ASPAM Indian International School

Physics:
Investigatory Project
Session: 2024-2025

A Project Report On
“TO STUDY THE MOVING COIL
GALVANOMETER”

Submitted By – Fathimathul Liyana

Roll Number: ___8____________
Class – 12-A
 Certificate
This is to certify that __________________ of Class 12, Roll Number
______________has successfully completed the Project on
____________________ under the guidance of ___________________during the
year 2024-25 in the partial fulfilment of requirement of Practical
Examination(AISSCE).
This is further to certify that this project is the individual and bonafide
work of the candidate.

Internal Examiner’s Name: External Examiner’s

Name:

_____________________ ____________________

Internal Examiner’s Sign with Date: External Examiner’s

Sign with Date:

---------------------------- ------------------------------

Principal’s Signature with Seal:

-------------------------
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and gratitude to

my project guide Mr. Alkesh Pal for guiding me immensely

through the course of this project. He always evinced a keen

interest in my project. His constructive advice & constant

motivation have been responsible for the successful completion

of this project.

My sincere gratitude goes to our Principal, Vice-Principal

and School leaders for their co-ordination in extending every

possible support for the completion of this project.

Furthermore, I thank my classmates for their timely help and

support for aiding in the completion of this project.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank all those who have

helped directly or indirectly towards the completion of this

project.
 INDEX

S.No Topic Page No.

1) Certificate 5

2) Acknowledgement 6

3) Index 7

4) Introduction 8

5) Principle, Construction 9

th
6) 10

7) Procedure 10

8) Observation 10

8) Result 13

9) Conclusion 14

10) Bibliography 14
 INTRODUCTION

An electromechanical device for identifying and measuring electric

current is a galvanometer. By creating a rotating deflection (of a
"pointer") in response to an electric current passing through a coil in a
steady magnetic field, a galvanometer functions as an actuator. Later
versions of galvanometers, known as ammeters, were calibrated to
measure the current passing through an electric circuit; however, the
early models were not.

The discovery that a magnetic compass needle deflects when it

approaches an electric current-carrying wire led to the invention of
galvanometers, which Hans Oersted initially reported in 1820. They
served as the first tools for the detection and measurement of tiny
electric currents. The instrument was named after Italian electrical
pioneer Luigi Galvani, who established the idea of the frog
galvanoscope in 1791—that an electric current would cause a dead
frog's legs to jerk—by André-Marie Ampère, who provided a
mathematical interpretation for Ørsted's discovery.
In many domains, sensitive galvanometers have proven crucial to the
advancement of science and technology. For instance, by providing
accurate current measurements, they made it possible to communicate
over great distances via submarine cables, like the first Transatlantic
telegraph cables. They also played a crucial role in the discovery of
the electrical activity of the heart and brain.
 PRINCIPLE
When a current carrying coil is suspended in a uniform magnetic field
it is acted upon by a torque. Under the action of this torque, the coil
rotates and the deflection in the coil in a moving coil galvanometer is
directly proportional to the current flowing through the coil.

CONSTRUCTION

The hanging type is made out of a rectangular coil with several turns
made of thin, insulated copper wires.
A phosphor-bronze suspension fiber holds the coil between the poles
of a strong horseshoe magnet. At the opposite end of the coil is a
 spring. Through the fiber and the spring, the current enters and exits
the coil, respectively.
The suspension fiber's top end is attached to a revolving screw head,
allowing the coil's plane to be adjusted to any desired position.
The pole parts of the horseshoe magnet are cylindrically concave.
Because of its design, the magnet generates a radial magnetic field,
ensuring that the coil's plane always runs parallel to the direction of
the magnetic field no matter where it turns. The coil deflects the
current as it passes through it.

Within the coil, a soft iron cylinder is placed so that the coil can freely
revolve around the cylinder and between the poles. The soft iron core
strengthens the radial magnetic field because of its high permittivity.
The suspension fiber is attached with a tiny plane mirror M. This is
used in conjunction with a lamp and scale arrangement to determine
the coil's deflection.
 THEORY
Consider a rectangular coil PQRS of single turn having length ‘l’ and
breadth ‘b’ suspended in a uniform magnetic field of induction B such
that the plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field. Let ‘I’ be the
current through the coil.

 There is force applied to the sides PQ and RS that are

perpendicular to the magnetic field, but not to the sides PS and
QR that are parallel to the magnetic field. The force that each
side feels is indicated by
F=BIl

 According to Fleming's left-hand rule, the directions of these

forces are opposing. A torque acts on the coil in an attempt to
deflect it since these two forces are equal and opposite, forming
what is known as a pair. The deflection torque may be found
using
Torque = Force x Perpendicular distance between the
forces.
 T=F*b
T=BIl*B ,[since f=BIL]
T=BIA ,[since l*b=A]

If the coil has ‘n’ no. of turns, then the deflecting torque will be
T=nBIA

• The coil's plane spins through an angle θ under the influence of this
torque before coming to rest. The plane of the coil is always parallel
to the direction of the magnetic field because of the radial magnetic
field. The deflecting torque is therefore constant in magnitude at all
positions. The fiber twists due to the coil's spin, producing a restoring
torque that is directly proportional to the angle of deflection (θ).

τ∝θ
T=k*θ, k is the torque per unit twist of the suspension fibre.
 When the coil comes to rest i.e. when it attains equilibrium, the
restoring torque will balance the deflecting torque. So in
equilibrium position of the coil,
Deflecting torque = Restoring torque.
nBIA=kθ

The quantities in bracket are constant, therefore

∴I∝q
Thus in a moving coil galvanometer current in the coil is directly
proportional to the angle of deflection of the coil.
Lenz’s Law:
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to Faraday’s
Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a current whose
magnetic field opposes the change which produces it. The induced magnetic
field inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux in the loop
constant. In the examples below, if the B field is increasing, the induced field
acts in opposition to it.

APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION:

ELECTRICAL GENERATOR:
The EMF generated by Faraday’s law of induction due to relative movement of
a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon underlying electrical
generators. When a permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or vice
versa, and electromotive force is created. If the wire is connected through an
electrical load, current will flow, and thus electrical energy is generated,
converting the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy.

Electrical transformer:
The EMF predicted by Faraday’s law is also responsible for electrical
transformers. When the electric current in a loop of wire changes, the
changing current creates a changing magnetic field. A second wire in
reach of this magnetic field will experience this change in a magnetic
field as a change in its coupled magnetic flux. Therefore, an
electromotive force is set up in the second loop called the induced
EMF or transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loops are connected
through an electrical load, current will flow.

Faraday’s Experiment:
 One of the scientists Faraday performed series of experiments and based
on the results he gave law on induction.
 He introduced the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
 Induction means to induce or to generate something.
 Electromagnetic Induction means production of electric current due to
magnetic field.
 Magnetic field is capable of producing current in a conductor.
 Faraday took a coil and attached a galvanometer to it.
 As there is no battery attached therefore there is no source of current.
 He brought the magnet near the coil.
 When the magnet is moved towards the coil galvanometer showed
deflection.
 Galvanometer even showed the deflection in the opposite direction when
the magnet is taken away from the coil.
 When magnet was not moved there was no deflection in the
galvanometer.
 This show current is related to magnet.
 Faster the magnet is moved the more is the deflection in the
galvanometer. This showed more and more current flows if the magnet is
moved very fast.
  Same effect was observed if the coil is moved, and the magnet was not
moved.

Materials Required:
Magnetic bar, a galvanometer, coil and connecting wires.

Procedure:
1. Take a coil of wire having many turns.
2. Connect the end of the coil to a galvanometer.
3. Take a strong bar magnet and move its north pole into the coil and
observe the changes in the galvanometer needle.
4. Repeat earlier step with the south pole of the bar magnet.
5. Now repeat the procedure with the coil having a different number of turns
and the variation in the deflection of the galvanometer needle.

Observation:
1. When we move the magnet in or out of the coil, the needle of
galvanometer gets deflected in different directions.
2. When we insert the north pole (N) of bar magnet into the coil, the
deflection is towards right.
3. When we insert the south pole (S) of bar magnet into the coil, the
deflection is towards left.
 4. When we move the bar magnet in or out of the coil with varying speed,
the speed of deflection changes accordingly.
5. As we increase the number of turns in the coil, the deflection increases.
6. Relative motion between magnet and coil induced electric current in the
coil.

Result:
 The deflection of galvanometer needle indicates the presence of current in
the coil.
 The direction of deflection gives the direction of flow of current.
 The speed of deflection gives the rate at which the current is induced.
  The deflection in galvanometer changes with the change in number of
turns in the coil – more the number of turns in the coil greater is the
deflection.

Conclusion:
From this experiment, Faraday concluded that whenever there is relative motion
between a conductor and a magnetic field, the flux linkage with a coil change
and this change in flux induces a voltage across a coil.

Bibliography
 Physics NCERT book class XII