SCIENCE

LESSON 1- FIRST QUARTER

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Circulatory System
-It is the transport system of the body.
-It transports important gases and nutrients to body HEART
cells and carries metabolic wastes to the organ of -It is a muscular organ
excretion -It has the size of your clenched fist
-It maintains homeostasis by exchanging molecules -It is located between the lungs and its tip is slightly
and controlling the chemical makeup of the blood. pointed to the left of the midline of the body.
-A double pump in one organ, one way valve
What are those metabolic wastes? - The right side of the heart pumps oxygen-poor
-Carbon dioxide and salts blood to the lungs through the pulmonary circuit.
What are the organs of excretion? -The left side receives oxygen-rich blood for the
-Lungs, kidney and skin lungs

TWO TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

a. Open Type
 Invertebrates such as crustaceans,
spiders and grasshoppers have an DIFFERENT LAYERS OF THE HEART
open type of circulatory system. 1. Endocardium-thin, smooth layer
 Blood is pumped through open- -it resembles squamous
ended vessels and diffuses out of epithelium in the wall of the other
the body.
 It requires less energy for pumping 2. Myocardium-thickest layer of the cardiac
blood. muscle
 Animals with open type of circulatory 3. Epicardium-outermost layer of the heart wall
system have slow metabolism are  Pericardium-consists of two
general less active in processes membranes; the space
such as locomotion, digestion and between these membranes
respiration. protect from friction as the
heart contracts.
b. Closed Type
 Vertebrates have a closed type of
circulatory system
 It consist of heart and network of
blood vessels
 It is also called the cardiovascular
system
 Animals with closed type of
circulatory system have fast
metabolism.
 Blood is circulated at high pressure.
 Efficient distribution of antibodies in
their transport system
PULMONARY CIRCUIT VS. SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT Dissolved substances include dissolved
Pulmonary circulation moves blood between food, metabolic waste products and gases;
the heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated facilitates the exchange of materials
blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release between the blood and body cells of
carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows between the blood and lung tissues.
back to the heart. Systemic circulation moves blood
between the heart and the rest of the body. BLOOD
-It helps maintain homeostasis.
SEPTUM It transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells
-The two sides are separated by this thick wall of and removes carbon dioxide, ammonia and
muscle other waste products.
- It enables the blood from the two sides to not -Blood also boosts the immune system to
combine protect a person against disease-causing
organisms.
UPPER CHAMBER VS. LOWER CHAMBER OF
THE HEART COMPONENTS OF THE BLOOD
Upper Chamber refers to the atria which have thin
muscular walls a. Blood Plasma
Lower Chamber refers to ventricles which have  55% of the blood volume
thick muscular walls and larger than atria.  It is the liquid part of the blood
 It has 90% water
VALVE  The 10% of the plasma
- It regulates and direct the flow of the blood comprises the different
substances dissolved and
a. Tricuspid Valve suspended in water.
-It is also called as Atrioventricular Valve
-It is located between the right atrium and right CONTENTS OF BLOOD PLASMA
ventricle
1. Albumin is the most abundant plasma
b. Bicuspid Valve protein in the blood. It is manufactured in the
-located between left atrium and left ventricle liver. It is essential in maintaining the osmotic
pressure of the blood to regulate the blood
flow.
2. Clotting factors- are proteins that are
switched on in a certain sequence called
clotting cascade when
3. Antibodies in the plasma help fight
infections. Several proteins collectively make
up the complement system that helps
antibodies defend the body against the
pathogens.

PLASMA- it includes dissolved nutrients such as

glucose, fats, amino acids and electrolytes such as
BLOOD VESSELS
sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride,
-which blood is transported to and from the body
carbonate and phosphate.
tissues
Blood plasma transports food nutrients and oxygen
to cells of the body. It also carries wastes from cells.
TYPES OF BLOOD VESSEL
In addition, plasma plays an important role in
1. Arteries- they carry blood away from the
maintaining the body’s chemical balance, water
heart and into capillaries that connect to the
content and temperature.
tissues; they have thick elastic walls which
are strong enough to receive high pressure.
FORMED ELEMENTS
Blood is pumped from the ventricles of the
heart.
Aorta-largest artery of the heart
-it has the thickest wall
a. Red Blood Cells –
also called erythrocytes,
2. Veins- returns the blood to the heart
make up about 40% of
-drains the capillaries and diffuse into
the blood’s volume. RBCs are tiny, concave
the surrounding cells
and disk-shaped cells. The ability of RBCs to
carry oxygen is due to hemoglobin, an iron
3. Capillaries-the finest and smallest of the
containing protein. Hemoglobin with oxygen
three types of blood vessels ; they have
gives the blood its color. Red blood cells are
much thinner and less elastic walls;
formed in the red bone marrow of bones.
dissolves substances in the blood can easily
pass through the membranes of capillaries
and diffuse into the surrounding cell.
 also release substances that help promote further
clotting.

White Blood Cells- are

also called as Leukocytes
are round cells with
prominent nuclei of varying
shapes and sizes. They are colorless. WBCs
are responsible primarily for defending the
body against infection. White blood cells are
produced by bone marrow and their levels of
production are regulated by organs such as
the spleen, liver, and kidneys.

White Blood Cells are categorized into

granular leukocytes or agranulocytes

Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which

you have a low blood platelet count. Platelets
(thrombocytes) are colorless blood cells that
help blood clot. Platelets stop bleeding by
clumping and forming plugs in blood vessel
injuries.

Granulocytes

Neutrophils – main action against bacterial

and fungal infections.
Eosinophils – main action against parasitic
infections.
Basophils – responsible for responses to
allergens.

Agranulocytes

Thrombocythemia refers to a high platelet

count that is not caused by another health
condition. This condition is sometimes called
primary or essential thrombocythemia.
Thrombocytosis refers to a high platelet
count caused by another disease or
Monocytes –main action against bacterial condition.
infections.

Leukocytes (also called white blood cells) are a

cellular component of the blood that lacks
hemoglobin, has a nucleus and is capable of motility,
They defend the body against infection and disease
by: ingesting foreign materials and cellular debris; by
destroying infectious agents and cancer cells; or by
producing antibodies

Platelets-also called as
thrombocytes and the
smallest of the blood’s
formed elements. They
are named for their
resemblance to tiny
plates. Platelets play an important role in the clotting
process by clumping together to form a plug that
helps seal a blood vessel at a bleeding site. They