SHS

Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 – Module 2
Limit of Transcendental
Functions and some Indeterminate
Forms
Basic Calculus – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Limits of Some Transcendental Functions and Some
Indeterminate Forms

First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

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Via Marie Joy P. Corpuz
Marina A. Obguia
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EPS, Mathematics

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 Lesson 1: Limits of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Learning Competencies:
Compute the limits of exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions using tables of values
and graphs of the functions (STEM_BC11LC-IIIb-1)
sin 𝑡 1−cos 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 −1
Illustrate limits involving the expressions 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑔(𝑥) = and ℎ(𝑥) = and
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
using table of values. (STEM_BC11LC-IIIb-2)

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

• solve for the limits of exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric using tables of values
and graphs.
sin 𝑡 1−cos 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 −1
• Illustrate limits involving the expressions 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = , 𝑔 (𝑥 ) = and ℎ(𝑥 ) =
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
and using table of values.

What is it
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
• solve for the limits of exponential, logarithmic using tables of values and graphs.

Note: The use of Graphing Application or calculator is a must for these topics in order to graph the
function properly.

Exponential Function
(a) If b > 0, b ≠ 1, the exponential function with base b is defined by:𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
(b) Let b > 0, b ≠ 1. If 𝑏 𝑦 = x then y is called the logarithm of x to the base b, denoted by: 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥
First, consider natural exponential function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑒 is called the Euler number and has
equivalent value 2.718281…

Illustrating Exponential and logarithmic Functions

Example: Evaluate lim e x

x→0

Table of values from left table of values from right Therefore: lim e x =1
x→0
lim− e x lim+ e x
x→0 x→0
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
-1 0.36787944117 1 0.36787944117
-0.5 0.60653065971 0.5 0.60653065971
-0.1 0.90483741803 0.1 0.90483741803
-0.01 0.99004983374 0.01 0.99004983374
-0.00001 0.99999000005 0.00001 0.99999000005
*Since both left and right side of x have the same value which is approaching to 1, then we conclude that
the lim e x is equal to 1.
x→0

Logarithmic Function
Natural logarithmic function f(x) = ln x. Recall that ln x = log 𝑒 x. Moreover, it is the
inverse of the natural exponential function y = 𝑒 𝑥 .
Example:
1. Evaluate lim ln x Graph:
x →1

Table of values from left Table of values from right

𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
0.1 -2.302585 2 0.301030
0.5 -0.693147 1.5 0.176091
0.9 -0.105361 1.1 0.0413927
0.999999 -0.00001000 1.00001 0.0000043
Therefore based on the table above, lim ln x is 0.
x →1

2. Evaluate lim log x

x →1

Table of values from left Table of values from right

𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
0.1 -2.302585 2 0.301030
0.5 -0.693147 1.5 0.176091
0.9 -0.105361 1.1 0.0413927
0.999999 -0.00001000 1.00001 0.0000043
Therefore based on the table above, lim log x is 0.
x →1

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 What’s More
Directions: Solve the following limits by completing the table of values. Use
graphing calculator to graph.
1. lim 3 x 2. lim log x
x→1 x →4

𝑥 0.1 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.99999 𝑥 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.99 3.99999
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.00001 𝑥 4.2 4.1 4.01 4.001 4.00001
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

Lesson 2: Limit of Trigonometric Function

What is it
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
• solve for the limits of Trigonometric Function using tables of values and graphs.

Trigonometric Function
Recall: Trigonometric Functions (Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Cosecant, secant & cotangent)

Example: lim sin x

x →0

Values from left lim− sin x Values from right lim+ sin x
x →0 x →0
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
-1 -0.84147 1 0.84147
-0.5 -0.479426 0.5 0.479426
-0.1 -0.099833 0.1 0.099833
-0.01 -0.009999 0.01 0.009999
-0.00001 -0.000009 0.00001 0.000009
Graph

Therefore: lim sin x = 0 also using the graph, we have the following:
x →0

(a) lim sin x = 1 (c) lim sin x = −1

 
x→ x →−
2 2
(b) lim sin x = 0 (d) lim sin x = 0
x→ x →− 

What’s More

Directions: Evaluate the following limits by constructing table of values. (Use calculator or graphing
application to graph and utilize the table below for items 1 and 2
a. lim cos x b. lim tan x
x →0 x →0

𝑥 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 -0.01 -0.00001 𝑥 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.01 0.00001
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

Lesson 3: Limit of Some Transcendental Function

What is it
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
sin 𝑡 1−cos 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 −1
• evaluate the limits of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = , 𝑔 (𝑥 ) = and ℎ(𝑥 ) = using tables of
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
values.

4
 sin 𝑡
Example 1: Evaluate lim
𝑡→0 𝑡
sin 𝑡 sin 𝑡
Table of values from left lim Table of values from right lim+
𝑡→0− 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡
𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)
-1 0.84147099848 1 0.84147099848
-0.5 0.9588510772 0.5 0.9588510772
-0.1 0.99983341665 0.1 0.99983341665
-0.01 0.9999833334 0.01 0.9999833334
-0.0001 0.99999999983 0.0001 0.99999999983
sin 𝑡
Therefore: lim =1
𝑡→0 𝑡

1−cos 𝑡
Example 2: Evaluate lim
𝑡→0 𝑡
1−cos 𝑡 1−cos 𝑡
Table of values from left lim− Table of values from right lim+
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡
𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)
-1 -0.4596976941 1 -0.4596976941
-0.5 -0.2448348762 0.5 -0.2448348762
-0.1 -0.04995834722 0.1 -0.04995834722
-0.01 -0.0049999583 0.01 -0.0049999583
-0.0001 -0.000005 0.0001 -0.000005
1−cos 𝑡
Therefore: lim =0
𝑡→0 𝑡
𝟎
Note: The limit discussed will result in upon direct substitution. However it will not be resolved by
𝟎
factoring or rationalization but a method which will be learned in college calculus.
𝑓(𝑥) 0
If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0, then lim is called an indeterminate form of type “ ”
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥) 0
𝑒 𝑡 −1
Example: Evaluate lim
𝑡→0 𝑡
𝑒 𝑡 −1 𝑒 𝑡 −1
Values from left lim− Values from right lim+
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡
𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)
-1 0.6321205588 1 0.6321205588
-0.5 0.7869386806 0.5 0.7869386806
-0.1 0.9516258196 0.1 0.9516258196
-0.01 0.9995001666 0.01 0.9995001666
-0.0001 0.9999500016 0.0001 0.9999500016
𝑒 𝑡 −1
Therefore: lim =1
𝑡→0 𝑡
Graph:

What’s More

Directions: Evaluate the following limits using table of values. (Use calculator
and utilize the table below.
𝑡 1−cos(3𝑡) 𝑡
1. lim sin 𝑡 2. lim 3. lim 𝑒𝑡 −1
𝑡→0 𝑡→0 3𝑡 𝑡→0

𝑥 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 -0.01 -0.00001 𝑥 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.01 0.00001
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

5
 Assessment

Multiple Choice.
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer.

For items 1-3. Given the graph of the cosine function f(x) = cos x, evaluate the ff. limits:

lim cos x
1.) x →0

A. -1 B. 1 C. 0 D. 0.5
2.) lim cos x

x→
2
A. -1 B. 1 C. 0 D. -0.5
lim cos x
3.) x→

A. -1 B. 1 C. 0 D. -0.5

For items 4-5. Given the graph beside, evaluate the following limits:

4.) lim 𝑏 𝑥
𝑥→0
A. -1 B. 1 C. 0 D. -0.5
5.) lim 𝑏 𝑥
𝑥→1
A. 3 B. 2 C. -1 D. 1
6.) lim 𝑏 𝑥 .
𝑥→2
A. 8 B. 2 C. -1 D. 4

7.) What is lim tan 𝑥

𝑥→0
A. 0 B. 1 C.-1 D. DNE
8.) What is lim 3𝑥+2
𝑥→1
A. 8 B. 27 C. 9 D. 29
9.) What is lim 3𝑥−3
𝑥→6
A. 27 B. 8 C.9 D. 29
1 𝑥
10.) Evaluate lim [ ]
𝑥→−2 2
1 1
A. B. -2 C. D. 4
2 4

6
 SUMMATIVE TEST
Name: __________________________________________________________
Grade & Section: ________________ Score: _______

MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. Use separate sheet of paper for your solutions.
𝑥 2 −1
1.) Evaluate lim
𝑥→1 √𝑥−1
A. 0 B. 1 C. 4 D. 3
2.) Evaluate lim 3𝑥 + 5.
𝑥→9
A.17 B. 32 C. 22 D. 24
cos(𝑥)−1
3.) Solve the lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
A. 2 B. 0 C. 1 D. -1
4.) Find the lim ln(𝑥)
𝑥→1
A. 0 B. 2 C. DNE D. 1
5.) Determine the lim log 4 (𝑥 + 15)
𝑥→1
A. 1 B. −2 C. 2 D. -3
6.) Which of the following statements is WRONG.
A. If the left side limit of a function is not equal to the right-side limit, then the limit exists.
B. If the left side limit of a function is equal to the right-side limit, then the limit does not exist.
C. One sided limit from the left side is illustrated as lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
D. All of the above
7.) Which of the following statements is CORRECT.
A. lim 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(𝑐) is equal if it only satisfies the left side value of the x.
𝑥→𝑐
B. The value of lim 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(𝑐) are always equal
𝑥→𝑐
C. The value of lim 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(𝑐) are always unequal
𝑥→𝑐
D. When the value of lim 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(𝑐) are the same then it is equal.
𝑥→𝑐
8.) Which of the following Limit Laws applicable to solve the lim 3𝑥 + 5
𝑥→9
A. Addition Theorem B. Multiplication Theorem C. a & b D. none of the choices
9.) Which of the following Limit Laws applicable to solve lim 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 4
𝑥→2
A. Addition Theorem B. Multiplication Theorem C. Power Theorem D. a, b and c
10.) Which of the following is INCORRECT?
A. The limit of x as x approaches c is equal to c
B. The limit of a multiple of a function is simply that multiple of the limit of the function.
C. The limit of a product of functions is equal to the sum of their limits.
D. The limit of a constant is itself.
For questions 11 to 13, refer to the graph beside.

11.) What is the lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→0
A. -1 B.0 C. 1 D. 4
12.) What is the lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→1
A. -1 B.0 C. 1 D. 4
13.) What is the lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→2
A. -1 B.0 C. 1 D. 4

For questions 14 to 15, refer to the graph beside

14.) Given the value of c = -3, is the value of lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)?
𝑥→𝑐
A. Yes B. No C. not sure D. no answer
15.) Given the value of c = 3, is the value of lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)?
𝑥→𝑐
A. Yes B. No C. not sure D. no answer

PERFORMANCE TASK
Provide 2 examples in computing the limit of a function in which all of the Limit Laws will be
utilized. Write them on long bondpaper/s.