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203 - PDFsam - Visualizing Environmental Science - 5th Ed - (2017)

BUKU203

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26 views1 page

203 - PDFsam - Visualizing Environmental Science - 5th Ed - (2017)

BUKU203

Uploaded by

sukardi sudiono
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Summary ✓ THE PLANNER

1 Population Ecology 160

1. Population ecology is the branch of biology that deals with the


because the birth rate equals the death rate, toward the end of
the 21st century.
2. Thomas Malthus was a British economist who said that
number of individuals of a particular species found in an area and the human population increases faster than its food supply,
how and why those numbers change over time. resulting in famine, disease, and war. Malthus’s ideas appear to
2. The growth rate (r) is the rate of change (increase or decrease) of be erroneous because the human population has grown from
a population’s size, expressed in percentage per year. On a global about 1 billion in his time to more than 7 billion today, and food
scale, growth rate is due to the birth rate (b) and the death rate production has generally kept pace with population. But Malthus
(d): r = b – d. Emigration (e), the number of individuals leaving an may ultimately be proved correct because we don’t know
area, and immigration (i), the number of individuals entering an whether our increase in food production is sustainable.
area, also affect a local population’s growth rate. 3. Estimates of Earth’s carrying capacity for humans vary widely
3. Biotic potential is the maximum rate a population could depending on what assumptions are made about standard
increase under ideal conditions. Exponential population of living, resource consumption, technological innovations,
growth is the accelerating population growth that occurs and waste generation. In addition to natural environmental
when optimal conditions allow a constant reproductive rate constraints, human choices and values determine Earth’s carrying
for limited periods. Eventually, the growth rate decreases to capacity for humans.
around zero or becomes negative because of environmental
resistance, unfavorable environmental conditions that
prevent organisms from reproducing indefinitely at their biotic

3
potential. The carrying capacity (K) is the largest population a
particular environment can support sustainably (long term) if Demographics of Countries 168
there are no changes in that environment.
1. Demographics is the applied branch of sociology that deals
with population statistics. As a country becomes industrialized,

2
it goes through a demographic transition as it moves from
Human Population Patterns 165 relatively high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and
death rates.
2. The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants
under age 1 per 1000 live births. The total fertility rate (TFR)
Based on data from Population Reference Bureau.

is the average number of children born to each woman.


7 Replacement-level fertility is the number of children a couple
2015: 7.3 billion must produce to “replace” themselves. Age structure is the
6 number and proportion of people at each age in a population.
Human population (billions)

4
Alberto Ceoloni/ZUMAPRESS/Newscom

2
Black Death
1

8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2000


BCE CE
Time (years)

1. It took thousands of years for the human population to reach


1 billion (around 1800). Since then, the population has grown
exponentially, reaching 7 billion in late 2011. Although our
numbers continue to increase, the growth rate (r) has declined
slightly over the past several years. The population should reach
zero population growth, in which it remains the same size

Summary 185

c07_HumanPopulationChangeAndTheEnvironment.indd 185 10/27/2016 9:41:00 PM

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