; vq;Nf
8. JNuhfpfs;
9. rq;fpyp(tuyhw;W rhlfk;)
10. khzpf;fkhiy – (jOty; ehlfk;)
- jtwhd vz;zk;> JNuhfpfs; murpay; ehlfk; vdg;gLfpwJ. Vida MWk; r%f
ehlfq;fs;.
-

eh. Re;juypq;fk;.
70 fspy; muq;fr; nraw;ghl;il “newpahsh; muq;F” vd;gh;. ,r;
nrad;Kiwapy; fhj;jpukhd Xh; ,lj;jpid ,th; ngw;W epw;fpd;whh;.
rpwe;j ebfh; ehlf Mrphpah;> newpahsh;> xg;gidahsh;> xsptpjhdpg;gsh; vdg;
gy jpwk; tha;e;jth;.

- Nguhrphpah; fh. rptj;jk;gp ,af;fpa kjkhw;wk; vDk; ehlfj;jpy; ebj;j mDgtk;>

tpj;jpae;jdpd; $j;Jf;fSf;F xg;gidahsuhf ,Ue;j mDgtKk;> rpq;fsf;
fiyQh;fspd; cwTk;> Nkiyj;Nja ehlff; fsg;gapw;rpfspy; gq;F nfhz;l mDgtKk;
rpwe;j newpahsuhf ,tiu cUthf;fpaJ.
- ,tuJ ehlfq;fs; ajhh;j;jKk; NkhbikAk; fye;j gd;dpiyj; jpul;lhd muq;F md;Nwy;
xapyhf;f Kiwikiar; rhh;e;jitahFk;.
- rkfhyg; gpur;rpidfis> ];udp];yt];fpapd; Kiwik ebg;G> gpnw/f;bd; fhtpa ghzp
ebg;G Nkiyj;Nja mgj;j ebg;G $j;jpd; Mly; El;gq;fs; Nghd;wtw;NwhL tpkh;rd
hPjpahf muq;f epiug;gLj;jpdhh;.
cjhuzkhf :- tpopg;G ehlfk;> Ntiyapy;yhg; gpur;rpid gw;wpaJ.
- ,tuJ ehlfq;fs; Nkil mspf;iff;nfdj; jpl;lkpl;L vOjg;gl;ljhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
- vOj;JU njhpT Kjy; ehlf NkilNaw;wk; tiu midj;ijAk; fhyf;fpukg;gb tud;
Kiwahf Nkw;nfhz;L epd;whh;.
- xj;jpiff; fhyj;jpy; Nkil epiyfs; Nkilg; nghUl;fs;> ghj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw
khjphp cUf;fisf; nfhz;L tpsf;Fthh;.
- ,th; tpopg;G> mghuk;> gk;khj;J Mfpa ehlfq;fisj; jhNd vOjp newpg;gLj;jpaNjhL
KUifadpd; f^opak;> ,UJauk; (nkhopngah;g;G) fe;jrhkpapd; kjkhw;wk; vDk;
ehlfq;fisAk; newpahs;is nra;jhh;.

m. jhrPrpa];
1970 fspd; muq;f tsh;r;rpapy; Kjd;ik ngWk; newpahsh;fSs; xUth;.
rpwe;j ehlf ebfh;> newpahsh;> gapw;rpahsuhfj; jpfo;e;jth;.
jkpo;f;$j;J> rpq;fs ehlfk;> Nkiyj;Nja ehlf El;gq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw
,izj;Jg; Gjpa ehlf kunghd;iwf; Njl Kw;gl;lth;.

24
- nghWj;jJ NghJk; vd;w ehlfj;ij jhNd vOjp newpahs;if nra;jNjhL Nfhil>
GjpanjhU tPL> fe;jd; fUiz> gpr;ir Ntz;lhk;> fhyk; rptf;fpwJ> $b tpisahL
ghg;gh Nghd;w ehlfq;fis newpahs;if nra;jhh;.
- ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}up> ebfh; xd;wpak; Nghd;w muq;f epWtdq;fSf;fhfNt
ehlfq;fis newpg;gLj;jpdhh;.
- ,d;W gyk; ngah;e;j ehLfspNy cldb muq;fr; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;L tUgth;.
- muq;fg; gapw;rpapy; Nahfhrdk;> jpahdk; Nghd;wtw;Wld; czh;T fye;J cly;
mirTfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jhh;.

Ri`h; `kPl;

- 1970 fspd; muq;f tsh;r;rpapy; Kf;fpak; ngWth;.

- Vh;d];l; kf;fpd;lah;> jk;kj[hnfhl> fyhepjp M];yp fy;Ng
MfpNahuJ ehlfg; gapw;rpfspy; gq;F nfhz;L ehlfk; rhh;
mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;.

- ehlff; fijia tpl ehlf Nkil cj;jpfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ehlfj;ij mspf;if

fiyahf ifahz;lth; mjhtJ muq;fj; njhopy; El;gq;fshs fhl;rp tpjhdpg;G> xsp>
,ir Nghd;wtw;iwf; fhj;jpukhd tifapy; Nkilapy; gad;gLj;jpdh;.
- nkhopngah;g;G ehlfq;fs; kPJ mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jpdhh;.
- nghk;kyhl;lk;> Ntjhsk; nrhd;d fij (nkhopngah;g;G)> rhjpfs; ,y;iyab ghg;gh>
KWty;> tiy> thlif miw> NjNuhl;b kfd; Nghd;w ehlfq;fis newpahs;if
nra;jhh;.

fyhepjp Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;

-1980 fspy; ,Ue;J ,d;Wtiu fhj;jpkhd muq;fr;
nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;L tUgth;.
- ehlf Mrphpau;> ebfu;> newpahsu;> jahhpg;ghsu;> rpwe;j tpku;rfu;>
Ma;thsu;> Nghjdhrphpau; vdg; gy; jpwk; tha;e;j nraw;ghl;lhsu;.
- Nghuhrphpah; fh. rptj;jk;gp mth;fshy; “<oj;J jkpo; etPd ehlfj;
jiyKiw xd;wpd; jha;” vd th;zpf;fg;gLgth;.
- kugpidAk; etPdj;ijAk; nghUj;jKwf; ifahz;L kz;zpd; gpur;rpidfNshL>
NjitfNshL ,ize;J epd;W khw; wuq;F xd;wpidj; Njhw;wptpj;jhh;. ,jidf;
Fwpg;ghf “kz;Rke;j Nkdpah;” ehlfj;jpy; fhzyhk;.
- rpWth; ehlf kuig <oj;jpNy gpuf;iQg+h;tkhf tsh;j;njLj;jth;. ($b tpisahL
ghg;gh)
- ,tuhy; vOjg;gl;l ehlfq;fs; gyjug;gl;ld.
1. r%f ehlfq;fs; - ve;ijAk; jhAk;> md;idapl;l jP> cwTfs;.
2. rpWth; ehlfq;fs; - $b tpisahL ghg;gh> xw;Wikapd; rpd;dk;>
ge;jaf; Fjpiuahh;> Kayhh; Kay;fpwhh;>
Mr;rp Rl;l til.
3. nkhopngah;gG ehlfq;fs; - xU ghitapd; tPL> <bg];> md;hpf;fdp>
Ntjhsk;.
4. ghlrhiy ehl;fs; - MnuhL NehNfd;> khnjhU ghfk;> jhAkha;
ehAkhdhh;> eunfhL nrhh;f;fk;.
5. epUj;jpa ehlfk; - Mh;nfhNyh rJuh;> msg;gUq;fUiz
6. ,ir ehlfk; - fz;ldd; rPijia

25
- 1978,y; ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}hp vDk; muq;f epWtdj;jpid epWtp ,urpfh; mit
xd;iw mikj;J ehlfq;fisj; jahhpj;J mspf;if nra;jhh;.
- ,jD}lhf “muq;fk;” vDk; ehlfj;Jf;fhd jkpo;r; rQ;rpifia ntspapl;lhh;.

Nguhrphpah; rp. nksdFU

- jkpo;g; ghug;ghpaf; $j;J tbtj;Js; rkfhyg; gpur;rpidfis
cl;nrYj;jpajd; %yk; jkpo;j; Njrpa muq;nfhd;iwj; Njl
Kw;gl;lth;.
- 1960 fspy; ,Ue;J ,d;Wtiu ehlfg;gzpahw;wp tUfpwhh;.
ebfh;> ehlf Mrphpah;> newpahsh;> Ma;thsh;> Nghjdhrphpah;
vdg; gy; jpwd; tha;e;jth;.

- Nguhrphpah; R. tpj;jpahde;jdpd; $j;Jf;fspy; ebj;Jg; gpd;dh; mk; kugpNy rkfhyg;

gpur;rpidfisg; Ngr Kw;gl;lth;. rq;fhuk;> rf;jp gpwf;FJ> tpbT> kio> ek;ikg;
gpbj;j gprhRfs;> rhpghjp Nghd;w ehlfq;fisf; $wpf; nfhs;syhk;.
- mtuJ kio ehlfkhdJ “epUj;jpa ehlfk; “ tifahFk;.
- Ntlid cr;rpa nts;isg; Gwhf;fs;> jg;gpte;j jhb ML Mfpa rpWth;
ehlfq;fis vOjpdhh;.
- ,tuJ “,uhtNzrd;” ehlfk; xU etPd ehlfk; MFk;.
- gioaJk; GjpaJk;> muq;fpay;> kl;lf;fsg;G kuG top ehlfk;> <oj;Jj; jkpo; ehlf
tuyhW vdg; gy E}y;fis vOjpath;.
- “muq;f Ma;T $lk;” vd;w ngahpd; muq;f mikg;nghd;iw epWtpf; $j;jpy; Gjpa
ghpNrhjid Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;gth;.

f. ghyr;re;jpuh
-70 fspy; ntspg;gl;l ehlf newpahsh;fspy; xUtuhf
,th; fhzg;gLfpd;whh;.
- ebfh; xd;wpaj;Jld; ,ize;J m. jhrPrparpd;
newpahs;ifapy; “fe;jd; fUizapy;” ghj;jpNkw;W ebj;jhh;.
- ,th; 1987 ,y; mitf;fhw;Wf; fiyf; fofj;jpid cUthf;fpg;
gy nkhopngah;g;Gj; jOty; ehlfq;fis newpg;gLj;jpdhh;.
- nkhopngah;g;G ehlfq;fs; Clhf jkpo; muq;ifr; rh;tNjr epiyapy; ghh;g;gjw;Fj;
J}z;bahfr; nraw;gl;lhh;.
- Kiwg;gLj;jg; ngw;w Xh; muq;fr; nry;newpia <oj;Jmuq;fg; Nghf;fpy; mwpa
itj;j ngUik ,tUf;FhpaNj.
- ,tUila Kaw;rpfs; gpuf;iQ G+h;tkhf etPd ehlfr; rpe;jidfs; ,q;F Njhw;wk;
ngWtjw;Ff; fhuzkhapd.
- ,tUila muq;fr; nraw;ghLfs; “yz;ld; jkpo; mitf;fhw;Wf; fofk; Clhf
,d;W njhlh;fpd;wJ.
,tuhy; newpahs;if nra;ag;gl;l nkhopngah;g;G jOty; ehlfq;fs; :-
1. nudd;rp tpy;ypak; - fz;zhb thh;g;Gf;fs; (1979)
2. fhh;]pah Nyhfh - xU ghiy tPL (1979)
3. mnyf;rp mGNrht; - Gjpa cyfk; gioa ,Uth; (1978)
4. eh. Kj;Jr;rhkp - ehw;fhypf;fhud; (1978)
5. ghjy; rh;fhh; - Kfkpy;yh kdpjh;fs; (1980)
6. md;ud; nrf;Nfht; - rk;ke;jk; (1980)
7. fphp]; fh;dhl; - Jf;sf; (1982)
8. gpnwf;l; - “Afjh;kk;” (1979)
9. mand];Nfh - jiyth;> ,ilntspfs;

26
 10. Nkhfd; uhNf]; - miuAk; FiwAk;
11. ,e;jpuh ghh;j;jrhujp - kio.

fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd;
- 1980fspy; Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fj;jpd; ehlfkhd
kz;Rke;j Nkdpahiu newpahs;if nra;jjpd; Clhf <oj;J
jkpo; muq;f tuyhw;wpy; kjpg;gpw;Fhpa xU newpahsuhf
,dq;fhl;b epd;wth;.

- r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd rhjdkha; muq;F jpfo Ntz;Lnkdf;

$wp> mjw;fhff; fz;Zf;F Gydhfhj muq;F> gbk muq;F>
gq;Ff; nfhs;sy; muq;F> rpfpr;ir muq;F> njUntsp muq;F>
Nghd;wtw;wpidf; ifahz;lhh;.
- 1990fspy; muq;fr; nraw;ghLf; FO vDk; muq;f epWtd%lhf ehlfg; gzpfis
Kd;ndLj;jhh;.
- FOk muq;fr; nraw;ghLfs;> jisePf;f / fl;ltpo; muq;fr; nraw;ghLfis
Kidg;GWj;jpdhh;.
- <oj;jkpoUila gpur;rpidfisAk; mgpyhirfisAk; ntspf;nfhzh;e;j ehlfkhd
“kz;Rkw;j Nkdpah;” aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,tuJ newpahs;ifapy; fpl;lj;jl;l 60
jlitfs; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;lJ.
- ,th; newpahs;if nra;j ehlfq;fs; kw;Wk; muq;fe; nraw;ghLfs;.
1. rpWth; muq;F - $b tpisahL ghg;gh> Kayhh; Kay;fpwhh;> Mr;rpRl;l
til> jha; nrhy;iyj; jl;lhNj.
2. ghlrhiy ehlfq;fs; - rj;jpa Nrhjid> vq;fs; jtg;gad;> Gotha; kukhfp>
jhAkha; ehAkhdhh;> thy;g; Ngj;ijfs;.
3. njUntsp muq;F - khakhd;> khDld; RlUk; Xh; tpLjiy.
4. murpay; muq;F - kz;Rke;j Nkdpah;> caph;j;j kdpjhpd; $j;J>
ehkpUf;Fk; ehL ekJ.
5. r%ff; FOk muq;F - fy;tpf;fhd muq;F> ngz;zpiy muq;F
6. nkhopngah;g;G ehlfk; - nrt;tpsf;F
7. fsg;gapw;rpfspD}lhf muq;F - khw;wk;

tpjpf;fg;gl;l ehlf vOj;JUf;fs; njhlu;ghd gFg;gha;T

MnuhL NehNfd;
- ehlf vOj;JUit eaj;jy;.
ehlfj;jpd; fij> fU> fijg;gpd;dy;> Nkhb> ghj;jpuk;> NkhJiffs;>
Nkilf;Fwpg;Gf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vOj;JUit eaj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. vOj;JU vd;gJ ehlfj;jpy; Mff; $baJ Ik;gJ tPjk; jhd;
vdf;$Wth;. vOj;JUit thrpj;J ebf;Fk; NghJ xU rpy tplaq;fis kl;Lk;
ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mw;Wifapd; NghJ mJ ehlfkhfpd;wJ. ehlfhrphpauhy;
cUthf;fg; ngWtJ vOj;JU MFk;. Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk; mth;fs; ,t;
vOj;JUit cUthf;fpdhh;.

ehlfj;jpd; fij
ehlf vOj;JU xd;iw thrpj;J eaf;Fk; NghJ fij gpujhdkhfpd;wJ.
ehlfhrphpah; ,e; ehlfj;jpd; Clhf vd;d fijiar; nrhy;Yfpwhh;. fijf;fhd
gpur;rpidfs; ahit? vd;d gpur;rpidfs; tUfpd;wd vd;gij mwpa fij
cjTfpd;wJ. fij vd;gJ fijr; #og; gpd;dg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ehlfj;jpd; fijNa
ehlff; fl;likg;ig jPh;khdpf;Fk;.

27
 MfNt> ,e;ehlfj;jpy; Ngrg;ngWk; fij ngw;Nwhhpd; md;gpw;fpdpa Nrhfj;jhy;
jdJ Raj;jpw;fhd ,lk; kWf;fg;gLtjhy; Mjq;fKk; ~q;fhp> je;ijapd; md;gpd;
mjpfhu epiyg;gl;l topelj;jy; mDFKiwahy; mjpUg;gpAWk; u[Pt; kw;Wk; ~Pyh>
ngw;Nwhhpd; md;gpd; jpisg;ghy; jk; Rje;jpukhd rpwfbj;jYf;F mJ NghJkhdjha;
,y;yhjij czh;e;Jk; mk;gpifnad ahtUk; ,ize;J jkf;Ff; fpilj;j
re;jh;g;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp jk; tpUg;gq;fisAk; vz;zq;fisAk; nggw;NwhUf;Ff;
Fwpg;ghf vLj;Jiuf;f tpistNj ,e; ehlfj;jpd; fijahFk;.
mjhtJ gps;isfspd; vjph;ghh;g;Gf;fSk; ngw;Nwhhpd; mDFKiwf;Fk;
,ilapyhd ceTk;> KuZNk ,e; ehlfj;jpD}lhfg; Ngrg; ngWk; fijahFk;.

- ehlff; fU (Theme)
xU ehlfj;jpd; fU vd;gJ mjd; gpujhd mk;rkhFk;. fUit itj;Nj fij
gpd;dg;gLk;. mf; fUtpw;fhdjhfNt midj;Jr; nraw;ghLfSk; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
cjhuzkhf> ,iria vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;. fU> ,ir> mike;jpUf;Fk; - Ntl
cil> xg;gid> fhl;rp vd midj;Jk; ehlfj;jpd; ikaf;fUitr; #o mikf;fg;
ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
,e; ehlfj;jpd; fUg;nghUshff; fl;bsk; gUtj;J khzth;fspd; kdntOr;rpg;
gpur;rpid fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ngw;NwhUf;Fk; gps;isfisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s ,ayhj
epiyiag; ngw;NwhUf;Fj; jUfpwJ. vdNt jhd; gps;isfs; kPJ Mj;jpuk;
nfhs;shJ nghWikAld; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. MfNt ,e; ehlfj;jpy; “fU” “jk;
gps;isfspd; ghw;nfhz;Ls;s md;gpd; epkpj;jkha;> ngw;Nwhh; jk;ikawpahJ jhKk;
tUe;jpg; gps;isfisAk; tUj;Jk; epiy vd;gjhFk;”.

- fijg;gpd;dy;
xU ehlfj;jpd; cWg;Gf;fspy; kpf Kf;fpkhdJ fijg;gpd;dy; MFk;.
fijg;gpd;dy; vd;gJ kdpjdpd; rpe;jid> kdpjg; gz;G vd ,uz;bdJk;
mbg;gilapy; vOtjhFk;. fijg;gpd;dyhdJ cz;ikahf elf;ff;$ba ele;jJ
vd;W fUjf;$ba xd;wpd; xOq;fikg;gpy; ,lk; ngWtJ MFk;. me; ehlfk;
gpd;dg;gl;bUf;Fk; Kiwf; fijg;gpd;dy; vdyhk;.
,e; ehlfj;jpd; fij %d;W FLk;gq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L gpd;dg;gl;lJ.
Xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpYk; fhzg;ngWk; Kf;fpakhd ghj;jpuq;fs; (~q;fup> ~Pyh>
mk;gpfh) ehlff; fUit ntspg;gLj;Jk; Kiwapy; mikf;fg;gl;Lg; gpd;dh;
,Wjpahff; “fdT” vDk; ehlfj;ijg; gps;isfs; nra;J fhl;LtJld;
Kbtilfpd;wJ.
ehlfj;jpd; Kjw; fhl;rpapy; xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpdhpd; Fzhjpaq;fSk;
nraw;ghLfSk; fhl;lg;ngWfpd;wd. KjyhtJ FLk;gj;jpy; mjPj md;G ghrj;jhy;
,sk; gps;isfs; vt;thW ifahsg;gLfpd;wdu; vd;gJ fhl;lg;ngWfpd;wd. md;gpd;
Jauk; fhl;lg;ngWfpd;wJ.
,uz;lhtJ FLk;gj;jpd; fhl;rpapy; fLikahd fz;fhzpg;Gld; (uh[;Fkhh;)
je;ijAk; mutizf;Fk; jhAkhff; fhl;lg;ngWfpd;wJ.
%d;whtJ FLk;gj;jpy;> gps;isapd; tpUg;Gf;F ,lk; nfhlhik rpj;jhpj;Jf;
fhl;lg;ngWfpwJ.
,Wjpf;fhl;rpapy; “fdT” ehlfk; ebj;Jf; fhl;lg; ngWfpwJ.
,t;thW fUit Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpf; fij gpd;dg;gl;bUg;gij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
%d;W FLk;gq;fisr; Nrh;e;j 11 ghj;jpuq;fs; ,lk; ngw;w NghjpYk;
,g;ghj;jpuq;fis tifkhjphpg; ghj;jpuq;fshf cs;slf;fptplyhk;.
1. ngw;Nwhh;
2. gps;isfs;
3. r%fk;
1. ngw;Nwhh; tifkhjphpahdth;fshf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; mth;fspw;Fs;Sk; NtWghL
,Ug;gijf; fhzKbAk;.

28
 uQ;rpj;Fkhh; - md;gpd; mjpfhu epiyg;gl;l jd;ik
uh[;Fkhh; - mjpfhuj; je;ij
,uh[Jiu - mjpf Rje;jpuj;ij toq;fp mf;fiwaw;w czh;T nfhz;l
je;ij
2. gps;isfs; ~q;fhp> u[Pt;> ~Pyh> Muzp> mk;gpif Nghd;w ghj;jpuq;fs; xNu
gz;G nfhz;l ghj;jpuq;fshf ,Ug;gpDk; jdpahs; NtWghL nfhz;lit.
cjhuzk; - ~q;fhp
uQ;rpj;Fkhh; - Rgj;jpuh jk;gjpfspd; xNu kfs;. Ngw;Nwhhpd; kpif
md;ghw; fyq;Fgts;. fpnsth; Nfu;s;> nfl;bf;fhhp>
FQ;R> lhh;ypq;> Nggp> uhrh> kfs; ngw;> Nggp Nlhy;
vdj; jha; je;ij mtis miog;gJ md;gpd;
epkpj;jNk. MapDk; mjpfhuKk; Mjpf;fKk; mOj;jk;
ngWtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
3. r%fk; - ,q;F r%fk; vdg;gLtJ ghlfh; FOitf; Fwpf;Fk;.
,th;fs; fl;bsk; tajpduhf ,Ug;gh;. mth;fs;
fl;bsikg; gUtj;jpdhpd; kdrhl;rpfs; jhd; ehlfr;
nraypaf;fj;jpy; gq;F nfhs;th;. ehlff; fUit>
fijia tpsf;fTk; ehlfj;jpd; czh;itg; Ghpe;J
nfhs;sTk; ghLk; FO nraw;gLk;.

- ehlf Nkhb
ehlfj;jpd; mikg;G> ciuahLk; Kiwik> nra;iffs;> nkhop Ml;rp
ghj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ehlf Nkhb jPh;khdpf;fg;ngWk;.
MnuhL NehNfd; ehlfk; “Nkhbik jOtpa ajhh;j;jk;” vd ,jd; Nkhbiaf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,e;j ehlfj;jpy; ajhh;j;jg; gz;G NkNyhq;fpAs;sJ. vdpDk;
rpwpastpy; Nkhbikg; gz;G fye;Js;sJ. MfNt jhd; Nkhbik jOtpa ajhh;j;j
ehlfk; vd;fpNwhk;. Muk;gj;jpy; tUk; mk;Gyp khkh ghly;> kw;Wk; ghlfh; FOtpd;
nraw;ghLfs; Nkhbik fye;jJ vdyhk;.
- ehlfg; ghj;jpuq;fs; - FLk;gq;fs; %d;W
FLk;gk; xd;W - kj;jpaju (cah;) th;f;fk;
uQ;rpj;Fkhh; - jfg;gd; - 50taJ
Rgj;jpuh - jha; - 45taJ
~q;fup - kfs; - 15taJ
FLk;gq;fs; ,uz;L - kj;jpaju (cah;) th;f;fk;
uh[;Fkhh; - jfg;gd; - 60taJ
nry;tuhzp - jha; - 55taJ
u[Pt; - kfd; - 18taJ
~Pyh - kfs; - 16taJ
FLk;gq;fs; %d;W - kj;jpaju (rhjhuz) th;f;fk;
,uh[Jiu - jfg;gd; - 60taJ
rNwh[pdp - jha; - 55taJ
Muzp - kfs; - 25taJ
mk;gpif - kfs; - 15taJ
ghLk; FO – 15-18 taJila 5 Kjy; 15 Ngh; fhzg;glyhk;.

29
 GjpanjhU tPL

- tpkh;rdk; vd;gJ fiyapd; epiw Fiwfis Muha;tjw;Fk; Nkyhf> fiyapidg;

Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;> mf;fiyg; gilg;gpd; Moj;jpid czh;e;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;>
mf;fiyg; gilg;gpd; Moj;jpid czh;e;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; fhuzkhf mikfpwJ.
- ehlfk; xU fiyg; gilg;G vd;w tifapy; mJ ghh;f;fg;gLtjw;Fk;>
mDgtpf;fg;gLtjw;Fk;> gfph;e;J nfhs;sg;gLtjw;Fk;> rpj;jhpg;gjw;Fk; chpaJ.
- ehlf vOj;JUthdJ Mw;Wif nra;ag;gLtjw;fhfNt vOjg;gLfpd;wJ.
- ehlfk; NkilapNyNa caph; ngWfpd;wJ. me;j mofpay; ntspapNyNa
vOj;JUtpw;fhd mh;j;jq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. mit MSf;fhs; NtWgl;ljhf
,Uf;Fk;.
- ehlfk; xd;wpd; gy;NtW %yf;$Wfs; ,ize;Nj mofpaiy tpUj;jp nra;tijf;
fhzyhk;.
- ehlfj;jpd; fij> ebg;G Kiwik> Mw;Wif ntspapd; mikg;G> fhl;rp tpjhdpg;G>
,iraikg;gpd; jd;ikfs;> ghj;jputhf;fk;> Ntl cil xg;gid> xspA+l;Lif>
vOj;JUtpd; fUJNfhs;> ehlf Nkhb> ghh;g;Nghhpd; vjph; tpidfs; vd;gd ehlf
Mw;Wif tpkh;rdj;jpd; NghJ ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba %yf;$Wfshf cs;sd.
- ,t;thwhd tplaq;fisf; fUj;jpnyLj;J tpkh;rpf;Fk; NghJ NkYk; gilg;gjw;Fk; >
tsh;r;rp ngWtjw;Fk; celJ rf;fpahf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
- vdNt “GjpanjhU tPL: ehlfj;ij khzth;fs; tpkh;rpf;Fk; NghJ Nkw;gb
tplaq;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L tpkh;rdg; gzpapy; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;.
- GjpanjhU tPL ehlfj;ij ePq;fs; ghh;f;ff; fpilj;j re;jh;g;gk;> fhyk;> muq;F>
jahhpg;ghsh;> newpahsh; vd;w tptuq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpkh;rdj;ij
vOj Muk;gpf;fyhk;.
- ,e;j ehlff; fUit eae;J nfhs;Sk; Kiwiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. cjhuzkhf
Nguhrphpah; fh. rptj;jk;gp mth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l tplaj;ij Nehf;fyhk;.
- “ ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; gyj;ijAk;> ghpr;raj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp ekf;F njhpe;j Mdhy;
ekJ rpuj;ijia mjpfk; ftuhj xU r%f kl;lj;jpd; kdpj neUf;fbfis”
k`hftp thapyhf ,e;j ehlfj;jpw; fhZfpNwhk;.
- mfypif> ghQ;rhyp> rPij> khjtp Nghd;w ngz;fSf;F Vw;gl;l xU kdpj
neUf;fb jhd; ,e;j kapypf;Fk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
- ,t;thwhd nghUj;jg;ghlhd ehlff; fU rhh;e;j fUj;Jf;fis vOjpg; ghUq;fs;.
- ehlf Mw;Wifapd; NghJ ebfNd caph; nfhLg;gtdhf cs;shd;. ,e;j
ehlfj;ijg; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ> ebg;Gj; njhlh;ghf cq;fSf;F Vw;gl;l fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itf;fyhk;.
cjhuzkhf :- ebg;G ghzp> cly; nkhopapd; gad;ghL> nrhy;yhly;fspd;
jd;ik> Nkil ntspiag; gad;gLj;jpa Kiwik Nghd;wit
gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fyhk;.
,it jtpu> ebfdpd; Jizr; rhjdq;fspd; gad;ghL gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisAk;
Kd;itf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhl;rp tpjhdpg;Gf;fs;> Nkilg; nghUs;fs;> ifg;nghUl;fspd;
gad;ghL> Ntlcil> xg;gidfspd; jd;ik> ,iraikg;G> xyp> xspaikg;G
vd;gtw;wpd; Mw;Wifg; ngWkhdk; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisj; njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nghJthfNt tpkh;rdk; urid rhh;e;j gz;GfNshL vOjg;ngw;W tUtijf;
fhzyhk;. GjpanjhU tPL ehlfk; NkilNaw;wg;gl;l 1989 fhyg;gFjpapy; tp.Nf
nrskpad; vOjpa gj;jphpif tpkh;rdj;jpy; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
…. ehlf Muk;gj;jpy; tUk; kPdtg; ghlYf;F glF> tbtj;jpy; mikAk;
eldk;> me;j mirTfs;> kpFe;j rpe;jidapd; ntspg;ghLfsha;j; njhpe;jd.
“ntLf; nfd;W ….. kpd;dy; …. kpd;dy;” vd;w ghlYf;fhd mirTfs; cr;rk;!
,t;thW tpkh;rdk; vOJk; NghJ gy Jiwfs; gw;wpa epahakhd fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itf;f Ntz;Lk;.

30
 kuGtop ehlfg; ghly;fs;

G+jj;jk;gp (,ir ehlfk;) – 01

me;jpuhrp :- njhd;W jpfo;e;jpL ,d;W ,yq;fpL
rPh; ngW aho; efNu
,d;W fz;l ey; ,dpa fhl;rpfs;
rpe;ij fth;e;jpLNj
G+jj;jk;gp :- ey;iy efh; jdpy; njhy;iyfs; ,Jtiu
Njhd;wpajpy;iyNa
ey;yth; tho;T rpwg;Gld; jpfo
,e;efh; NgnuopNy
me;jpuhrp :- ml;ljpf;fpYk; kl;by;yhg; Gfo;
nfhz;lth; ml;kpuNy – mth;
Miz ,l;lgb nra;J Kbj;jpl
ahkpU ty;ytNu
G+jj;jk;gp :- vq;fs; jkpo;f;Fb vq;fs; jiyefh;
Vw;wpLk; cq;fisNa - ,J
vd;Wk; epiyj;jpl Vw;wkile;jpl
Nghw;WNthk; ,iwtidNa
G+jj;jk;gp (,ir ehlfk;) – 02
nkhl;ilj; jiyAld; xw;iwg; gpuhkzd;
Kd;dpNjh thwhNd
fl;il tpwF jiyapy; Rke;njhU
fhisAk; thwhNd
vz;izf; Flj;jpid jiyapy; Rke;njhU
Ve;jpis thwhNs
tz;zkhfg; GJg; ghidAk; nfhz;nlhU
kle;ijAk; thuhNs.

fhj;jtuhad; $j;J – 03
Mjp rptd; ike;jdy;Nyh – ehDk;
Mjpf; fhj;jhd; XbthNwd; rigNahNu Iah nghpNahNu….
Nrhjp epyh epd;Wjpf;f - ,g;Ngh
Jiz nra;thh; Mjprptd;
ike;jd; vdf;F - ,g;Ngh
ghyd; vdf;F
Fk;gpl;L njz;ldpl;Nld; - ehDk;
Nfhb ek];fhuk; nra;Njd;
rigNahNu – Iah
nghpNahNu

fhj;jtuhad; $j;J – 04
fhj;jhd; :- rpq;fk; xd;W rpd;dhd; tUFJ ghh;
rPf;fpuNk mk;ghy; va;fpNwd; ghh;
rpd;dhd; :- gd;wp xd;W mz;zh tUFJ ghh; - mij
gJq;fp epd;Nw mk;ghy; va;fpNwd; ghh;
fhj;jhd; :- khDk; xd;W rpd;dhd; tUFJ ghh; - mij
kiwe;J epd;Nw mk;ghy; va;fpNwd; ghh;
rpd;dhd; :- fub xd;W mz;zh tUFJ ghh; - mij
fr;rpjkha; mk;ghy; va;fpNwd; ghh;

31
fhj;jtuhad; $j;J – 05
(rptd; tuT)
fhtp cLj;jy;yNth MjprptdhUk; - xU
fhuzkha; Ntlq;nfhz;Nld;
kha rptdhUk;
Gypj;Njhy; cLj;jy;yNth MjprptdhUk; - ,g;Ngh
G+uzkha; Ntlq;nfhz;Nld;
kha rptdhUk;
#yhAjk; jhndLj;Nj MjprptdhUk; - ,g;gb
Rw;wp top jhd; ele;jhh;
kha rptdhUk;.

fhkd; $j;Jg; ghly; - 06

ujp :- nghy;yh ey;Nyhh; fdT fz;Nld;
kd;dhd kd;dtNd - ePq;f
Nghh; Ghpe;J kbaf; fz;Nld;
kd;dhd kd;dtNd
kd;kjd; :- ghk;gzpe;j rptd; kfNs
gj;jpd;ngz; ujpNa – ehDk;
,f;fzNk nrd;W thNwd;
md;dujpkapNy
ujp :- Me;ij mywf; fz;Nld;
kd;dhd kd;dtNd - ePq;f
mdyha; vhpaf; fz;Nld;
kd;dhd kd;dtNd
kd;kjd; :- ghk;gzpe;j rptd; kfNs
gj;jpd;ngz; ujpNa – ehDk;
,f;fzNk nrd;W thNud;
md;dujpkapNy
fhkd; $j;Jg; ghly; - 07
kd;kjd; :- ehd; myhpkyh; fiz njhLg;gdb
mbujpNa khNd ujpNa NjNd
rptd; jgir ehd; mopg;gdb
ujp :- myhp kyh; fiz njhLj;J
kd;dh kd;dh
rptd; jgir eP mopf;f
Ntzh Ntzh
kd;kjd; :- ehd; gr;ir ,iyf; fiz njhLg;gdb
mbujpNa khNd ujpNa NjNd
mtd; jgir ehd; mopg;gdb
ujp :- gr;ir ,iyf; fiz njhLj;J
kd;dh kd;dh
rptd; jgir eP mopf;f
Ntzh Ntzh
kd;kjd; :- ehd; nrq;fUk;G fiz njhLg;gdb
mbujpNa khNd ujpNa NjNd
mtd; jgir ehd; mopg;gdb

ujp :- nrq;fUk;G fiz njhLj;J

kd;dh kd;dh
rptd; jgir eP mopf;f
Ntzh Ntzh
kd;kjd; :- mb Mjprptd; cd;jfg;gdb
mbujpNa khNd ujpNa NjNd
mtd; jgir ehd; mopg;gdb

32
tre;jd; $j;Jg; ghly; (,iw tho;j;Jg;ghly;) – 08
jj;jdj dj;jjd jhdpdjdj;jd
jhdhj ej;jjd jhdpdh
nrf;fuQ;rilFYq;f jphp#yNtypq;f
nrfNrhjp Njhpy;thwhNu – jj;jdj
Kf;fzhjp fw;gfg;Nghh; Kjy;td; Kd;dhftu
%h;j;jp tPugj;jpud; thwhh; jhud;Nd – jj;jd
rq;furptha ntd;W rpq;f thfdj;jpNywp
ijay; ghfkhfthw jhud;Nd – jj;jd
Gq;fkiyiaj; Jisj;J fq;fzkhfj; jhpj;j
Ga tPugj;jpuRthkp fhz;kpd;Nd – jj;jd

Kapw;W tre;jd; ghly; - 09

khq;fha;> khk;gok;> Ke;jphpf;fdp Nghd;wtw;iwg; gwpf;fr; nrd;w NghJ KRW fbg;gjhfTk;

Njidj; Jilj;J tpLkhW Ntz;LtjhfTk; mikAk;.
jdk; jdhjd jhdh – jd
jhdpdk; jhdpdk; jhdpdk; jhdh
mz;lk; cyhtpa khtpy; - ehDk;
mq;FW fdpfis Ma;e;jplg; NghNdd;
nrd;nwjph; tUFJ KRW
vd; rpuir – XNfh
rpuirj;Jiwab NrapioahNu
- jdk; jdk;…
gw;wp vhpe;jpL grpahy; - ehDk;
ghfypy; VwpNa goq;nfha;ag; NghNdd;
Rw;wpNa tUtJ KRW
vd; Njhis – XNfh
Njhisj;Jiwab NrapioahNu
- jdk; jdk;…
je;jpukhfNt ele;J - ehDk;
Ke;jphpf; fdp Ma;e;jplg; NghNdd;
ge;jpaha; tUFJ KRW
vd; tapw;iw – XNfh
tapw;iwj;Jiwab khJ ey;yhNs
- jdk; jdk;…
ke;jp vDk;gb nrd;W - ehDk;
rpe;jpa fdpfis Ma;e;jplg; NghNdd;
ve;jd; Kd; tUtJ KRW
gSit – XNfh
gSitj;Jiwab ghit ey;yhNs
- jdk; jdk;…
te;jtpo; rk;Gtpy; Vwp - ehDk;
taq;fpa fdpfis Ma;e;jplg; NghNdd;
Fk;gyha; tUtJ KRW
vd; fhiy – XNfh
fhiyj;Jiwab fhhpifahNu
- jdk; jdk;…

33
Nfhtyd; $j;J (Ky;iy Nkhb)
jhjhfplNrhk; jhpfpljf
jhjhfplNrhk;
jhjhfplNrhk; jhpfpljf
jhjhfplNrhk;
jf;fr;Nrhk; jPk;jfjhfpl
jf;fr;Nrhk; jPk;jfjhfpl
jw;igf;FoypLf;fpNa – fhp
gl;ilAk; ifgpbj;J
Jw;FzNkgilj;j nghd;nra;fpd;w
jl;lhDk; Njhw;wpdhNd
jhFj;jhf;Fjh jhfplRe;jhp
jhFj;jhf;Fjh jhfplRe;jhp
jhfplRe;jhp jhfplRe;jhp
jf;fr;Nrhk; jPk;jfjhfpl
jf;fr;Nrhk; jPk;jfjhfpl
xUifapNy jw;igAk; FoYk;
xU ifapNy nrg;Gk; juhRk;
jiuahs; ghz;buhrd; thry;
jl;lhYk; rig Njhw;wpdhd;
khwDf;fptd; kwypahdts;
tzpfDf; nfhUgpzpAkhdtd;
$Wk;kJiu RlNtneUg;Gf;
nfhs;sp Nghd;wtd; Njhw;wpdhd;
jhk; jhk; jhk; jf;Nrhk; jj;jhpfpl
jf;Nrhk; fshq;F jj;jhpfpl
,uhk ehlfk; (tlNkhb)
rpwj;j uhkh; tdj;jpy; Nghw
rpwg;igg;ghiuah
jhk;nja;ajhk; jfNjhk; jhk;jhpfpl
rpwe;j uhkh; tdj;jpy; Nghw
rpwg;gigg;ghiuah
fuj;jpy; tpy;iyg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L
jhk;nja;ajhk; jfNjhk; jhk;jhpfpl
fuj;jpy; tpy;iyAk; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L
kuTupAk; jhpj;Jf; nfhz;L
jhk;jhk; jfjf nja; jjpq;fpz
rpwj;j uhkh; tdj;jpy; Nghw
rpwg;igg;ghiuah
jhk;jhk; jfjf nja; jjpq;fpz
jk;gp ,yf;Ftd; njhlh;e;J nry;y
rhdfp gpd;Nd ele;J nky;y
jhk;jhk; jfjf nja; jjpq;fpz
jk;gp ,yf;Ftd; njhlh;e;J nry;y
rhdfp gpd;Nd ele;J nky;y

ts;sp jpUkzk; (,ir ehlfk;)

MNyhyk; MNyhyk; MNyhyk; X - X
MNyhyk; MNyhyk; MNyhyk; X - X
nfhQ;Rk;fpsp FUtpikdhNt – ePq;fs;
$l;lkha; ,q;Nf tuhjPh;
ftz;tPrp fy;ntwpNtNd – cq;fis
fhtypy; fhztplNd
mofhd gwitfhs; mwpahik te;J

34
fhil nfsjhhp ,dq;fs;
ehd; ,dpNky; jhl;rz;zpak; ghNud; - ePq;fs;
M mbgl;lhy; ,wg;gPh; (Nrh….)

,uhtNzrd;
tPuk; tPunkd;W tpUk;gpAiuj;jPnud; Iah - ,d;W
tpjpAid gLfsk; tPo;j;jpr;rphpf;FNj nka;aha;
%Tyifahz;l Kbepyk;gLFNj Iah – xU
ghtpNghy; tplf;fpd;wPh; gf;fgykpUe;Jk; nka;aha;
thnsq;Nf fijnaq;Nf khh;ngq;Nf vid mizj;jpl;l
ituj; Njhnsq;Nf vy;yhk; njhiyj;J fplf;FNj nka;aha;

etPd ehlfg; ghly;

GjpanjhU tPL
rpWez;L kzy; kPJ glk; xd;W fPWk;
rpyNtis mijte;J fly; nfhz;L NghFk;
fwpNrhW nghjpNahL jUfpd;w NghJ
fly; kPJ ,ts; nfhz;l gak; xd;W fhZk;
Nfhil nfhLk;gdp kioFspUf;fQ;rp
Nfhbg; Gwj;jpdpy; cwq;fptplyhNkh
Mil fise;Jjiy kPjpdpy; mzpe;Njhk;
Mof;fly; japh; vdf;fila te;Njhk;
thil Fsph;e;j njdpy; thbtplyhNkh
thUk; fly;KOtJk; XbtiytPr
ghnlhd;wp uz;lfy Kd;gfYk; MFk;
ghUk; fpof;fpnyhU nts;sp xsp tPRk;.
(k`hftp J. cUj;jpu%h;j;jp)

nghWj;jJ NghJk;
rk;khl;b :- fpof;Fg; Gwj;jpdpNy epiuahff; $Lfs;
fplg;gjhy; fpilj;jpLk; epr;rkha; el;lk;
gue;j $Lfis mfw;wpLNth nkd;why;
guj;jp tiy tisf;f ,lq;fhz;Nghk; ghUk;.
kz;lhb :- rk;khl;b nrhy;YtJ cz;ikNa vd;whYk;
rk;ghjpg;ghNdh mjd; nrhe;jf;fhud;
rk;khl;b :- rk;kjk; vd;diah rk;kjk; Nfl;gJ
rk;kjpf;fhtpl;lhy; Rk;kh tpLtjh
xUth; :- vd;dj;ijr; nra;ayhk; rk;kjpf;fhtpl;lhy;
rk;khl;b :- fj;jp nfhz;ljid $l;ilAk; ntl;lyhk;.
fpoth; :- Qhakh jh;kkh mg;gbr; nra;tJ?
rk;khl;b :- QhaKk; jh;kKk; tapw;Wf;F mg;Gwk;.
-m. jhrPrpa];.

ehkpUf;Fk; ehL ekJ

vq;fs; kz;zpd; xt;nthU Gy;iyAk;
xt;nthU G+itAk; ghLfpd;Nwhk;.
,q;Nf Njhd;Wk; xt;nthU gps;isAk;
,iwtd; Mtij ehLfpNwhk;.
,iwT MfTk; ,iwtd; MfTk;
,yq;Fk; #o;epiy NjLfpNwhk;.
xt;nthU Gy;iyAk; ghLfpd;Nwhk;.
xt;nthU G+itAk; #LfpNwhk;.

35
M…... M…... M…...
ntz; kzy; Nktpa gidntspnaq;Fk;
tPizapd; Xir gutl;Lk; - jd;
fly; kPJ Njhzpfs; Xb
jhtu rq;fkk; ngUfl;Lk;
taypy; gaph;fs; epkpul;Lk;
thdk; nghope;J Fspul;Lk;
njhopy;fs; Xq;f tpz;Zk;
kz;Zk; J}a;ik Nktp xspul;Lk;
xt;nthU Gy;iyAk; ghLfpd;Nwhk;.
xt;nthU G+itAk; #LfpNwhk;.

caph;j;j kdpjhpd; $j;J

kdpjh;fs; caph;f;f Ntz;Lk;
khdplk; jsph;f;f Ntz;Lk;
Gdpjh;fs; gpwf;f Ntz;Lk;
ngha;ahiu xopf;f Ntz;Lk;
,dpikapd; vOr;rp fz;Nl
,jaq;fs; rpyph;f;f Ntz;Lk;
Gdpkyh;f; Fsph;r;rp njd;wy;
ghunky;yhk; guf;f Ntz;Lk;
(kdpjh;fs;……)
caph;g;nghd;Nw ekf;F Ntz;Lk;
cz;ikAk; mwKk; Ntz;Lk;
vOr;rp jhd; vkf;F Ntz;Lk;
Vf;fq;fs; Njit ,y;iy
Kaw;rp jhd; vkf;F Ntz;Lk;
KZ KZj;njd;d fz;Nlhk;
KOr;nray; Kidg;G Ntz;Lk;
KdfYk; Nrhh;Tk; Ntz;lhk;.
rf;jp gpwf;FJ
FyNrfud; :-
vd;db ce;jd; Nfhg;gpapy; xUrpW
,dpg;igAk; fhztpy;iy
ngz;fSf;F ,JTk; njhpahtpl;lhy;
rPr;rP nghpa gpio
kidtp :-
fhiy njhlf;fk; khiy tiuAk;
khlha; coif;fpd;Nwd;
fhpridNahL Nfhg;gp jUfpNwd;
fbe;J nfhs;fpwPh;fs;
FyNrfud; :-
cdf;Fk; ce;jd; gps;isf;Fk;
ciog;gtd; ehdy;yNth
cioj;Jf; fisj;J tPLte;j gpd;
cUrpAk; Ntz;lhNkh – rpd;d
cUrpAk; Ntz;lhNkh?
kidtp :-
ciog;gJ ePq;fs; kl;Lk; jhdh
cz;ikiag; ghUq;fs; ehDk; mq;F FLk;gj;jpw;fhf
ehSk; ciof;ftpy;iyah?
FyNrfud; :-
rk;gsk; Risaha; nfhz;L jUfpNwd;
rikj;Jg; NghLfpwha; - vbNaa;
Rk;kh ,Ue;J rhg;gpLfpw eP
Ntiyfs; nra;jhy; vd;d?

36
kidtp :-
Rk;kh ,Ue;jh rhg;gpLfpNwd;
Nahrpj;Jg; ghUq;fs; vd;u
Ntiyf;Fr; rk;gsk; Nfl;Nldhdhy;
rk;gsk; NghjhJ - cq;fl
rk;gsk; NghjhJ

Ntlid cr;rpa nts;isg; Gwhf;fs;

rpd;d rpd;d Futpfs; - vq;fs;
rpWth; rpWkpf; FUtpfs;
tz;z tz;zr; rl;il NghLk;
thahbf; FUtpfs;
gs;spf;$lk; nrd;W – fy;tp
gapYfpd;w FUtpfs;
nky;y nky;y mwpT Nrh;f;Fk;
kpf cah;e;j FUtpfs;.
mk;kh mg;gh nrhy;yif; Nfl;Fk;
md;G neQ;rf; FUtpfs;
mePjp fz;L Nfhgk; nfhs;Sk;
mjp cah;e;j FUtpfs;.
ehis ,e;j ehl;il ,q;F
elj;jg; NghFk; FUtpfs;
,e;j kz;zpd; Gfio cyfpy;
Vw;wg; NghFk; FUtpfs;.

gpd;dpizd;G

ehlf Mrphpah; ehlf tif

ehlfk;

gps;is mOj fz;zPh; rp. n[a;rq;fh; rpWth; ehlfk;

fz;lwpahj fij k. rz;Kfypq;fk; rpWth; ehlfk;

murdpd; Gj;jhil khit K. epj;jpahde;jd; rpWth; ehlfk;

rq;fpyp f. fzgjpg;gps;is tuyhw;W ehlfk;

MnuhL NehNfd; k. rz;Kfypq;fk; ghlrhiy ehlfk;

GjpanjhU tPL k`hftp cUj;jpu%u;j;jp ghlrhiy ehlfk;

muq;f epWtdq;fs; jhgfh;fs;

Ngha;]; fk;gdp rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;

tre;jfhd rgh tp.tp. ituKj;J

yq;fh RNghj tpyhrrig fiyauR f. nrhh;zypq;fk;

37
etur ehl;Lf; $j;Jf; fyhkd;wk; G+e;jhd; N[hrg;G

tl;Lf;Nfhl;il ehl;Lf;$j;J mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk; mg;Gf;Fl;b KUfNty;

KUq;fd; Kj;jkpo; fyhkd;wk; Foe;ij nrgkhiy

jpUkiwf; fyhkd;wk; eP. khpaNrtpah; mbfs;

ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}up Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;

mitf;fhw;Wf; fiyf;fofk; f. ghNye;jpuh

muq;fr; nraw;ghl;Lf;FO f. rpjk;guehjd;

muq;f Ma;T$lk; rp.nksdFU

nray; jpwd; muq;f ,af;fk; Nj. Njthde;

rpW fijfs; Mrphpah;fs;

kdpjkhL m. nr. KUfhde;jk;

Njhzp t. m. ,uhruj;jpdk;

ehl;bag; ngz; rz;Kfehjd; (rhdh)

jahupg;G:- jpU.J.mA+ud;>
Mrpupau;>
ah/kfh[d fy;Y}up
njy;ypg;gio

38