HW0218

Sunday, January 21, 2024 10:59 AM

Unit 4 Unit 5
Activity 1.1b Unit 2 Unit 3 Activity 4.1
Activity 2.1 Activity 3.1 Activity 5.2
1. How does one make a title inform
?T?FT?T? 1a. Institutional website
Extract A Extract B - Clearly states the subject m
1b. Academic research article
investigation
Contracted "don’t"; "it's"; "that's"; "won't"; "you'll"; "you'd", "it's", "can't", "that's", "won't", "we're" Activity 2.2 1c. News article
- No general statement and an
form "can't", "didn't" 1d. Popular science magazine
1. The term significant is subjective and lacks specificity. What may be considered significant to one
1e. Academic book
Objective The information is presented in a more casual, The language is more technical and scientific, person might not be to another. Itwould be more precise to specify the nature of the differences Making Titles Interesting and Info
1f. Company website
language conversational manner, focusing on the benefits discussing studies, experiments, and molecular observed. - Use strong verbs and vivid
of coffee and practical advice changes without personal opinions 2. The phrase "Pokemon" may refer to the anime character - Highlight a benefit or addre
2. Academic research articles: These are published works by other researchers that present the results
3. The term labor is used ambiguously. It could refer to physical exertion, childbirth, or emplyment - Quantify the information us
References Dr.Uma Naidoo is cited, and references are made Citations are present of their studies. They are the primary source of information for science reseachers, as they provide
and citations to specific studies and sources 4. The term chemical-free is scientifically inaccurate since everything is made up of chemicals. This - Pose a question
detailed and in-depth information on specific topics.
can mislead consumers and contributr to the common misconception that antural products are
Specialist While the language is accessible, there is some Scientific terms are used Rewrite
devoid of chemicals. A more accurate term, such as" free from synthetic chemicals," could be used Academic books: These are comprehensive texts written by experts in a particular field. They
vocabulary specialized vocabulary such as "diterpenes", 1. Does money really buy hap
"LDL cholesterol," and mentions of specific 5. The term Model is capitalized, indicating a proper noun. However, this might be misleading as it's provide a broad overview of a topic and can be a good starting point for research.
not a physical model but theoretical framework, this can cause confusion and should be clarified to 2. The hidden Cost of Gambli
studies
avoid misunderstanding News article: May provide general information but not suitable for in-depth research 3. Myth vs Reality:Unveiling
Subjective Expressions like "which sounds like a fantastic There is a lack of personal opinions, and the
language idea to me" and personal opinions are present focus is on presenting objective information.
Activity 2.3 Magazines: Information may be simplified or exaggerated Focus on specific benefits o
Use of Questions are used for engagement and to guide Questions are used more for rhetorical or Claim: The claim in this extract is that online laboratory simulations are more effective than traditional Offer a hint about the conte
questions the reader, e.g., "Why three cups?" and "Want scientific inquiry rather than engaing the reader laboratory-based chemistry instruction in a high school chemistry classroom. Specifically, it suggests that Company website: may be biased or promotional
the maximum benefits from your coffee habits?" directly. computer simulations produce conditions in which student understanding of conceptual information Activity 5.3
increases more than when students receive tradotional instruction alone. Institutional website: may provide general information but not suitable for in-depth research The introduction has two main go
2. On the basis of the exercise above, summarizing the main differences: reader that your research is impor
Grounds: The grounds supporting this claim can include the advantages mentioned for online laboratories. 3. Supporting their own research to establish the context and significance of their findings;
These include the assertion that online laboratories allow formore tightly controlled experimental Demonstrating credibility and expertise to strengthen the argument and persuasiveness of their 1. Background information:
Writing for a specialist reader is: more technical, relies heavily on citations and references, uses specialized research;
vocabulary, and maintains an objective and formal tone. variables, leading to clearer analysis of laboratory outcomes. It is argued that online laboratotires provide - Urban population is growin
oppoturnities for students to run experiments multiple times in a compressed time -period, facillitating Providing transparency and accountability to allow other researchers find and verify the sources
Activity 4.2 - Landfills are not sustainable
more exploration and adjustment of variables. Additionally, the claim suggests that online laboratories used in research.
Writing for a general reader is: more casual, employs everyday language with contracted forms, includes Evaluating Evidence for Climate Change in Extract B using ARTS: recycling => composing is f
offere access to virtual environments with laboratory equipment that may not be available in traditional Avoiding plagiarism;
subjective laguage and personal opinions, incorporates engaging questions, and focuses on practical advice and Building upon existing knowledge: scientists can identify patterns or connections across different
relatable content. settings due to cos, complexity of use, lack of training, or resources constraints. 2. Sequencing and Coherence
studies. Accuracy:
• Partially inaccurate: The statement about global temperatures declining since 1998 is misleading.While there - Population growth - increas
Warrants: Assumptions that tightly controlled experiment variables lead to clearer analysis, contributions
Activity 1.2 of better learning outcomes. Activity 3.3a have been fluctuations in yearly averages,the overall trend shows a warming period since the late 20th highlighting recycling as a p
Language feature Yes or No Y,Y,N,N,N,N century. Recent studies debunk the claim of a prolonged decline.
• Questionable: Claims about future cooling and reliance on a single commentator with limited academic authority 3. Problem Addresed:
Counterarguments: no, (real-world experiences might compromise the depth of understanding
Contracted forms Y raises doubts about the accuracy of predictions. - Tacklin fthe challenge of m
Long and complex sentences N
Activity 3.3b - Hedges to emphasize the se
Evaluation and Questioning:
F,F,T,F,T,T,F,T Relevance:
Passive voice N • Are the advantages supported by evidence
• How generalization are the findings from this study to other high school chemistry classrooms or • Limited: The focus on short-term temperature fluctuations distracts from the long-term warming trend and ignores 4. Broad objective:
Phrases Y different student populations.( sample bias) Activity 3.4 other crucial evidence like rising sea levels,ocean acidification, and extreme weather events. - Sustainable recycling - aim
References to the scene Y • Any alternative explainations for the findings/ factors 1. Name-year : author last name followed by publication year in parentheses within the text. peri-urban areas.
Multiple works by the same authors in the same year are distinguished by lowercase letters after the Typicality:
Repetitions Y • Unrepresentative: Cherry-picking a single data point (2010) and citing non-mainstream opinions do not reflect the
Annotations: year Activity 5.4
Short sentences Y • Lack of explicit reasearch consensus view of the scientific community on climate change. 1. Impact of Caffeine:
Subjective language Y 2. Citation sequence: numbers within parentheses refer to a numbered reference list at the end - Caffeine is widely consume
Sufficiency/Security:
Use of questions Y Activity 2.4 - Studies suggest moderate ca
• Insufficient: The use of outdated or limited data,coupled with reliance on non-established sources, falls short of
Reader : The text appear to be written for an audience with an interest in sports science, specifically Activity 3.5 the evidence required for robust scientific claims.Sources cited lack the authority and peer-reviewed backing
- Memory enhancing
tennis player skill acquisition. The presumed readers include reaserchers, educators, and professionals 1. Non-integral, within parentheses after sentence - Cortical excitability
expected in academic discourse.
Activity 1.3a involved in tennis development programs. The use of technical terms and the focus on skill acquisition 2. Integral, At the beginning of the sentence before the verb
theory and practice suggest a specialized audience within the filed of sports science Overall: 2. Research gap : brain molecu
1. Habitual coffee drinkers tend to exhibit better cognitive health. 3. Non-integral
2. Individuals who engage in regularly exercise are more likely to experience a longer lifespan compared to those who 4. Integral 3. Type of research gap
Purpose: The purpose of the text is to report on a study that investigated the effectiveness of equipment The evidence presented in Extract B fails to meet the ARTS criteria for reliable and convincing support for climate
do not. scalling on beginner tennis player skill acquisition within a structured competitive development 5. Non-integral change. It relies on inaccurate information, cherry-picked data, and non-mainstream voices, hindering a - Knowledge gap
3. Students with sleep difficulties may demonstrate a lower level of academic performance compared to those who /participation program. This article aims to present findings on how different equipment scalling comprehensive and accurate understanding of the issue.
consistently enjoy restful sleep. approches impact learning experiences, skill acquisition, and psychological responses in tennis players. Activity 3.6 4. Research objective
4. There is a probability that consuming cuktured meat could be associated with certain health problems. Additionally, the discussion focusses on the broader implications of the findings for skill acquisition 1. Concluded;past tense;Neutral Additional Notes: - Uncover the molecular path
5. If measures to reduce the use of plastic are not implemented, there is a likehood that many marine species could theory and practice in tennis.
2. Found; past tense; neutral • It's crucial to remember that climate change is a complex issue with multiple contributing factors and natural during learning
face the risk of becoming extinct. fluctuations. Focusing solely on temperature overlooks the larger picture. - Identify these pathway by a
Genre: Reaserch article/ study report. Mentions of abstrcts, keywords, disccussion, scientific writing, 3. Suggests; present tense; neutral
• Scientific consensus overwhelmingly supports human-driven climate change, based on extensive research and data the mouse hippocampus.
specific vocabulary 4. Countered; past tense; non-conciliatory(disagreeing with previus notion)
Activity 1.3b 5. Admit; present tense; conciliatory(acknowledge a limitation or challenge)
analysis.
• Responsible academic writing demands accurate, current, and relevant evidence from 5. Present tense, focus on esta
Extract C The use of "as we predicted" and "can be attributed to" introduces a level of caution. It acknwledges that the Sources
outcome aligns with expectations but does not assert absolute certainty. Activity 3.7 authoritative sources.
Activity 5.5
Extract D Phrases such as "perhaps somewhat unexpected," still the findings are in the direction of," and " maybe in 1. Paraphrase 2 1. Research gap
interaction with" introduce uncertainty. The researchers acknowledge unexpected elements and qualify their
statements, considering various factors that may influenced the results.
Accuracy Activity 4.3 - The gap indentified in this s
Identifying Fallacies in the Extracts: antigen tests varies through
Extract E The use of phrases like "may accordingly," "most likely," and "still suggests" introduces caution. It lack • Paraphrase 2 accurately reflects the concept ofplants killing leaf patches with butterfly eggs, not
knowledges possibilities and nuances in the relationship between blue light, sleep quality, and different sleep just avoiding them. Extract C: 2. Research Objective:
stages. • Appeal to Nature: Comparing human mothers to rats is problematic due to biological and behavioral differences. - The study aims to evaluate
• It correctly mentions the relationship between this behavior and the "arms race"with butterflies.
the established methods of R
Activity 1.4a • It includes the citation for the source information, showing proper academic practice. • Post hoc fallacy: Correlation between the rats' diet and their offspring's eating habits doesn't necessarily imply and children
Analyse Make sense of (through examining) causation in humans.
Clarity 3. Research Question:
Judge Assess • Paraphrase 2 clearly explains the process of leaf destruction triggered by butterfly eggs. Does the dailyuse of a self-c
• Slippery slope: The conclusion ("overeating and obesity") extrapolates too far from the study's limited scope on compared to RT-PCR and v
Derive Comes from • It uses specific terms like "discourage" and "arms race" that are more precise than "penalty" or "voracious" in food preference. children?
Make sense of Interpret this context.
Increased Rose 4. Link between Reasearch qu
Objectivity: Extract D: The acuracy of the antigen
Formulate Come up with
• False analogy: Comparing the brain to the heart ignores their vastly different functions and treatment approaches.
Brought up the question Raised the question Activity 5.6a
• Paraphrase 2 avoids unnecessary conversational language and maintains aneutral, objective tone.
Carried out Conducted • Oversimplification: Depression has complex causes beyond just "biochemical imbalances," neglecting Answers to Extract D Questions
Category Group 2. Summary 2 psychological and social factors. 1. Participants were recruited thro
who met the inclusion criteria wer
Factor Cause
2. Participants were individuals w
Activity 3.8 • False dilemma: Counseling and drug therapy are not mutually exclusive options,implying a false choice.
household members, regardless
Activity 1.4b Analysis of Extract B: 3. The study was conducted betwe
1a. Original author's views: California, and metropolitan De
Extract F Marine heatwaves, diagnose, focused, sub-tropical, indicate, strengths, bio-ecosystem, seasonal variation Extract E:
• The author mentions the IOC previously restricting caffeine due to its suspected ergogenic effect 4. Participants were followed for 1
Extract G Marine heatwaves, impacts, ecosystems, amplified, strategically, economically, dicumented, comparable, (performance-enhancing). • Appeal to popularity: Majority opinion doesn't guarantee a sound decision,ignoring potential biases or lack of 5. Data was collected through ques
global oceans, frequency, duration, areal cverage, analysis, increasing trends, associated, surface air informed consent.
temperature, sea-ice concentration, global warming environment, robust • The author acknowledges caffeine being considered ergogenic even below the former IOC threshold,despite children. The questionnaires cov
the ban reversal. 6. The scope of this study refers to
• Bandwagon fallacy: Assuming the decision is correct just because many (possibly uninformed) people support it. design (prospective cohort), loca
• The author mentions disputed mechanisms of caffeine's impact on performance.
Activity 1.5a collection methods.
Extract I is more impersonal./objective in tone. • Missing information: Factors like cost, feasibility, and alternative options are missing from the argument. Materials and Procedures:
Reasons: 1b. Citations: The materials used in the study ar
1. Avoidance of Personal Pronouns - objective tone collect data. The procedures invol
• Well-integrated: Citations support statements by named researchers/organizations (World Anti-doping •
2. Passive Voice Usage emphasizing the action rather than the doer. Recruitment: Identifying individ
Agency, Graham, etc.). Extract F:
3. Formal Language Structure - straightfoward objective description of th eprocedures without unnecessary with their household members.
• Sources cited for specific claims and mechanisms (Nehlig & Debry,Magkos & Kavouras). • Cherry picking: Focuses on one brand (Elusion) and a single study,excluding broader research on e-cigarettes' • Data collection: Administering q
elaboration effectiveness and potential risks. vaccination history, and daily sym
Activity 1.5b 2. Paraphrasing the First Two Sentences (23 words):
• Limited generalizability: Results from a specific study with specific conditions may not apply to all smokers or Materials and Procedures in the
Extract J Materials:
quitting methods.
Experimental conditions. The exercise condition consisted of 30 min of perceptually-defined moderate intensity exercise Before 2004, competitors couldn't drink much coffee (around 5 cups) as the International Olympic Committee
• Survey: This will be used to coll
on an electronically-braked recumbent cycle ergometer (Lode BV, The Netherlands); the control condition consisted of 30 suspected it improved performance.
• Causal fallacy: Increased abstinence might have other explanations besides the nicotine e-cigarette. coffee, tea, energy drinks, and sod
min of quiet rest on the cycle ergometer with identical monitoring. Participants were instructed to exercise at a moderate
or somewhat hard exercise intensity based upon achieving a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of 13 on Borg’s 6–20 • Beck Depression Inventory (BD
3. Summarizing the Passage on Caffeine and Physical Performance (98 words):
scale (Borg, 1998). During the experimental condition, participants began with a 3 to 5-min warm up until they reached an symptoms.
RPE of 13. Perceived exercise intensity was prescribed based on the participants’ RPE and workload was adjusted by the • Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI):
participant to maintain the prescribed intensity. Participants maintained a cadence of 60–80 revolutions per minute and The International Olympic Committee initially restricted caffeine in athletes due to its believed performance- • Global Assessment of Recent St
self-adjusted the resistance to maintain a moderate intensity during the 30 min. This prescription and monitoring of enhancing properties. Research on its impact is mixed. One proposed mechanism is increased fatty acid use,
potentially sparing glycogen and delaying exhaustion. However, this is disputed. Other mechanisms involve
stress levels.
exercise has been performed previously in past research in the same population (Meyer et al., 2016), and has been shown affecting muscle contractions and fatigue through various chemicals. Studies examining caffeine intake (2.5-6 Procedures:
to lead to mean respiratory exchange ratio (0.96) and heart rate values (130.8 beats per minute) consistent with a moderate mg/kg bodyweight) generally showed improved performance like faster running/cycling times, delayed fatigue, and • The study will be conducted on un
intensity. A quiet rest condition, identical to the exercise condition except for exercise, served as the control condition increased cycling power. Two studies did not find significant effects, suggesting limitations in study design. Overall, February 2022.
with participants resting quietly while seated on the recumbent bicycle. The time points PRE, MID, and POST in both evidence leans towards caffeine enhancing physical performance, but the exact mechanisms and optimal dosages • 150 undergraduates aged 18-26
conditions were performed seated on the cycle ergometer. Participants were provided with standard magazines (similar to remain under investigation.
• A survey will be used to collect d
a waiting room) during the 75 min post-condition to standardize the environmental stimuli; participants did not use their
phones or other electronic devices throughout the visits. • Participants will be asked about th
4. My Views on the Study's Conclusiveness (99 words): consumption, and pre-existing me
• Three aspects - depression, anxi
While the studies summarized suggest a positive effect of caffeine on physical performance, I wouldn't consider the GARS instruments, respectively.
Activity 1.7 findings entirely conclusive. The studies vary in design, participants, and outcome measures, potentially affecting
In mitochondrial genetics, atraditional belief held that mitochondria, responsible for energy production in cells, are I generalizability. The disputed mechanisms highlight the need for further research to pinpoint the exact ways caffeine
herited exclusively from the mother. However, recent studies challenge this idea, proposing biparental inheritence, where influences performance. Additionally, individual responses to caffeine differ, and optimal dosages might vary based Activity 5.6b
paternal mitochondria may occasionally contribute to offspring. This novel concept shifts our understanding and prompts on factors like genetics and training status. Therefore, while the evidence leans towards caffeine's effectiveness, Data Analysis in Extract E:
ongoing research to uncover the mechanisms behind this phenomenon. Th exploration of biparental inheritance more research is needed to definitively establish its impact and personalize its use for various athletes and 1. Clarity of Data Analysis:
intichondria urges a reevaluation of established models, fostering a deeper comprehension of cellular inheritance performance goals. The excerpt provides a good overv
mechanisms. were defined, how positivity rates
specificity of the home antigen tes
understand:
• The logic behind interpreting th
Activity 3.9 evaluate the strength of the conclu
Reference List (Name-Year System): • The reproducibility of the findin
1. Book: Belitz, H-D., Grosch, W., & Schieberle, P. (2009). Food chemistry (4th ed.). Berlin: Springer. potentially replicate the study and
2. Journal Article: Serafini, M., Bugianesi, R., Maiani, G., Valtuena, S., De Santis, S., & Crozier, A. (2003). Plasma
antioxidants from chocolate. Nature, 424(1013). 2. Validity and Reliability:
This excerpt suggests the research
3. Internet Publication: World Anti-doping Agency. (2003, April 16). World Anti-doping Code [Internet]. Retrieved
from http://www.wada-ama.org • Inclusion criteria: Only participa
analysis focused on relevant data.
• Case definition: Using establishe
case and illness definition enhanc
• Handling missing data: Excludin
bias. However, including partial d
completeness and reliability.

3. Predominant Tense:
The passage primarily uses the pa
and the excerpt describes the com

4. Verbs in Data Analysis:

The verbs used to describe data an
• Defined (case, symptomatic case,
• Calculated (daily percentage, sens
• Compared (sensitivity with refere
• Repeated (calculations for subgro
• Adjusted (confidence intervals for
• Calculated (concordance, Cohen κ
• Compared (concordance between

Activity 5.7
Discussion Points:
• Public health impact: This study
potentially reducing COVID-19 c
with no current vaccine option.
• Immunological understanding:
protective antibodies to infants, co
strategies.
• Infant morbidity and mortality:
decrease in hospitalizations and se
• Long-term effects: Investigating
future vaccination strategies for b

Activity 5.8a
"Crucial to investigate"/ "Sharp gr

Activity 5.8b
Original:
Analysing the changes in st
undergraduates at the unive
effectiveness of the current
on how to improve future st

Improved version:
The COVID-19 pandemic h
concerns about a surge in m
source here) that stress lev
pandemic. This research inv
experienced by undergradua
programs in this unique con
be crucial in developing mo
ultimately fostering the wel

Improvements:
• Background information: Added
supported this claim with a citatio
• Stronger verbs: Replaced "analy
• Specificity: Clarified the goal of e
• Impact: Highlighted the potential
• Overall tone: The revised passag

Quick Notes Page 1

 ative?
atter/specific research method/ specific target audience/ outcome of the

n personal opinion

ormative:
language
ss a pain point
ing % instead of 2.4km

piness? Exploring the Complex Link

ng: Beyond the Odds
the Truth About Gambling Wins

r potential risks
nt's direction

als: to provide relevant background I formation and to impress upon

tant

g => consumption increases => pollution increases

e solution, but various other solutions like incineration, composting, and
favoured in developing countries

:
ed waste generation - waste disposal method and their limitations -
preferred approach

anaging MSW sustainably

verity of the issue

to divert the maximum fraction of MSW through recycling in urban and

d and known to enhance well -being, attention,and alertness

affeine intake and reduced mortality

ular changes associated with its chronic intake remain ill -defined

ways impacted by chronic caffeine consumption in neuronal processing

nalyzing the epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome of

blished knowledge about caffeine's efect and the existing gap in research

study ia the lack of knowledge regarding how the performance of

out the course of SARS -Cov-2 infection

how a daily self -administration home antigen test performs compared to

RT-PCR and viral culture throughout the course of infection in adults

collected home antigen test accurately detect SARS-CoV-2 infection

viral culture across different stages of the infection in adults and

estion and Gap:

test changes depend on the stage of infection

s:
ough a convenience sample. This means readily available individuals
re enrolled.
ith recent RT -PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and all their
of age.
en January 18, 2021, and April 30, 2021, in San Diego County,
enver, Colorado.
15 days.
stionnaires filled out by participants or caregivers for young
ered demographics, medical history, and vaccination history.
the general characteristics of the research, including the study
ation, recruitment method, participant characteristics, and data

e not explicitly mentioned but likely include the questionnaires used to

ve:
duals with confirmed SARS -CoV-2 infection and enrolling them along

questionnaires to collect demographic information, medical history,

mptom logs.

e Example Study:

ect data on daily caffeine intake from various sources like chocolates,
da.
I): A standardized questionnaire used to measure depression

A standardized questionnaire used to measure anxiety symptoms.

ress (GARS): A standardized questionnaire used to measure recent

ndergraduates in Singapore between 20 February 2022 and 27

will be recruited and participate in the study.

ata on daily caffeine intake from various sources.
heir personal history, including factors like height, weight, alcohol
ental conditions.
ety, and stress - will be measured using the BDI, BAI, and

view of the data analysis methods. It details how cases and non -cases
were calculated for different tests, and how the sensitivity and
st were assessed. This information is crucial for the reader to

e results : Knowing how data was analyzed allows the reader to

usions drawn from the study.
ngs : By understanding the analysis methods, other researchers can
verify the results.

hers considered validity and reliability:

ants with at least one completed antigen test were included, ensuring

d criteria from the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists for

es the validity of the results.
ng invalid and missing data points improves data quality and reduces
ata from lost -to-follow-up participants suggests a balance between data

ast tense. This is because the data analysis has already been conducted,
pleted procedures used.

nalysis procedures include:

noncase)
sitivity, specificity)
nce standards)
ups)
r intraparticipant correlation)
κ coefficient)
tests with/without errors)

y can inform vaccination recommendations for pregnant women ,

ases and complications in infants younger than 1 year, a high -risk group

It can clarify the effectiveness of maternal vaccination in transferring

ontributing to our knowledge of passive immunity and vaccine

By potentially reducing COVID-19 in infants, the study could lead to a

evere illness, improving infant health outcomes.
the duration of protection offered by maternal vaccination could guide
oth mothers and infants.

rowth"/ "Facilitates the understanding"/ "Useful information"

ress levels and the various forms of stress experienced by the

rsity after the start of the pandemic, this research aims to evaluate the
stress management programmes. This will help to provide information
ress management measures.

has dramatically altered the lives of university students, leading to

mental health issues, particularly stress. Studies have shown (cite a
els among university students have significantly increased during the
vestigates changes in stress levels and the different types of stress
ates. By evaluating the effectiveness of current stress management
text, the study can identify areas for improvement. These findings can
ore targeted and effective stress management interventions ,
l-being and academic success of our student population.

d context about the pandemic's impact on student mental health and

n.
ze" with "investigates" for a more active tone.
evaluating current programs in the context of the pandemic.
l impact of the research on developing better interventions.
e emphasizes the urgency and potential benefits of the research.

Quick Notes Page 2