Ooi Ker Rey (KQK 170030)

Assignment: Chapter 2

1. Rankine Cycle Diagram

(a) Draw an ideal Rankine cycle diagram consists of four (4) major components

Left: Rankine cycle diagram of temperature, T versus entropy, s

Right: schematic diagram of 4 major components

1 – turbine

2 – condenser

3 – feedwater pump

4 – boiler

(b) Evaluate the performance of each components

1- Turbine
- State 1: high T and P, vapor from the boiler expands through turbine to produce work
- State 2: vapor discharged to the condenser with low P
- Rate of work done per unit mass of steam passing through the turbine,

2- Condenser
- Heat transfer from vapor to cooling water flowing in a separate stream.
- Vapor condenses and temperature of cooling water increases.
- Rate of energy transferred from working fluid to cooling water per unit mass of working fluid
passing through the condenser,

3- Pump
 - Liquid is pumped from condenser to boiler.
- Assuming no heat transfer to the surrounding.
- Rate of power input per unit of mass passing through the pump,

4- Boiler
- Feedwater (water that comes out from the pump) is heated to saturation and evaporated in
the boiler.
- Rate of heat transfer from energy source to working fluid per unit mass passing through the
boiler,

(c) Draw the T-s diagram of the cycle and explain the energy and work flow from state to state

Ideal Rankine cycle diagram of temperature, T versus entropy, s system consisting of 4 major
components:

Process 1-> 2: Isentropic expansion of saturated vapor (turbine  condenser).

Process 2-> 3: Heat transfer out of saturated liquid at constant pressure (condenser).

Process 3-> 4: Isentropic compression to form compressed liquid (condenser pump).

Process 4-> 1: Heat transfer to compressed liquid at constant pressure (pumpboiler  turbine).
(d) Suggest 3 modifications to improve the thermal efficiency in ideal Rankine cycle and draw them
in a new diagram

- Steam quality from the turbine exit of 90% is crucial to maintain and prevent the wear and
tear on turbine blades.
- Superheating and reheating are two cycle modifications that improve boiler operating
pressure and decrease the tendancy for low steam quality.

1. Superheat

- Improvement can be made by using superheated vapor instead of saturated vapor at the
turbine inlet, by installing a separate heat exchanger called a superheater.
- The combination of boiler and superheater is referred to as a steam generator.

- Using the ideal Rankine cycle, the improved process (processes 1’ > 2’ > 3 > 4 > 1’) creates
better steam quality; and higher average temperature, heat addition and thermal efficiency.

2. Reheat

- A further modification normally employed in vapor power plants is reheat.

- With reheat, a power plant can take advantage of the increased efficiency that results with
higher boiler pressures and yet avoid low-quality steam at the turbine exhaust.
Process 1  2: The steam expands through a first-stage turbine to some pressure between the steam
generator and condenser pressures.

Process 2 3: The steam is then reheated in the steam generator. The principal advantage of reheat
is to increase the quality of the steam at turbine, and higher thermal efficiency.

3. Supercritical Cycle

- The temperature of the steam entering the turbine is restricted by its compatibility with the
materials used to fabricate the superheater, reheater, and turbine.
- High pressure in the steam generator also requires piping that can withstand great stresses at
elevated temperatures. Improvement has been made to increase maximum allowed cycle
temperatures and steam generator pressures, with corresponding increases in thermal
efficiency. Current vapor power plants operate with steam generator pressures exceeding the
critical pressure of water (22.1 MPa, 3203.6 lbf/in.2) and turbine inlet temperatures exceeding
600°C (1100°F).
- No phase change occurs during the heat addition process from 6 to 1.
(e) Suggest the other two (2) applications of Rankine cycle

- Heat and steam cogeneration

- Binary vapor cycle using water and liquid metal

2. Calculation of Rankine Cycle

Steam is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the turbine at 8.0MPa
and saturated liquid exits the condenser at a pressure of 0.008MPa. The net power output of the
cycle is 100MW. Determine for the cycle

(a) thermal efficiency, η

(b) back work ratio, bwr

(c) mass flow rate of the steam, ṁ [kg/h]

(d) rate of heat transfer into the working fluid as it passes through the boiler, Qin [MW]

(e) rate of heat transfer from the condensing steam as it passes through the condenser, Qout [MW]

Assumptions:

1. Each component of the cycle is analyzed as a control volume at accompanying sketch by dashed
lines.

2. All processes of the working fluid are internally reversible.

3. The turbine and pump operate adiabatically.

4. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible.

5. Saturated vapor enters the turbine.

6. Condensate exits the condenser as saturated liquid

Starting at the inlet to the turbine, the pressure is 8.0 MPa

Steam is a saturated vapor.

From Table A-3,

h1 = 2758.0 kJkg-1

s1= 5.7432 kJkg-1K-1.

State 2: p2=0.008MPa

Specific entropy is constant for the adiabatic and internally reversible expansion through the turbine.

Using saturated liquid and saturated vapor data from Table A-3, quality at state 2 is
𝑠2−𝑠1
X2 =
𝑠𝑔−𝑠𝑓

5.7432−0.5926
=
7.6361
= 0.6745

Enthalpy, h2 = hf + x2hfg

= 173.88 + (0.6745)(2403.1)

= 1794.8 kJkg-1

State 3: saturated liquid at 0.008 MPa.

Hence,

H3= 173.88 kJkg-1

State 4: state is fixed by the boiler pressure.

Specific entropy, s4 = s3.

The specific enthalpy, h4 can be found by interpolation in the compressed liquid tables.

Compressed liquid data are relatively sparse.

Using this equation,

ℎ3+ 𝑊̇
H4 =
ṁ
= h3 + v3( p4-p3)

Using property values from Table A-3,

H4 = 173.88 kJkg-1 + (1.0084 x 10-3m3kg-1)(8-0.008) MPa x

= 173.88 + 8.06

= 181.94 kJkg-1

Net power developed by the cycle is

Mass and energy rate balances for control volumes around the turbine and pump,

Where ṁ = mass flow rate.

Rate of heat transfer to working fluid when it passes through the boiler is determined using mass
and energy rate balance:

a) Thermal efficiency, 𝛈

b) Back work ratio, bwr

c) mass flow rate, ṁ

d) Heat transfer rate through the boiler, 𝑸̇in

e) Heat transfer rate through the condenser, 𝑸̇out

3. Modification of Rankine Cycle

Steam is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle with superheat and reheat enters the first-stage
turbine at 8.0 MPa, 480°C, and expands to 0.7 MPa. It is then reheated to 440°C before entering the
second-stage turbine, where it expands to the condenser pressure of 0.008 MPa. The net power
output is 100 MW. Determine;

(a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, η

(b) the mass flow rate of steam, ṁ [kg/h]
(c) the rate of heat transfer out Q & from the condensing steam as it passes through the condenser,
in MW. Discuss the effects of reheat on the vapor power cycle

Assumptions:

1. Each component in the cycle is analyzed as a control volume at steady state. The control volumes
are shown on the accompanying sketch by dashed lines.

2. All processes of the working fluid are internally reversible

3. Condensate exits the condenser as saturated liquid

4. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible.

First turbine inlet pressure = 8.0 MPa, temperature = 480oC
Stage 1: Steam = superheated vapor
From Table A-4,
h1 = 3348.4 kJkg-1,
s1 = 6.6586 kJkg-1K-1

Stage 2: isentropic expansion through first stage turbine,

p2 = 0.7 MPa, s2 = s1
Based on Table A-3 under saturated liquid and saturated vapor data,
Quality at stage 2,

Specific enthalpy, h2

Stage 3: superheated vapor

P3 = 0.7 MPa, T3 = 440oC
Based on Table A-4,
H3 = 3353.3 kJkg-1
S1 = 7.7571 kJkg-1K-1

Stage 4: isentropic expansion through second-stage turbine.

P3 = 0.008 MPa,
S3 = s4
Based on Table A-3,
Quality at stage 4, x4

Specific enthalpy, h4

Stage 5: saturated liquid

Pressure = 0.008 MPa
H5 = 173.88 kJkg-1

Stage 6: at the pump exit

H6 = 181.94 kJkg-1
(a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, η

(b) the mass flow rate of steam, ṁ [kg/h]

(c) the rate of heat transfer from the condensing steam as it passes through the condenser, in MW.
Discuss the effects of reheat on the vapor power cycle