An Institute For Civil Services

GOOD
PRACTICES
15

ENVIRONMENT
CONSERVATION
 G S SCORE
An Institute for Civil Services

| www.iasscore.in |

ENVIRONMENT
CONSERVATION
NATIONAL CLEAN AIR PROGRAM (NCAP)
 An initiative of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) for making determined
efforts to deal with the air pollution problem across the country in a comprehensive manner.

Need of the Initiative

 In recent years, medium and small towns and cities have witnessed spurt in pollution thus getting fast
reflected in the non-attainment cities of India. Air pollution has increasingly been becoming a serious
concern, predominantly for health of the people. The reported perplexing statistics in various international
reports, drawing correlation of air pollution with various aggravated figures on health, without validation
on Indian population further complicates the issues by creating a flawed public perception. The impact of
air pollution is not limited to health but it gets extended to agriculture and general well-being of human,
floral and faunal population. It is in this context, the need for a National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)-India
as national level strategies for reduction in air pollution levels at both regional and urban scales is felt.

About National Clean Air Program (NCAP)

 It was launched by the MoEFCC in January 2019.
 It is the first-ever effort in the country to frame a national framework for air quality management with a
time-bound reduction target.
 The plan includes 102 non-attainment cities, across 23 states and Union territories, which were identified
by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) on the basis of their ambient air quality data between 2011
and 2015.

Non-attainment cities: These are those that have fallen short of the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS) for over five years.

 NCAP aims to meet the prescribed annual average ambient air quality standards at all locations in the
country in a stipulated timeframe.
 The tentative national level target of 20%–30% reduction of PM2.5 and PM10 concentration by 2024 is
proposed under the NCAP taking 2017 as the base year for the comparison of concentration.

Objectives
 To augment and evolve effective and proficient ambient air quality monitoring network across the country
for ensuring comprehensive and reliable database

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 To have efficient data dissemination and public outreach mechanism for timely measures for prevention
and mitigation of air pollution and for inclusive public participation in both planning and implementation
of the programmes and policies of government on air pollution
 To have feasible management plan for prevention, control and abatement of air pollution.

Initiatives under NCAP

 Augmenting Air Quality Monitoring Network : National air quality monitoring network to be revisited,
past data to be analyzed for rationalization of monitored parameters, and monitoring needs be reassessed
for augmenting the monitoring network adopting optimum blending of techniques such as manual,
continuous, sensor & satellite based techniques.
 Air Quality Management Plan for Non-Attainment Cities : The city action plans need to be guided by
a comprehensive science based approach involving (i) identification of emission sources; (ii) assessment of
extent of contribution of these sources; (iii) prioritizing the sources that need to be tackled; (iv) evaluation
of various options for controlling the sources with regard to feasibility and economic viability; and (v)
formulation of action plans.
 Indoor Air Pollution Monitoring & Management : It refers to the physical, chemical, and biological
characteristics of air in the indoor environment within a home, building, or an institution or commercial
facility.
! Air Pollution Health Impact Studies
! Setting up Air Information Centre
! Certification system for monitoring instruments
! Air Quality Forecasting System
! Extensive Plantation Drive
! Issuance of Notification on Dust Management (Road dust and C&D)
! Intensive Awareness, Training and Capacity Building Drive
! Three tier mechanism for review of monitoring, assessment and inspection for implementation
 National Emission Inventory : An emission inventory is an accounting of the amount of pollutants
discharged into the atmosphere. An emission inventory usually contains the total emissions for one or
more specific air pollutants, originating from all source categories in a certain geographical area and within
a specified time span, usually a specific year. Emissions and releases to the environment are the starting
point of every environmental pollution problem.
 Network of Technical Institutions : Knowledge Partners Network of highly qualified and experienced
academicians, academic administrators and technical institutions in the area of air pollution will be created
to provide holistic services for the establishment and operation of policies and programmes of Government
of India on air pollution.
 Technology Assessment Cell : Technology Assessment Cell is being envisaged to evaluate the technologies
having significance in reference to prevention, control and abatement of pollution. The cell is expected to
focus on both indigenous and international monitoring and abatement technologies. It is also expected to
contribute towards evaluating the technology and devising the mechanism of technology transfer under
various bilateral and multilateral agreements.
 Extending source apportionment studies to all non-attainment cities : Source apportionment study,
which is primarily based on measurements and tracking down the sources through receptor modelling,
helps in identifying the sources and extent of their contribution. Source apportionment studies which have
been initiated in six major cities viz. (i) Delhi; (ii) Mumbai; (iii) Chennai; (iv) Bangalore; (v) Pune; and (vi)
Kanpur at present is planned to be extended to all 94 non-attainments.
 Institutional Framework : An effective institutional framework which basically refers to formal organisational

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structures is the precondition for the successful implementation of pollution specifically air pollution related
intervention tools and therefore needs to be considered in particular.

Indian Government other initiatives

Government has undertaken many significant steps which inter-alia include
 National Ambient Air Quality Standards
 sector specific emission and effluent standards for industries
 setting up of monitoring network for assessment of ambient air quality
 introduction of cleaner gaseous fuels like CNG, LPG etc and ethanol blending
 launching of National Air Quality Index (AQI)
 universalization of BSIV for vehicles by 2017
 leapfrogging from BS-IV to BS-VI standards for vehicles by 1stApril, 2020
 banning of burning of biomass
 promotion of public transport network
 Pollution Under Control Certificate
 issuance of directions under Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
 installation of on-line continuous (24x7) monitoring devices by 17 highly polluting industrial sectors
 ban on bursting of sound emitting crackers between 10 PM to 6 AM
 notification of graded response action plan for Delhi and NCR identifying source wise actions for
various levels of air pollution, etc

How the initiative is working so far?

 The city specific action plans have been prepared which, inter-alia, include measures for strengthening the
monitoring network, reducing vehicular/industrial emissions, increasing public awareness etc.
 Implementation of the city specific action plans are regularly monitored by Committees at Central and State
level namely Steering Committee, Monitoring Committee and Implementation Committee.
 Some Smart Cities have established Integrated Command and Control Centres (ICCCs) which are also
connected to Air Quality Monitors (AQMs) for effective monitoring.
 In 2019, full program proposal was released and this includes 122 non-attainment cities, who are required
to submit an action plan to reduce their respective air pollution levels in 2024 by at least 20%.

Way Forward
 Mandate regular updates for emission and pollution loads. This will automatically help address the
information gaps to support planning, tracking progress, and evaluating impacts of interventions.
 Move from city-centric to airshed-centric air quality management. This approach requires an inter-state
coordination mechanism, which can be facilitated by setting up regional airshed management authorities
that enjoy cross-state jurisdiction.
 Grand greater fiscal autonomy for Urban Local Bodies to maintain the infrastructure necessary for sustaining
air quality benefits.
 Responsible agencies should identify key indicators that could be tracked to monitor the impact of the
interventions.
 Delineate responsibilities -- planning, implementing, enforcing, monitoring -- for each recommended

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G S SCORE
An Institute for Civil Services

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measure across participating agencies and avoid overlaps.

ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (ENVIS)

 ENVIS is a plan programme as a comprehensive network in environmental information collection,
collation, storage, retrieval and dissemination to varying users, which include decision-makers, researchers,
academicians, policy planners and research scientists, etc. ENVIS was conceived as a distributed information
network with the subject-specific centers to carry out the mandates and to provide the relevant and timely
information to all concerned.

Need of the Initiative

 Environment management plays an important role in effecting a balance between the demands and
resources available, thereby also keeping environmental quality at a satisfactory level. For any rational
management of the environment that comprises of environmental planning, appraisal and applicable law,
availability of verifiable knowledge on state-of environment is a pre-requisite. Environmental Information
System (ENVIS) is a decentralized system of centres mandated to develop a web-based distributed network
of subject-specific databases.

About Environmental Information System (ENVIS)

 The Environmental Information System (ENVIS) was implemented by the Ministry of Environment &
Forests.
 Realising the importance of Environmental Information, the Government of India, in December, 1982,
established an Environmental Information System (ENVIS) as a plan programme (Sixth Plan). Scheme has
been modified twice – first in 2004 (Tenth Plan) and then in 2013 (Twelfth Plan).
 Functions: The focus of ENVIS since inception has been on providing environmental information to decision
makers, policy planners, scientists and engineers, research workers, etc. all over the country.
 ENVIS Framework: The objectives of the Scheme are to be realized through a framework which includes
! Scientific Advisory Committee;
! ENVIS Cell/ Secretariat/ Focal Point;
! ENVIS Centres;
! State-of-the-Environment (SoE) Reporting;
! Indian State-level Basic Environmental Information Database (ISBEID)/ ENVIS Portal/ other IT initiatives;
! any other initiative within the purview of the Scheme, also including an annual Report to the People on
Environment since 2009-10

Objectives of the Scheme

 To build up a repository and dissemination centre in Environmental Science and Engineering.
 To enable application of modern technologies of acquisition, processing, storage, retrieval and dissemination
of information of environmental nature.
 To support and promote research, development and innovation in environmental information technology.
 To provide national environmental information services relevant to present needs and those capable of
development to meet future needs of users, originators, processors and disseminators.
 To build up storage, retrieval and dissemination capabilities, with the ultimate objective of disseminating

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information speedily to the users.

 To promote national and international cooperation and liaise with agencies concerned for exchange of
environment related information.
 To promote, support and assist education and personnel training programmes designed to enhance
environmental information processing and utilising capabilities.
 To promote exchange of information amongst developing countries.

Significance
 ENVIS has provided scientific, technical and semi-technical information on various environmental issues,
serves as the backbone of policy formulation and environment management at all levels of Government as
well as decision-making.
 It has also given environmental protection and worked for improvement for sustaining good quality of life
of all living beings.

How the initiative is working so far?

 A large number of nodes, known as ENVIS Centres, have been established in the network to cover the broad
subject areas of environment with a Focal Point in the Ministry of Environment & Forests.
 Both the Focal Point as well as the ENVIS Centres have been assigned various responsibilities to achieve the
Long-term & Short-term objectives.
 ENVIS due to its comprehensive network has been designed as the National Focal Point (NFP) for INFOTERRA,
a global environmental information network of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
 In order to strengthen the information activities of the NFP, ENVIS was designated as the Regional Service
Centre (RSC) of INFOTERRA of UNEP in 1985 for the South Asia Sub-Region countries.
 ENVIS network at present consists of a chain of 69 network partners out of which 40 are on subject-
specific and 29 on State/UT related issues. These network partners are called ENVIS Centers and are located
in the notable organizations/institutions/State/UT Government Departments/Universities throughout the
country.

Way Forward
 ENVIS scheme can extend its reach through involvement of institutions/organizations in State Governments,
academia sector, corporate sector, NGO sector, etc.
 The ambit of ENVIS can be broadened by including varying subject areas, themes, local conditions, issues,
information/data needs of the country pertaining to environment.
 Modern means of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can be used to ensure more
participation in the planning and implementation.

NAGAR VAN SCHEME (URBAN FOREST SCHEME)

 An initiative of Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change incorporate more than 200 corporations
and cities in the country for the purpose of environment conservation.

Need of the Initiative

 India is endowed with rich biodiversity having several species of animals and plants and hosts 4 of the

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G S SCORE
An Institute for Civil Services

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35 global bio-diversity hotspots containing several endemic species. However, increasing population,
deforestation, urbanisation and industrialisation have put our natural resources under tremendous pressure
causing loss of biodiversity. Biodiversity is vital for survival of all life form on this planet and is a key to
providing various ecological services. Biodiversity conservation has traditionally been considered confined
to remote forest areas but with increasing urbanisation a need has arisen to safeguard and save biodiversity
in urban areas also. Urban forest is the best way to bridge this gap.

About the Initiative

 Conservation of land: Under this scheme a minimum of 20 hectares of forests will be created in the city.
 Aim: It aims at developing 200 Nagar Van (City Forests) across the country in cities having Municipal
Corporation or Municipalities by involving local communities, educational institutions, local bodies, NGOs
etc in next five years.
 Participation: The scheme would require the involvement of the people to make it a success. It focuses on
people’s participation and collaboration between Forest Department, Municipal bodies, NGOs, Corporates
and local citizens.
 Maintenance: Van Udyan once established will be maintained by the State Government.
 Location: The Nagar Van will either be constructed on the current forest land or another vacant land
provided by the local bodies in cities across India. The Warje Urban forest located in Pune at Maharashtra
will be considered as a role model for this.
 Funding: CAMPA (Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority) will fund the
Nagar Van scheme or the Urban Forests scheme.
 Objectives
! To create 200 City Forests in the Country. A City Forest will be developed in each City with Municipal
Council.
! To create awareness on plants and biodiversity.
! Conservation education on important flora and fauna of the region including threat perception.
! Ecological rejuvenation of the cities-Forests the green lungs will contribute to Environmental improvement
of cities by pollution mitigation, cleaner air, noise reduction, water harvesting and reduction of heat
islands effect.
! In-situ Biodiversity conservation.
! Health benefits to citizens.
! Making cities climate resilient.

Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and the Planning

Authority (CAMPA)
 CAMPA is the Management and Planning Authority for Compensatory Afforestation Fund created by
following orders from India’s apex court.
 The Authority serves as a National Advisory Council for supervision, technical assistance and
assessment of compensatory reforestation activities under the chairmanship of the Union Minister
of Environment & Forests.
 CAF (Compensatory Afforestation Fund) Act, 2016 has been enacted to manage the funds collected
under an ad hoc Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and the Planning Authority (CAMPA)
compensatory afforestation process.
 90% of the funds collected are to be allocated to States while 10% of the funds are to be retained
by the Centre.

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An Institute for Civil Services

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Significance
 Ecological benefits: Include reduction in temperature rise in urban areas, reduction in CO2 emissions
through photosynthesis, removal of other air pollutants, prevention of soil erosion, recharge of groundwater,
and stabilization of soil. The conserved forest will also act as home to many animals and birds and hence
help in conservation of biodiversity.
 Economic benefits: Urban trees play a very vital role in maintaining ecological balance and improving
human life. They further act as places for recreational activity, thus making forest tourism a source of wealth
generation. People can benefit from green-space accessibility in terms of reduced mortality and improved
general health. Furthermore, they impart various economic benefits through tangible economic items like
firewood, timber, fruits, medicinal products, etc.

How the initiative has performed so far?

 Nagar Van-Udyan Yojana was approved by the National CAMPA Advisory Council (NCAC) from the
Compensatory Afforestation Fund managed by the Ad-hoc CAMPA during 2015 for implementation as
pilot scheme.
 The forest area of 20 ha to 100 ha within the city limits were covered and financial assistance at the rate of
Rs.2 lakhs per ha upto 100 ha were provided.
 80% of the fund was provided by NCAC and the remaining 20% by the State Government.
 A total of 46 projects worth rupees 5000 crores have been cleared.

Way Forward
 Community participation should be enhanced by awareness generation and specific campaign.
 Government land allocation can also enhance the forest area.
 Smart cities project can be implemented to support the initiative.
 Implementation and monitoring methods can be improved for better result.

NATIONAL REDD+ STRATEGY

 Complying with the UNFCCC decisions on REDD+, India has prepared its National REDD+ Strategy. The
Strategy builds upon existing national circumstances which have been updated in line with India’s National
Action Plan on Climate Change, Green India Mission and India’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)
to UNFCCC.

Need of the Initiative

 Climate change due to accelerated Green House Gases (GHGs) emission has become one of the toughest
challenges of the present. Deforestation and forest degradation is a major source of CO2 (an important
Green House Gas) emission. Forests are both a source as well as the most effective carbon sink, offering
great mitigation and adaptation potential. Paris agreement on climate change also recognizes role of
forests in climate change mitigation and calls upon country Parties to take action to implement and support
REDD+.

About National REDD+ Strategy

 The strategy seeks to address drivers of deforestation and forest degradation and also developing a roadmap
for enhancement of forest carbon stocks and achieving sustainable management of forests through REDD+
actions.

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G S SCORE
An Institute for Civil Services

| www.iasscore.in |

 India’s National REDD+ strategy is one of the tools to achieve India’s commitment to Paris Agreement.
 National REDD+ Policy will follow the provisions laid down by all the relevant UNFCCC decisions. Most
prominent among these decisions are the
! Paris Agreement
! Warsaw Framework for REDD+
! Cancun Agreements

Objectives of National REDD+ Policy

 To create REDD+ architecture at National and Sub-National levels to support REDD+ actions.
 To develop an appropriate REDD+ strategy and implementation frameworks at a nested level to represent
the diversity of forests in the country
 To manage the forests for a bouquet of ecosystem services, including but not limited to biodiversity, that
are flowing to local communities from the forests and not for carbon services only,
 To safeguard the rights and interests of local communities including improvement of their livelihood
 To encourage and incentivize local communities for their role in conservation by transferring the financial
benefits accrued on account of REDD+ to them based on their performance, as is reflected in monitoring,
including small scale projects at JFMC/ EDC level,
 To strengthen coordination among sectors and stakeholders having direct and indirect impacts on land use
and forestry.
 To lay emphasis on achieving various thematic elements of SMF by addressing the drivers of deforestation
and forest degradation, afforestation of degraded areas, protection measures, etc. while implementing the
REDD+ programmes,
 To improve and enhance supply of forest products and ecological and environmental services of the forests
for comprehensively benefitting the society leading to increased growing stock and the stored carbon in
the forest,

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

(REDD+)
 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
Degradation (REDD+) under UNFCCC is a global
endeavour to use carbon sequestration potential
of the forests to manage climate change within
accepted limits of tolerance.
 REDD+ means “Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation and forest Degradation”,
conservation of forest carbon stocks, sustainable
management of forests, and enhancement of
forest carbon stocks in developing countries.
 REDD+ aims to achieve climate change mitigation
by incentivizing forest conservation.
 Carbon sequestration is one of the ecosystem
services flowing from forests, in addition to
biodiversity conservation; maintaining water
cycle and soil fertility; livelihood supports to local
communities.

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 G S SCORE
An Institute for Civil Services

| www.iasscore.in |

 There is a need to recognise the carbon function of the forests and develop a fair, transparent and
participatory mechanism to share the financial benefits arising out of national and international mitigation
and adaptation programmes with the local communities participating in the conservation efforts.

 To develop appropriate mechanism for channelizing REDD+ funding and transferring the accrued financial
benefits to the communities in a fair, equitable and transparent manner,
 To provide adequate technical and financial resources to implement various phases and action plan of
REDD+.

Significance
 Positive Outcomes: India’s first biennial update report to UNFCCC has revealed that forests in India capture
about 12% of India’s total GHG emissions. Thus, forestry sector in India is making a positive cost effective
contribution for climate change mitigation.
 International Commitments: India has communicated in its Nationally Determined Contribution under
Paris Agreement, that it will capture 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of Carbon dioxide through additional forest and
tree cover by 2030. It will help in achieving the target.

Supportive Legislation
 Policies and acts of India that supports and uplifts REDD+ activities are
! Indian Forest Act (1927)
! Wildlife Protection Act (1972)
! Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974)
! Forest Conservation Act (1980)
! Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1981)
! Environment (Protection) Act (1986)
! National Forest Policy (1988)
! Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (1996)
! Biological Diversity Act (2002)
! National Environment Policy (2006)
! The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act
(2006)
! National Tribunal Act (2010)
! National Agroforestry Policy (2014)
! National Working Plan Code (2014)
! and National Action Plan on Climate Change (2008)

How the initiative is working so far?

 From 1995 to 2019, carbon stocks in India’s forests are estimated to have increased from 6245 million tons
to 7124.6 million tons.
 REDD+ funding will be raised domestically via the Green India Mission, Namami Gange Programme, Green
Highway Policy, and other initiatives in India.
 According to the latest Indian State of Forest Report (IFSR) of 2019, the forest and tree cover at the national
level increased by 5,188 square kilometers (0.56%) compared to the ISFR report of 2017.

GOOD PRACTICES: ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION 9

G S SCORE
An Institute for Civil Services

| www.iasscore.in |

Way Forward
 State-wise innovative programmes can be initiated like Green Army of Maharashtra, an initiative of the State
Government of Maharashtra to assist that state to execute massive plantation program intended to increase
the forest cover in the state from the current 20% to the nationally mandated 33% of Maharashtra’s land
area.
 Two pronged strategy to address the protection of the existing forests, and simultaneously should make
arrangements for providing the desired goods and services to the people through alternatives, can be
adopted.
 The effective implementation of regulation will help to minimize the unplanned drivers.
 The natural calamities are unavoidable, but attempts can be made to minimize the impacts.
 This strategy should be chalked out in a transparent manner in consultation with the stakeholders including
the local community, whose greater involvement, in any case, will be required in the management of
forests.

PARIVESH (PRO ACTIVE AND RESPONSIVE FACILITATION

BY INTERACTIVE AND VIRTUOUS ENVIRONMENTAL SINGLE
WINDOW HUB)
 PARIVESH is a Single-Window Integrated Environmental Management System, developed in pursuance of
the spirit of ‘Digital India’ initiated by the Prime Minister and capturing the essence of Minimum Government
and Maximum Governance.

Need of the Initiative

 In order to bring more transparency and accountability in the forests, environment and wildlife clearance
process, Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate change, Government of India has rolled out a portal
named as Pro-Active Responsive facilitation by Interactive and Virtuous Environmental Single Window Hub
(PARIVESH).

About PARIVESH
 PARIVESH is a web based, role based, G2C and G2G workflow application that are developed for online
submission and monitoring of the proposals submitted by the user agencies for seeking forests, environment
and wildlife clearances.
 It automates the entire tracking of proposals which includes online submissions of a new proposal, editing/
updating the details of proposals and displays status of the proposals at each stage of the workflow.
 The system is based on the Web Architecture.
 It uses IIS as an Application Server, .Net as a framework and SQL Server as a database server.

Objectives
 To enhance efficiency, transparency and accountability in the Forest, Environment and Wildlife Clearance
Process.
 To reduce turnaround time for activity.
 To enhance responsiveness through workflows automation and availability of real time information.
 To enhance ease and convenience of citizens and businesses in accessing information and services.
 To achieve standardization in processes across regional and state level.

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An Institute for Civil Services

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Key Features
 single registration and single sign-in for all types of clearances (i.e. Environment, Forest, Wildlife and CRZ)
 unique-ID for all types of clearances required for a particular project
 a single Window interface for the proponent to submit applications for getting all types of clearances (i.e.
Environment, Forests, Wildlife and CRZ clearances)
 A role-based workflow application that helps User Agencies in online submission of the proposals seeking
forest, environment and wildlife clearances and tracking the proposals.
 A single window interface provided to the User Agencies for the submission of proposals for Environmental,
Forests and Wildlife Clearances
 Facilitate management in effective monitoring.
 Delays in the clearance process can be ascertained
 Accessible from any PC having internet facility
 24×7 Online

Significance
 This innovative initiative will drastically improve the entire process of appraisal and environmental clearance
in the Ministry.
 It will ensure transparency and expedite the process of granting clearance. The important features are
that the Project Proponent gets a confirmation on mail about acceptance of his application or can receive
objections raised on the application online and can file his reply to such objections online. The Project
Proponent can also track the movement of their application at different stages and can see the findings of
the Expert Appraisal Committee on their project proposal. This online system has also provided access to
previous Environment Impact Assessment Reports, which is a valuable reservoir of information.
 Highlighting that PARIVESH offers a framework to generate economic growth and strengthens Sustainable
Development through EGovernance, he also stated that with automatic highlighting of non-compliance
by the system, PARIVESH helps in improving the overall performance and efficiency of the whole appraisal
process.

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