Selection and Mathematical

Functions
MDI Gurgaon

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Agenda
● Relational Operators
● Random number (basic intro to module)
● If-the-else variants
● Logical Operators
● Match case
● Math functions
● strings and associated utilities
● Examples and Discussion

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Relational Operators
● A Boolean expression is an expression that evaluates to True or False

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Boolean Type
● A Boolean variable as you already know can store True or False
● GameOn = True
● print(GameOn)
● True
● print(int(GameOn))
● 1
● print(bool(0))
● False
● print(bool(6))
● True
● # prints False for 0 and True for all other values

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Generating Simple Random Numbers
● The randint(a,b) function within module random can generate a random integer
between a and b
● import random
● a = random.randint(6,12)
● a
● 9
● # use randrange(a,b) to generate a random number between a and b-1
● b = random.randrange(6,12)
● b
● 10
● c = random.random() # a random value between 0 and 1
● c
● 0.5259557578412462
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Selection via simple if statement
● a=9
● if a % 3 ==0:
● print(a, "is Divisible by 3")
●
● 9 is Divisible by 3
● A simple if can be used multiple times to check specific conditions depending
upon the context

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Selection via if then else statement
● a =5
● if a % 3 ==0:
● print(a, "is Divisible by 3")
● else:
● print(a, "is not Divisible by 3")
●
● 5 is not Divisible by 3
● An if-then-else enables division of the world into two exclusive parts !!
● It is not necessary that if may be followed by else as we have seen the simple
if in previous slide

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Selection via nested if then else statement
● Best examples are either grading of students ● #format 2
in a exam or computation of tax etc, comes
in two different formats
● if marks1 > 90 :
● marks1 = 78 ● print('grade is A')
● if marks1 > 90 : ● elif marks1 > 80 :
● print('grade is A') ● print('grade is B')
● else:
● if marks1 > 80 :
● elif marks1 > 70 :
● print('grade is B') ● print('grade is C')
● else: ● elif marks1 > 60 :
● if marks1 > 70 : ● print('grade is D')
● print('grade is C')
● else: ● else:
● if marks1 > 60 : ● print('grade is F')
● print('grade is D') ●
● else: ● grade is C
● print('grade is F')
●
● 8
● grade is C
Logical Operators
● The logical operators not, and, or are used for creating compound Boolean
expressions
● # Receive an input
● number = int(input("enter an integer:"))
●
● if number % 2 ==0 and number % 3 == 0 :
○ print (number, "is divisible by 2 and 3")
●
● if number % 2 ==0 or number % 3 == 0 :
○ print (number, "is divisible by 2 or 3")
●
● if (number % 2 ==0 or number % 3 == 0) and \
not (number % 2 ==0 and number % 3 == 0) :
○ print (number, "is divisible by 2 or 3 but not both 2 and 3") 9
Implement Case Study : Computing Taxes : In class

● Please use the simple Indian Income Tax slab to calculate tax for three
different values of salary
● Income Tax Slabs Under New Tax Regime for FY 2023-24, FY 2024-25
● Range of Income (Rs.) Tax Rate
● Upto 3,00,000 Nil
● 3,00,000-6,00,000 5%
● 6,00,000-9,00,000 10%
● 9,00,000-12,00,000 15%
● 12,00,000-15,00,000 20%
● Above 15,00,000 30%
● As a follow-up exercise, use old tax regime and compare the tax, can you
make the person choose new vs old tax slab as well??

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Match-case statement

● Match case statement are a specific format of if-then -else

family where an expression when evaluated can lead to
different processing
● The syntax is given by :
● match expression:
○ case value1: statement1
○ case value2: statement2
○ ………….
○ case valuen: statementn
○ case _: statement for default case

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Example
● def testmatch(x):
● match x:
● case 1: print(x,'single')
● case 2: print(x*x,'square')
● case 3: print(x**3,'cube')
● case _: print('check the input')
●
●
● testmatch(5)
● check the input
● testmatch(2)
● 4 square
● testmatch(3)
● 27 cube
● testmatch(0)
● check the input 12
Assignment_2a

● Attempt 3.11, 3.15, 3.18, 3.19, 3.21, 3.23, 3.26, 3.29, 3.33, 3.34

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Understanding eval()
● In Python eval() can be used to get the output from an string based
expression but not compound statements or assignments
● String is parsed, compiled to bytecode and evaluated
● The syntax is eval(expression,[global,[local]]), the optional arguments are held
as dictionaries and may not be required
● "28 * 28"
● '28 * 28'
● eval('28 * 28')
● 784
● x=12
● eval('x**2')
● 144

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More on eval()

● eval('x+y',{'x':100},{'y':200})
● 300
● x=100
● y=200
● eval('x+y')
● 300

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Mathematical Functions
● Python provides a plethora of mathematical functions for common tasks

Function Function Function Function

abs(x) round(x) floor(x) sqrt(x)

max(x1..) round(x,n) exp(x) hypot(x,y)

min(x1…) fabs(x) log(x) sin(x)

pow(a,b) is a^b ceil(x) log(x,base) cos(x)

asin(x) acos(x) tan(x) degrees(x)

radians(x)

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Strings and Characters
● A string is a sequence of characters, while a character is considered as a
string with just one element
● Every individual character is mapped to its binary representation using a
character encoding of specific nature, prominent one is ASCII, 8 bit scheme,
for all characters in english language
● ASCII uses numbers 0 to 127 to represent characters
● Unicode is a comprehensive scheme which includes ASCII codes, but
includes many other languages
● Represented as \u followed by four hexadecimal digits running from \u0000 to
\uFFFF
● In Python ord() and chr() are the functions to convert to ASCII code and back

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Escape Sequence
● For printing special characters either triple quotes (‘’’ ‘’’) could be used or a
more well known way is the use of escape sequences
● Escape sequence is a special notation that comprises a “\” followed by a
character/s
● print('he says the best way to remember OSI layers is \"All People Should Try
New Data Processing\"')
● he says the best way to remember OSI layers is "All People Should Try New
Data Processing"
● print('\\b is a backspace')
● \b is a backspace
● Others are \r, \f, \t

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String utilities
● The str() converts numeric, boolean ● Reading input from console
and any other format to string type ● a1 = input("enter an integer: ")
● str(8.89) ● enter an integer: 23
● '8.89' ● a1
● str(4+6j) ● '23'
● '(4+6j)' ● s1 = "Baadshah o Baadshah"
● 'shah' in s1
● s1 = 'hello'
● True
● s2 = 'stranger' ● 'Bad' in s1
● s1+s2 ● False
● 'hellostranger' ● 'baad' in s1
● s1+" "+s2 ● False
● 'hello stranger' ● 'Baad' in s1
● s3 = 3*s1 ● True
● s3 ● 'Bad' not in s1
● 'hellohellohello' ● True
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String utilities
● Index operator [ ] is used for accessing
● Comparing strings is individual characters in a string
● S[index]
accomplished by using ASCII ● s2 = 'virat kohli'
● s2[0]
codes as the basis ● 'v'
● 'tendulkar' > 'dravid' ● s2[2]
● 'r'
● True ● s2[-1]
● 'i'
● 'Sachin' < 'rahul' ● s2[0:5]
● True ● 'virat'
● s2[7:-1]
● Other utilities include len(), max() ● 'ohl'
● s2[6:]
and min() ● 'kohli'
● s2[:5]
● 'virat'
● s2[6:12]
● 'kohli'
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String utilities
● Some other utilities available in ● s2 = 'virat kohli'
Python ● s2.upper()
● lower() ● 'VIRAT KOHLI'
● upper() ● s2.isspace()
● isupper() ● False
● islower() ● '2012'.isdigit()
● True
● isdigit()
● s3 ='1234abc'
● isalnum()
● s3.isalnum()
● isalpha()
● True
● isidentifier()

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String utilities
● Some other utilities available in ● s2 = 'virat kohli'
Python ● s2.capitalize()
● capitalize() ● 'Virat kohli'
● title() ● s2.title()
● swapcase() ● 'Virat Kohli'
● replace(old,new) ● s2.swapcase()
● 'VIRAT KOHLI'
● replace(old,new,n)

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String utilities
● Some search and count related ● s1 = 'starboard is right'
utilities available in Python are ● s1.startswith('star')
● endswith(s) ● True
● startswith(s) ● s1.endwith('ght')
● find(s) ● True
● rfind(s) ● s1.find('boa')
● 4
● count(substring)
● s1.rfind('r')
● 13
● s1.count('a')
● 2

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String Utilities
● The characters ‘ ‘,,\t,\b,\r, and \n ● The groups are encouraged to
are called the whitespace understand the logic of the Problem
characters Guessing Birthdays as discussed in
Case 4.7
● The class str in Python contains
utilities that allow you to strip the
space on either left, right or on
either side
● lstrip()
● rstrip()
● strip()

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Formatting Numbers
● Number formatting is a continuous ● The scientific notation can be
requirement for any display or usage specified by replacing ‘f’ in the
● Syntax is format specifier by an ‘e’
format(item,format-specifier), this ● print(format(23.45234,'10.3f'))
format is part of the print statement ● 23.452
● Format-specifier is the string ● print(format(23.45234,'10.3e'))
specifying precise display and
● 2.345e+01
precision requirements
● For percentage replace by ‘%’
● Format specifier itself is presented as
● print(format(0.4523,'10.3%'))
width.precisionf
● 45.230%
● print(format(23.67856,’8.4f’))

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Formatting Numbers
● The numbers are right justified by ● The numbers could also be formatted
default, however, one coil duse ‘<’, into decimal, hexadecimal, octal or
‘>’, or ‘^’ to left justify, right justify or binary format by using specifiers
centered format d,x,o and b
● print(format(23.45234,'<10.3f')) ● print(format(7896,'10d'))
● 23.452 ● 7896
● print(format(7896,'10x'))
● print(format(23.45234,'^10.3f'))
● 1ed8
● 23.452
● print(format(7896,'10o'))
● print(format(23.45234,'>10.3f'))
● 17330
● 23.452
● print(format(7896,'10b'))
● 1111011011000
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Formatting Strings
● F-strings starts with ‘f’ or ‘F’ and it may
● The conversion to string shall contain expression that are enclosed
require the end element of inside curly brackets
format-specifier to be set to s ● Expressions are evaluated in runtime
● x= 25
● print(format('Kalki 2898 is a fine
● y = 37
movie','50s')) ● f'the value of x is {x} and value of y is
● Kalki 2898 is a fine movie {y}'
● print(format('Kalki 2898 is a fine ● 'the value of x is 25 and value of y is
37'
movie','>50s')) ● f'the value of x is {x:5.2f} and value of
● Kalki 2898 is a y is {y:5.2e}'
fine movie ● 'the value of x is 25.00 and value of y
is 3.70e+01'

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Assignment_2b

● Attempt the following

● 4.2,4.3,4.21,4.22, 4.24, 4.28,
4.32, 4.37

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 Thanks
Q and A!!!

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 References
● Sridhar,S., Indumathi,J., Hariharan, V.M., “Python Programming”, Pearson,
2023, First Impression
● Liang, Y.D., “Introduction to Python Programming and Data Structures”,
Pearson, Third Edition, Second Impression, 2024
● Bibliography
● Python eval(): Evaluate Expressions Dynamically

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