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Introduction To Foundation and Retaining Walls

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178 views5 pages

Introduction To Foundation and Retaining Walls

Uploaded by

wwkyeomyu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Republic of the Philippines

TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY


COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Tarlac City

FOUNDATION AND RETAINING WALL DESIGN

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION

A structure essentially consists of two parts, namely the superstructure which is above the
plinth level (ground floor level) and the substructure which is below the plinth level.

Foundation is a part of the structures that is usually placed below the surface of the ground to
transmit the load from the superstructure to the underlying soil.

Two Types of Foundation

1. Shallow Foundations
𝐷
( < 2.5 − 4.0)
𝐵

2. Deep Foundations
𝐷
( > 4.0)
𝐵

Module in Foundation and Retaining Wall Design


Republic of the Philippines
TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Tarlac City

PURPOSE OF FOOTINGS
Footings are structural elements that transmit to the soil column loads, wall loads or
lateral loads such as from retained earth. If these loads are to be properly transmitted, footings
must be designed:
1. To prevent excessive settlement or rotation,
2. To minimize differential settlement, and
3. To provide adequate safety against sliding and overturning.

2. 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
1. 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

4. 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
3. 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

5. 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
Module in Foundation and Retaining Wall Design
Republic of the Philippines
TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Tarlac City

6. 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

7. 𝑅𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

COMMON TYPES OF FOOTINGS (SHALLOW FOUNDATION TYPES)

1. Wall or continuous footing


2. Spread footing (square, rectangle, or round)
3. Stepped footing uses pedestal to:
a. reduce thickness of footing
b. develop bond strength of dowels
4. Monolithic footings are used for watertight basement and for resisting uplift pressure.
5. Combined footing
6. Cantilever or Strap footing
7. Raft or mat foundation is used in soils with low bearing capacity and is very watertight.

DEPTH OF FOOTINGS

1. Footing should be carried below the top (organic) soil, miscellaneous fill, debris, or muck. If
the topsoil is too deep, two methods may be used depending upon the relative economy and
the time available:

a. Removing the topsoil directly under the footing and replacing it with lean concrete.

Module in Foundation and Retaining Wall Design


Republic of the Philippines
TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Tarlac City

b. Removing the topsoil in an area larger than the footing and replace it with compacted
sand and gravel fill. The area of the compacted fill should sufficiently be large to distribute
the footing load.

2. Footing should be carried below the depth of frost penetration. The minimum depths of
footings are generally established in large cities and are stipulated in the local building codes.
The damage of footing, and of the superstructures, due to frost action is caused by the
volume expansion and contraction of water in the soil at freezing temperature.

3. It is not good practice to place footings on the ground surface even in localities where freezing
temperature do not occur because of the possibility of surface erosion. The minimum depth
of footings should be one foot for one- and two-story dwelling and stores, two feet for heavier
construction.

4. Footings on sloping ground should have sufficient edge distance (minimum 2 to 3 feet) as
protection against erosion.

5. The difference in footing elevation should not be so great as to introduce undesirable


overlapping of stresses in soil. This is generally avoided by maintaining the maximum
difference in elevation equal to, or equal to one half of the clear distance between two
footings. This requirement is also necessary to prevent disturbance of soil under the higher
footing due to the excavation for the lower footing.

Module in Foundation and Retaining Wall Design


Republic of the Philippines
TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Tarlac City

NSCP 2015

Table 305-1 Minimum Requirements for Foundations


Number of Thickness of
Floors Depth Below
Foundation Wall
Supported Width of Thickness of Undisturbed
(mm)
by the Footing (mm) Footing (mm) Ground Surface
Foundations Concrete Unit (mm)
Masonry
1 150 150 300 150 300
2 200 200 375 175 450
3 250 250 450 200 600

REFERENCE
a. Teng, Wayne C. Foundation Design. Thirteenth Printing, Prentice Hall, Inc, 1992
b. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP). National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) C101, Vol. I,
Buildings and Other Vertical Structures. 7th ed., ASEP, 2016.

Module in Foundation and Retaining Wall Design

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