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Chemistry 101-Ch 1 Notes

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26 views

Chemistry 101-Ch 1 Notes

Uploaded by

Chris Huss
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as ODT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Classification of Matter at Macroscopic Level

At the macroscopic level, matter is classified into three main categories based on its physical state and
properties: solids, liquids, and gases.

• Solids: Solids have a definite shape and volume. The particles in solids are closely packed
together and have strong intermolecular forces that hold them in a fixed position. This
arrangement gives solids their rigidity and resistance to compression.
◦ Examples of solids include metals, wood, glass, and rocks.

• Liquids: Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container. The particles in
liquids are less closely packed compared to solids, allowing them to move past one another.
Liquids flow and can be poured, but they do not expand to fill the entire volume of the
container.
◦ Examples of liquids include water, milk, oil, and gasoline.

• Gases: Gases have neither a definite shape nor volume. The particles in gases are spaced far
apart and move freely in all directions. Gases completely fill the container they occupy and
expand to fill any available space. They are highly compressible and exert pressure on the walls
of the container.
◦ Examples of gases include oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.

Properties of Matter

Properties of matter are characteristics or attributes that describe its behavior, composition, and
interactions with other substances. These properties can be classified into two main categories: physical
properties and chemical properties.

• Physical Properties:
◦ Color: The visual appearance of a substance.
◦ Odor: The characteristic smell of a substance.
◦ Density: The mass per unit volume of a substance.
◦ Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid.
◦ Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas.
◦ Solubility: The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.
◦ Conductivity: The ability of a substance to conduct heat or electricity.
◦ Malleability: The ability of a substance to be hammered into thin sheets.
◦ Ductility: The ability of a substance to be drawn into wires.

• Chemical Properties:
◦ Flammability: The ability of a substance to burn or ignite.
◦ Reactivity: The tendency of a substance to undergo chemical reactions with other
substances.
◦ Corrosiveness: The ability of a substance to cause deterioration or damage to other
materials.
◦ Toxicity: The degree to which a substance can harm living organisms.
◦ Oxidation State: The number of electrons gained, lost, or shared by an atom in a compound.

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