Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:IM-NSTP 1-1ST SEM-2020-2021

NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM

Bayombong Campus

DEGREE PROGRAM All Courses COURSE NO. CWTS/LTS

SPECIALIZATION All Courses COURSE National Service Training Program
TITLE
YER LEVEL 1 TIME FRAME 3hrs WK 11-12 IM 8
NO. NO.

I. CHAPTER TITLE: Disaster Preparedness

II. LESSON TITLE:
Definition and Types of Disaster
General Effects of Disaster
Preparatory Measures in Different Disasters
III. LESSON OVERVIEW
The preparedness phase includes the development of plans designed to save lives and to minimize
damage when a disaster occurs. Disaster prevention and preparedness measures should be developed
and put in place long before a disaster strikes. Preparedness plans should be developed based on the
identification of potential disasters and the related risks associated with those disasters. When possible,
this should include hazard mapping to specify locations at high risk for specific disasters. The plan should
include training of health personnel, community members, and other potential first-responders, as well as
establishing systems for communicating warnings to the community.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

Going through this module, you are expected to:
a. describe different categories of disasters
b. describe a disaster’s effects in a community
c. Identify a disaster’s potential public health consequences

V. LESSON CONTENT
1. WHAT IS DISASTER?

A sudden occurrence of an accident that causes huge loss of life and property . It is also called as a
calamity.
It is a serious disruption of the functioning of society, causing widespread human, material or
environmental losses that exceeds the local capacity to respond, and calls for external assistance.
A situation or event which overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request to a national or
international level for external assistance; an unforeseen and often sudden event that causes great
damage, destruction and human suffering.

Types Of Disaster
1. Natural Disaster:

This category of disasters include those caused by hydro meteorological, geological, and biological
hazards.
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Examples of hydro meteorological-related disasters include floods, tornados, hurricanes (including

cyclones, typhoons, monsoons and other tropical storms), ice storms, or extreme heat, and can be a factor
in other hazards such as wildfires. Geological phenomena that can lead to disasters include earthquakes,
landslides or mudslides, avalanches, and volcano eruptions. It can be difficult to categorize some natural
disasters as overlap often occurs.
For example, a tsunami is triggered by a geological event but includes an oceanic process
manifested as a water-related hazard. Another example is a mudslide occurring as a result of flash-flooding
due to a hurricane or other storm. Biological disasters are those that are caused by the spread of disease.
There are four major patterns of disease occurrence ranging from the least to the most severe
(endemic, outbreak, epidemic, and pandemic). Biological disasters are most often associated without
breaks, epidemics, and pandemics.

2. Technological or Human-Induced Disasters

This category of disasters results from human actions or technological failures. Human activity has
increasingly affected an environment’s natural ecology and contributed to the manifestation of these
disasters.
For example, human activities (e.g., agricultural or other practices) that result in deforestation have
led to landslides and drought. Similarly, the settlement of communities in flood zones or close to beaches
and coastal areas has increased the human effect of floods and tsunamis. Most human activities directly
responsible for creating disasters are related to technology or industry. Technological advances can and
have resulted in creating both intentional and unintentional disasters.
A technological disaster is attributed, in part or entirely, to human intent, error, negligence, or
involves a failure of a manufactured system. An example of this is the 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill disaster,
which resulted in the immediate death of 11 workers.

3. Complex emergencies
Complex emergencies, which result from internal or external conflict, can be slow to take effect and
can extend over a long period. In a complex emergency, there is the total or considerable breakdown of
authority which may require a large-scale response beyond the mandate or capacity of any one single
agency, especially in resource limited countries.
Complex emergencies are categorized by:
• extensive violence and loss of life;
• displacements of populations;
• widespread damage to societies and economies;
• need for large-scale, multi-faceted humanitarian assistance;
• hindrance or prevention of humanitarian assistance by political and military constraints;
• significant security risks for humanitarian relief workers in some areas. In WHO (2002)

Environmental health in emergencies and disasters: a practical guide, complex emergency is

defined as the following: 2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fatal injuries in offshore
oil and gas operations –
Unite Complex emergencies – Complex emergencies, which result from internal or external
conflict, can be slow to take effect and can extend over a long period. In a complex emergency,
there is the total or considerable breakdown of authority which may require a large-scale
response beyond the mandate or capacity of any one single agency, especially in resource
limited countries.
Natural (Acts of God) Man made

Sudden Impact Gradual Hostile Accidental

onset

Earthquake, Floods, World war I& II Air crashes,

Volcanic Eruption, Snow Storm, Terrorism 9/11 Train accidents,
Cyclones, Famines, Sabotage Fires,
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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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Flash Floods Droughts Smog,

Toxilogic accidents
Nuclear accidents
Bombings
Accidents

Natural Disasters

Volcanoes
A volcanic eruption is the spurting out of gases and hot lava from an opening in the Earth’s crust. Pressure
from deep inside the Earth forces ash, gas and molten rock to the surface.

Earthquake
An earthquake is a violent shaking of the ground. Sometimes it is so strong that the ground splits apart.
When parts of the earth, called plates, move against each other giant shock waves move upwards towards
the surface causing the earthquake.

Cyclone, Hurricane, Tornado or Typhoon

A Cyclone is a fierce storm with storm winds that spin around it in a giant circle. During a cyclone trees can
be uprooted, buildings can be destroyed and cars can be overturned.

Avalanche
An Avalanche is a movement of snow, ice and rock down a mountainside. Avalanches happen very
suddenly and can move as fast as a racing car up to 124mph.
Avalanches can be caused by –
snow melting quickly
snow freezing, melting then freezing again
someone skiing
a loud noise or an earth tremor

Flood
A flood is caused by an overflow of water which covers the land that is usually dry. Floods are caused by
heavy rain or by snow melting and the rivers burst their banks and overflow. Costal floods are caused by
high tides, a rise in sea level, storm waves or tsunami (earthquakes under the sea).

Drought
A drought is the lack of rain for a long time. In 1968 a drought began in Africa. Children born during this
year were five years old before rain fell again.

Forest Fire or Bushfire

Fires can burn out of control in areas of forest or bush land. Fires are caused by lightning, sparks of electricity
or careless people. Wind may blow a bushfire to areas where people live.

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:IM-NSTP 1-1ST SEM-2020-2021

Disaster subgroups definition and classification

Subgroup Definition Disaster Main Types

Geophysical Events originating from solid earth Earthquake, Volcano, Mass

Movement (dry)

Meteorological Events caused by short-lived/small to Storm

meso scale atmospheric processes (in
the spectrum from minutes to days)

Hydrological Events caused by deviations in the Flood,

normal water cycle and/or overflow of Mass Movement (wet)
bodies of water caused by wind set-up

Climatological Events caused by long-lived/meso to Extreme Temperature,

macro scale processes (in the spectrum Drought, Wildfire
from intra-seasonal to multi-decadal
climate variability

Biological Disaster caused by the exposure of Epidemic,

living organisms to germs and toxic Insect Infestation,
substances Animal Stampede

Images of Different Disasters

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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2. EFFECTS OF DISASTERS: RISK AND RESILIENCE FACTORS

Every year, millions of people are affected by both human-caused and natural disasters. Disasters may
be explosions, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, tornados, or fires. In a disaster, you face the danger of
death or physical injury. You may also lose your home, possessions, and community. Such stressors place
you at risk for emotional and physical health problems.
Stress reactions after a disaster look very much like the common reactions seen after any type of
trauma. Disasters can cause a full range of mental and physical reactions. You may also react to problems
that occur after the event, as well as to triggers or reminders of the trauma.

Risk Factors
A number of factors make it more likely that someone will have more severe or longer- lasting stress
reactions after disasters:

Severity of exposure
The amount of exposure to the disaster is highly related to risk of future mental problems. At highest
risk are those that go through the disaster themselves. Next are those in close contact with victims. At
lower risk of lasting impact are those who only had indirect exposure, such as news of the severe damage.
Injury and life threat are the factors that lead most often to mental health problems. Studies have looked at
severe natural disasters, such as the Armenian earthquake, mudslides in Mexico, and Hurricane Andrew in
the US. The findings show that at least half of these survivors suffer from distress or mental health
problems that need clinical care.

Gender and family

Almost always, women or girls suffer more negative effects than do men or boys. Disaster recovery is
more stressful when children are present in the home. Women with spouses also experience more distress
during recovery. Having a family member in the home who is extremely distressed is related to more stress
for everyone. Marital stress has been found to increase after disasters. Also, conflicts between family
members or lack of support in the home make it harder to recover from disasters.

Age
Adults who are in the age range of 40-60 are likely to be more distressed after disasters. The thinking
is that if you are in that age range, you have more demands from job and family. Research on how children
react to natural disasters is limited. In general, children show more severe distress after disasters than do
adults. Higher stress in the parents is related to worse recovery in children.

OTHER FACTORS SPECIFIC TO THE SURVIVOR

Several factors related to a survivor's background and resources are important for recovery from disaster.
Recovery is worse if you:

> Were not functioning well before the disaster.

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> Have had no experience dealing with disasters.

> Must deal with other stressors after the disaster.
> Have poor self-esteem.
> Think you are uncared for by others.
> Think you have little control over what happens to you.
> Lack the capacity to manage stress.

OTHER FACTORS HAVE ALSO BEEN FOUND TO PREDICT WORSE OUTCOMES:

Bereavement (death of someone close)
Injury to self or another family member
Life threat
Panic, horror, or feelings like that during the disaster
Being separated from family (especially among youth)
Great loss of property
Displacement (being forced to leave home)

DISASTER’S EFFECTS GENERALLY FALL INTO THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES:

INFRASTRUCTURE DAMAGE
Damage may occur to houses, business centers, hospitals, and transportation services. The local
health infrastructure may be destroyed, which can disrupt the delivery of routine health services to an
affected population. People who vacate damaged housing and other buildings may be without adequate
shelter. Roads may be impassible or damaged, hindering relief efforts, limiting access to needed
medical supplies and care, affecting the distribution of food throughout the country, and increasing the risk
of injuries as a result of motor vehicle incidents. Environmental hazards can cause a disruption to utility
services (e.g., power, telephone, gas) and to the delivery of basic services.
HUMAN IMPACT
Injury or death are the most immediate effects of disasters on human health. In the wake of a disaster
and the ensuing infrastructure and societal damage, morbidity rates for a variety of illnesses may increase
as populations become displaced and relocated to areas where health services are not available. Or
populations can find themselves in areas not equipped to handle basic needs at the level necessary to
manage a surge of patients. Damage to infrastructure can lead to food and
water shortages and inadequate sanitation, all of which accelerate the spread of infectious diseases. Loss
of loved ones, social support networks, or displacement can result in psycho-social problems. Proper
management of dead bodies also becomes a challenge and every effort should be taken to identify the
bodies and assist with final disposal in accordance with surviving family member wishes and the religious
and cultural norms of the community.

Environmental Hazards

During natural or human-induced disasters, technological malfunctions may release hazardous

materials into the community. For example, toxic chemicals can release and be dispersed by strong winds,
seismic motion, or rapidly moving water. In addition, disasters resulting in massive structural collapse or
dust clouds can cause the release of chemical or biologic contaminants such as asbestos or mycotic
(fungal) agents. Flooded or damaged sewers or latrines may force people to use alternative methods for
disposing human waste, potentially introducing additional environmental hazards into a community.
Increase in vector populations, such as mosquitoes or rodents can pose a risk to human health, as can stray
animals displaced by the disaster.

DISASTER-RELATED HEALTH EFFECTS AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS

Several factors determine the public health effects of a disaster, including the nature and extent of the
disaster itself, population density, underlying health and nutritional conditions of the affected population,
level of preparedness, and the preexisting health infrastructures.
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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
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Defining the relationship between a disaster and its specific health effects requires broad scientific
investigation. Nevertheless, using available and reliable evidence and information, we can classify a
disaster’s health effects as either direct or indirect.
Direct health effects – Caused by the disaster’s actual, physical forces. Examples of a direct
health effect include drowning during a tsunami or injury caused by flying debris during a hurricane or
tornado. These health effects typically occur during the event.
Indirect health effects – Caused by unsafe/unhealthy conditions that develop due to the
effects of the disaster or events that occur from anticipating the disaster. Some indirect health effects may
not appear until several weeks following a disaster while other indirect health effects may occur
immediately after, or even prior to, the disaster.

3. PREPARATORY MEASURES

Preparedness
The preparedness phase includes the development of plans designed to save lives and to minimize
damage when a disaster occurs. Disaster prevention and preparedness measures should be developed
and put in place long before a disaster strikes. Preparedness plans should be developed based on the
identification of potential disasters and the related risks associated with those disasters.
When possible, this should include hazard mapping to specify locations at high risk for specific
disasters. The plan should include training of health personnel, community members, and other potential
first-responders, as well as establishing systems for communicating warnings to the community.
Strategies for evacuating at-risk communities before impending disasters should be well thought out
and communicated to community members. Weather patterns, geophysical activities, terrorist activities,
industrial activities, wars, and other activities associated with a potential disaster should be monitored so
that officials can anticipate impact, issue timely warnings and, when possible, evacuate at-risk populations.
This phase should also include an inventory of available resources to respond to a potential disaster. An
inventory will help estimate the additional resources needed and speed up the mobilization of resources
following a disaster.
Finally, partnerships should form in the preparedness phase to establish alliances, outline respective
roles and define everyone’s responsibilities.

Response
The response phase is the actions taken to save lives and prevent further damage in a disaster. This
phase begins immediately after a disaster has struck. During the response phase, plans developed in the
preparedness phase are put into action.
While some disasters last only for a few seconds (e.g., earthquakes, explosions), others might last for
several days, weeks, or even months (e.g., floods, droughts). The primary focus of the response phase is
to provide relief and take action to reduce further morbidity and mortality. Such actions include providing
first aid and medical assistance, implementing search and rescue efforts, restoring transportation and
communication networks, conducting public health surveillance, and evacuating people who are still
vulnerable to the effects of the disaster. Also during this phase necessary supplies, including food and
water, are distributed to survivors.

Recovery

As the immediate needs of the disaster are addressed and the emergency phase ends, the focus of the
disaster efforts shifts to recovery. The recovery phase includes the actions taken to return the community
to normal following a disaster.
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Actions during this phase include repair and maintenance of basic health services, including sanitation
and water systems; repair, replace or rebuild property; and the proper management of dead bodies. Proper
care of dead bodies is necessary to help minimize the psychosocial effects on families. The management
of dead bodies involves a series of activities that begin with the search for corpses, in situ identification of
bodies, transfer to a facility serving as a morgue, delivery of the body to family members, and assistance
from local health authorities for the final disposal of the body in accordance with the wishes of the family
and the religious and cultural norms of the community. Documenting the cause of death, manner of death,
and relationship to the disaster is important to better understand the human health effects of a disaster.

10 Disaster Preparedness Tips You Can Really Use

By Katherine Boehrer
1. Know what you’ll face
Part of preparation is knowing exactly what kind of disasters you might face and knowing what to do in
each situation . Better be ready for an earthquake, but don’t overlook your chances of severe weather or
pandemic flu. If you can’t think of all the possibilities, here’s a handy list from the Red Cross. If you think
you live in a disaster-free zone, you’re probably wrong.

2. Learn your area’s evacuation routes and shelter locations

The time to figure these things out isn’t while a hurricane is bearing down on your home, or after a
tsunami warning has been issued. Evacuations are actually pretty common, so it will serve you well to
know the details ahead of time. You should also know the escape routes from your own home, including
the more obscure ones, like out that ground-level window in your bathroom. If you have kids, draw them a
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map and post it near their door. You should also plan where your family will regroup if you must evacuate
your house. Pick one location right outside your home, and one outside the neighborhood, in case you
must leave the area. Decide ahead of time where you would go in case of an evacuation, whether its a
friend’s or relative’s house or a Red Cross shelter.

3. Know how you’ll reconnect with people who matter

If cell networks aren’t working, you don’t just need to worry about how your Netflix stream will be
affected. Consider how you will contact your family or your roommates. How will you let others know you
are alright? Figuring this out ahead of time can make everything so much easier in a difficult situation. The
Red Cross recommends using an out-of-area emergency contact to have family members check in with,
since it may be easier to make long distance calls. Everyone should also have a list of emergency contacts
and local emergency numbers.

4. Sign up for emergency alerts and know how officials will communicate with you during a
disaster
alerts
You can get these on your cell phone, if you haven’t disabled them already. We know the blaring noise
overtaking the silent mode on your phone can be annoying, but this is probably the best way to learn about
emergencies if you are constantly attached to your phone. The emergency alert system also broadcasts
over the radio and television. Tune in on social media as well, but don’t expect to rely on it exclusively as
you may not keep your Internet connection in an emergency.

5. Learn what to do if you’re caught away from home

Obviously you may not be at home when disaster strikes. In the case of an unexpected emergency, you
should be prepared to react from different locations, including your workplace or car. Most of this is pretty
basic stuff — again, know your evacuation routes, communication plan and how you’ll receive emergency
notification. Have a plan for reconnecting with kids who may be at school, daycare or after-school activities.
Talk to schools to see how they will communicate with families in an emergency, if they have a shelter-in-
place plan and where they will go if they are forced to evacuate.

6. Have a kit and know how to use it

Ok, we’re not talking full-on doomsday prepped status here. We’re talking about some basic
necessities. This includes food, water, basic first aid supplies and other emergency equipment that you
might already have (think flashlights and duct tape). Check out this full list by FEMA for tips. The key is to
have this assembled and ready to use, not scattered all over your house. Make sure everything is in
working order and that no one sneaks snacks from your finished kit. Some kits are available for purchase
pre-packed, but remember, if you don’t know how to use what you have, it could be useless.

7. Keep in mind people who may need special preparation

Kids, infants, people with disabilities and seniors may all need special considerations while planning
for an emergency. If you or a family member need medication or special equipment, make sure you have a
plan to bring it with you. Talk to your neighbors about how you can help one another in a disaster, and
check on each other in case of an emergency.

8. Prepare for your pets

The goal of emergency preparedness is to keep the whole family safe — and that includes our pets. If
you need to evacuate, you should never leave your pet behind. Try to evacuate to a friend or family
member’s house, as pets may not be allowed inside public shelters. Keep a pet emergency kit on hand
with food and other important items.

9. Learn emergency skills that can always come in handy

Make sure you know little things that can make a huge difference, like how to use a fire extinguisher or
perform basic first aid. Get trained in CPR or the even simpler hands-only CPR, which could help save
someone’s life even when you least expect it. You can also learn how to shut off utilities in your house in
case of a disaster that may damage gas, water or electrical lines.

10. Find out how to help your community during a disaster

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Volunteer firefighters are trained to respond to all sorts of emergencies

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

1. Activity 1.1. What are the fundamental elements of a disaster?
_______________________________________________________________________________
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Activity 1.2. Give examples of technological/human induced disasters

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Activity 1.3 At what point does a natural or technological/human-induced event become a
disaster?
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Activity 1.4 How are indirect health effects caused?
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Activity 1.5 Among the common disasters we experience in our country, choose one and state some
mitigation strategies you need to do to protect yourself and your family from any danger it
may cause.
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

VI. ASSIGNMENT (Note: You need not answer this, you may just look up for this for you to be ready
for the next lesson)
a. What is leadership?

b. Give at least three (3) traits of a leader.

VII. EVALUATION (Your activity will serve as your evaluation for this module)

VIII. REFERENCES
www. cdc.gov./nceh/bsb/disaster/Facilitator Guide pdf
www.ifrc org/Global/Publications/disasters/all.pdf
www.redcross.org/take-a-class/disaster-training
Wikipedia

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