Ramsay Test Study Guide

Electrical Symbols

Bearings

Updated: April 2021

Ramsay Test Study Guide

Staggered roller bearing 

Wye and Delta connections

Updated: April 2021

Ramsay Test Study Guide

Finding the missing side of a triangle

A2 + B2 = C2 Solving for A: A2 + B2 = C2
1st step: get A by itself

A C Solving for A: A2 = (C2 - B2)

2nd step: perform calculation, C2 - B2
3rd step: square root the answer from step 2… answer = A
4th step: Does answer makes since? A & B will always be < C.

Ohms law

Power dissipated 300 ohms and 120 v equals how many watts?
I = V / R  I = 120 v / 300 ohms  I = 0.4 amps
watts = amps x volts  watts = 0.4 x 120  watts = 48

Thermal circuit breakers

Starting of motors bimetallic strip provides what? Protection against current overload.
Thermal circuit breakers for equipment (CBE) are particularly suitable for protection of motors and transformers
against current overload. The circuit breaker trips when the internal bimetal is deflected. This deflection is caused
by current flow that heats the bimetal, resulting in a thermal inertia of the bimetal. It is this thermal inertia that
establishes the time-current characteristic of a thermal circuit breaker.

How many main line contactors across line of ac reversing motor control? 2

Overload relay
What does an overload relay sense? Electrical overload or phase failure.
Overload protection relays prevent motor damage by monitoring the current in the motor circuit and breaking the
circuit when an electrical overload or a phase failure is detected. Since relays are much cheaper than motors, they
provide an affordable way of protecting motors.

Double pole vs. double throw

To switch 2 circuits, use double pole or double throw? Double pole
A double-pole switch controls two separate circuits. A double-pole switch is like two separate single-pole switches
that are mechanically operated by the same lever, knob, or button. Throw: The number of throws indicates how
many different output connections each switch pole can connect its input to.

Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT)

A SPDT can be wired up to put a circuit in either one of two modes. When the switch is connected one way, the
lamp will turn on, while the LED is off. When connected the other way, the LED then turns on, and the lamp shuts
off.

Updated: April 2021

Ramsay Test Study Guide

Megohmmeter
The megohmmeter shows sudden drop in insulation resistance test means what for motor? Equipment flooding
Sometimes the drop in insulation resistance is sudden, as when equipment is flooded. Usually, however, it drops
gradually, giving plenty of warning, if checked periodically. Such checks permit planned reconditioning before
service failure. If there are no checks, a motor with poor insulation, for example, may not only be dangerous to
touch when voltage is applied, but also be subject to burn out. What was good insulation has become a
partial conductor.

Resistance
When checking resistance, do you remove power? yes
A resistance measurement must be performed with the power off. The way that a meter measures resistance is
that it actually puts a small current across the probes and measures the resulting voltage.

Load cell
Does load cell require analog input module? – Yes

Fluid clutch
What allows a motor to run continuously while the load starts and stops? Fluid clutch

Dial Caliper Interpretation:

Micrometer Interpretation:

Pulley System – determine effort required to lift load

Updated: April 2021

Ramsay Test Study Guide

Bimetallic element of circuit breaker:

Thermal-magnetic circuit breakers combine the benefits of a thermal and magnetic circuit breaker: a delay that
avoids nuisance tripping caused by normal inrush current, and fast response with high currents impulses.

Detecting shorts in armature coils – Growler:

There are two practical tests for locating shorts, opens, and grounds in armatures. There is the growler
test and the bar-to-bar test.
 To test for short circuits, place the armature on the V-block of the growler and turn on the current.
 With a thin metal strip (hacksaw blade can be used) held over the core, as shown in figure below, rotate
the armature slowly through a complete revolution.
 If a short is present, the steel strip will become magnetized and vibrate.
 To find out whether the armature coils of the commutator are short-circuited, clean between the
commutator segments and repeat the test.
 Should the thin metal strip still vibrate, the armature is short- circuited internally and must be replaced.
Not all armatures can be tested for short circuits by the method just described.

Megohmmeter
The megohmmeter shows sudden drop in insulation resistance test means what for motor? Equipment flooding
Sometimes the drop in insulation resistance is sudden, as when equipment is flooded. Usually, however, it drops
gradually, giving plenty of warning, if checked periodically. Such checks permit planned reconditioning before
service failure. If there are no checks, a motor with poor insulation, for example, may not only be dangerous to
touch when voltage is applied, but also be subject to burn out. What was good insulation has become a
partial conductor.
The megohmmeter shows sudden drop in insulation resistance test means what for motor? Equipment flooding

Updated: April 2021

Ramsay Test Study Guide

Insulation measurement – Megger:

The Megger insulation tester is a small, portable instrument that gives you a direct reading of insulation resistance
in ohms or megohms. For good insulation, the resistance usually reads in the megohm range.
The Megger insulation tester is essentially a high-range resistance meter (ohmmeter) with a built-in direct-current
generator. This meter is of special construction with both current and voltage coils, enabling true ohms to be
read directly, independent of the actual voltage applied. This method is nondestructive; that is, it does not cause
deterioration of the insulation

Single phase voltage transformer:

A single phase voltage transformer basically consists of two electrical coils of wire, one called the “Primary
Winding” and another called the “Secondary Winding”. In a single-phase voltage transformer, the primary is
usually the side with the higher voltage. The two coil windings are electrically isolated from each other but are
magnetically linked through the common core allowing electrical power to be transferred from one coil to the
other. When an electric current passed through the primary winding, a magnetic field is developed which induces a
voltage into the secondary winding. The difference in voltage between the primary and the secondary windings is
achieved by changing the number of coil turns in the primary winding ( NP ) compared to the number of coil turns
on the secondary winding ( NS ).

Steps to measuring resistance:

1. Turn power to circuit OFF.
If a circuit includes a capacitor, discharge the capacitor before taking any resistance reading.
2. Turn digital multimeter dial to resistance, or ohms, which often shares a spot on the dial with one or more other
test/measurement modes (illustration below).

3. First insert the black test lead into the COM jack.
4. Then insert the red lead into the VΩ jack.
When finished, remove the leads in reverse order: red first, then black.
5. Connect test leads across the component being tested.
Make sure that contact between the test leads and circuit is good.
6. Read the measurement on the display.
7. When finished, turn the multimeter OFF to prevent battery drain.

Updated: April 2021

Ramsay Test Study Guide

PLC indicator lights:

The first step in troubleshooting is to determine if the power for the output in question is present and to restore
that power if it is not. There is a further complication to troubleshooting most output modules, because they
typically contain a fuse to protect the output switching device. Faults in field wiring and devices can blow that fuse,
so its condition must be verified before proceeding. Many modules are equipped with a "fuse blown" indicator
that shows which channel or module has a blown fuse. These fuses may be accessible from the front of the
module, or the module may have to be removed or even disassembled in order to gain access to them.
Once power has been verified and the fuses checked the procedure for troubleshooting digital outputs is
somewhat the reverse of that for digital inputs.

ANALOG INPUT FROM PLC:

Some things you can measure with analog sensors:
 Level
 Flow
 Distance
 Viscosity
 Temperature
ANALOG INPUT SIGNALS:
 Voltage
 Current

Updated: April 2021

Ramsay Test Study Guide

SINGLE PHASING:

Three-phase motors must be connected to a nominal voltage to function properly. If for any reason any of the
phases that supply the motor are disconnected, the motor continues to operate with the remaining 2 phases. This
is called phase failure or single phasing.
If a three-phase motor is operating and loses one of the phases, the motor will continue to operate at a reduced
speed and experience vibrations. The current will also increase considerably in the remaining phases, causing an
internal heating of the motor components. If the motor is not disconnected quickly, it will break down as a result
of this increase in temperature.
This failure can be harmful even if it occurs when the engine is not in operation because, depending on the load,
sometimes the engine is able to start even when only two phases are connected.
Causes of a phase failure:
•Loss of one of the phases from the supply.
•One of the cables that supply the motor is damaged.
•Broken connection terminals due to vibrations or aging.
•Connection terminals that are not properly tightened.
•One of the fuses of the three-phase circuit opens.
•The starter contactor is damaged/rusty and leaves an open phase.
•Damaged relay contacts.
•Protections poorly configured.
Effects of a phase failure:
•The engine operates at a reduced speed.
•Considerable loss of the relative power of the motor.
•Because only 2 phases are providing the power, the current in the remaining phases increases considerably.
This means that the insulation in the motor windings is not able to withstand the increase in current and heat.
When the insulation is damaged, a short circuit is created in the winding that causes the motor to burn.
•It can cause generator overload.
•If the motor is off when the failure occurs, it may not start when its operation is required and if it does, it will
burn.

Thermocouple:
A Thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature. Thermocouples consist of two wire legs made from
different metals. The wires legs are welded together at one end, creating a junction. This junction is where the
temperature is measured. When the junction experiences a change in temperature, a voltage is created. The
voltage can then be interpreted using thermocouple reference tables to calculate the temperature.

Updated: April 2021