Zamboanga Chong Hua High School

Senior High School Department

S.Y. 2023 – 2024

Data Gathering Procedures

JORELL C. LAPATING, LPT

[email protected]

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Senior High School Department UNLOCKING KEY TERMS

Data Collection Procedure

✓ a process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in
an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated
research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.

Interview
✓ Collection of data from a small group of subjects on a broad range of topics.
You can use structured or unstructured interviews. Structured interviews are
comparable to a questionnaire, with the same questions in the same order for
each subject and with multiple choice answers

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Questionnaire/Survey
✓ instrument for collecting data in survey research.
✓ a set of standardized questions, often called items, which follow a fixed
scheme in order to collect individual data about one or more specific topics.
Sometimes questionnaires are confused with interviews.

Observation
✓ a research technique where researchers observe participants' ongoing
behavior/phenomenon in a natural situation.

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Sources of Data:
1. Primary source/data – involve raw data which can be
collected from the original source in a controlled or an
uncontrolled environment.

2. Secondary source/data – obtained from secondary sources

such as reports, books, journals, documents, magazines, the
web and more.

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Collecting data is a necessary skill for any individual. Data is used in a variety of situations,
such as writing up research reports in school, finding a specific item or getting necessary
information for a job. Regardless of the reason for the data, there are similar tools used to
find information and collect data.

❑ Computer and Internet

❑ Surveys
❑ Interviews
❑ Observations
❑ Books

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Interviews
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Senior High School Department

1. Focus groups – participants are selected by the researcher according

to the specific sampling criteria.
2. Natural groups – participants belong to a group that exists
independently of the study.

There are two kinds of observation:

1. Observation Checklist – quantitative in nature, and make use of ratings
or numerical rankings.
2. Observation Guide – more qualitative, and allow more general
descriptive documents

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Interviews
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Senior High School Department

A data collection method begins with the assumption that the participants’ perspectives
are meaningful, knowable, and can be made explicit.

1. Structured interview – researcher asks a standard set of questions; follows a specific

format ensuring questions are presented in the same order

2. Face-to-face interview – can be conducted in the respondent’s home or

workplace, in halls and etc; yield highest response rates; allows researcher to clarify
ambiguous answers.

3. Telephone interview – conducted by experienced, and skilled interviewers that has

ready access to anyone who has a telephone.

4. Computer-assisted Personal interviewing (CAPI) – the researcher brings along a

laptop or hand-held computer to enter the information directly into the database.

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Questionnaires
Help extract data from respondents using the five normal sections; identification data, introduction, instruction,
classification data and information

1. The respondents identification data include respondent names, address, date of the interview and name
of the interviewer.

2. An introduction is the interviewer’s request for help. It is normally scripted and lays out the credentials of
the market research company, the purpose of the study and any aspects of confidentiality.

3. Instruction refers to the interviewer is the respondents directions on how to move through the
questionnaire such as which questions skip and where to move to.

4. Information is the main body of the document and is made up of the many questions and response
codes.

5. Classification data and information establish the important characteristics of the respondents (i.e.
demographic data).

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Types of Questionnaires

1. Paper-pencil-questionnaires: can be sent to a large of people

and saves time and money; anonymous

2. Web-based questionnaire: receiving an e-mail on which you

would click on an address that would take you to a secure web-
site to fill a questionnaire.

3. Self-administered questionnaire: questionnaires are generally

distributed through mail, filled out and administered by the
respondents themselves which is returned via mail to the
researcher.

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Observation
✓ Way of gathering the data by watching behavior, events, or noting
physical characteristics in their natural setting.
✓ Can be used if the respondents is unwilling or unable to provide data
through questionnaires or interviews

❑ Overt: when everyone knows they are being observed

❑ Covert: when no one knows they are being observed and observer is
concealed.

❑ Direct observation: is when you watched interactions, processes, or

behaviors as they occur

❑ Indirect observation: is when you watched the results of interactions,

processes, or behaviors

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Collecting Observation Data

1. Recording sheets & checklists: standardized way of

collecting observation data (include preset questions and
responses)

2. Observation guides: list the interactions, process, or

behaviors to be observed (open-ended narrative data).

3. Field notes: are open-ended narrative data that can be

written or dictated unto a tape recorder.

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Tests

Provide ways to assess subjects’ knowledge and capacity to apply

Respondents choose among alternatives like selecting a correct/incorrect
answers to a cluster of choices

✓ Norm-referenced test: provide information on how the target performs against

a reference group or normative population.

✓ Criterion-referenced assessments: determine whether or not the subjects have

attained mastery of a skill or knowledge area.

✓ Proficiency testing: provides assessment against a level of skill attainment,

standards for performance,

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Zamboanga Chong Hua High School The importance of ensuring accurate and appropriate data collection
Senior High School Department

Regardless of the field of study or preference for defining data (quantitative,

qualitative), accurate data collection is essential to maintaining the integrity of research. Both
the selection of appropriate data collection instruments (existing, modified, or newly developed)
and clearly delineated instructions for their correct use reduce the likelihood of errors occurring.

Consequences from improperly collected data include:

1. inability to answer research questions accurately
2. inability to repeat and validate the study
3. distorted findings resulting in wasted resources
4. misleading other researchers to pursue fruitless avenues of investigation
5. compromising decisions for public policy
6. causing harm to human participants and animal subjects

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Senior High School Department Task – February 16 (7:30 am)
Title: FACTORS AFFECTING NEWS MEDIA TRUST AMONG ZAMBONGUEÑOS

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the factors affecting news media trust among
Zambongueños.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of trust among Zambongueños in news media?

2. What are the factors affecting the affect level of trust among Zambongueños?
3. Is there a significant relationship between factors affecting news media trust and
level of trust among Zambongueños?

Research Design, Respondents and Sampling Design, Research

Instrument, Data Gathering Procedure

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