ME 1503- Metrology and Measurements Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023– 2024

ME1503 METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS LTPC

(Theory Cum Laboratory Course) 3 0 24
OBJECTIVES:
• To provide knowledge on various metrological equipments available to measure the
dimension of the components.
• To provide knowledge on the correct procedure to be adopted to measure the
dimension of the components.
• To familiar with different metrological equipment’s and use of this in industry for
quality inspection
UNIT I BASICS OF METROLOGY 9
Introduction to Metrology - Need - Elements - Work piece, Instruments - Persons -
Environment - their effect on Precision and Accuracy - Errors - Errors in Measurements -
Types - Control - Types of standards.
UNIT II LINEAR AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS 9
Linear Measuring Instruments - Evolution - Types - Classification - Limit gauges - gauge
design - terminology - procedure - concepts of interchange ability and selective assembly -
Angular measuring instruments - Types - Bevel protractor clinometers angle gauges, spirit
levels sine bar - Angle alignment telescope - Autocollimator - Applications.

UNIT III ADVANCES IN METROLOGY 9

Basic concept of lasers Advantages of lasers - laser Interferometers - types - DC and AC
Lasers interferometer - Applications - Straightness - Alignment. Basic concept of CMM -
Types of CMM- Constructional features - Probes - Accessories - Software - Applications -
Basic concepts of Machine Vision System - Element - Applications.

UNIT IV FORM MEASUREMENT 9

Principles and Methods of straightness - Flatness measurement - Thread measurement, gear
measurement, surface finish measurement, Roundness measurement - Applications.

UNIT V MEASUREMENT OF POWER, FLOW AND TEMPERATURE 9

Force, torque, power, speed - mechanical, Pneumatic, Hydraulic and Electrical type. Flow
measurement: Venturimeter, Orifice meter, rotameter, pitot tube - Temperature: bimetallic
strip, thermocouples, electrical resistance thermometer, Non-Contact Temperature
Measurement - Reliability and Calibration - Readability and Reliability.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
Upon the completion of this course the students will be able to
CO1-Describe the concepts of measurements to apply in various metrological
instruments.
CO2-Outline the principles of linear and angular measurement tools used for industrial
applications.
CO3-Explain the procedure for conducting computer aided inspection.
CO4-Demonstrate the techniques of form measurement used for industrial
components.
CO5-Discuss various measuring techniques of mechanical properties in industrial
applications.
TEXTBOOKS:
1. Gupta. I.C., “Engineering Metrology”, Dhanpatrai Publications, 2005.
2. Jain R.K. “Engineering Metrology”, Khanna Publishers, 2005.
REFERENCES:
1. Charles Reginald Shotbolt, “Metrology for Engineers”, 5th edition, Cengage Learning
EMEA,1990.
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ME 1503- Metrology and Measurements Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023– 2024

ME 1503–METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS

COURSE OUTCOMES
On completion of this course, the student will be able:
To understand the basics of metrology, its relationship with the working
C303.1
Environment and its effects on measurements.
To understand the various devices used and the principle behind linear and angular
C303.2
measurement.
To understand the usage of laser interferometers and Coordinate measuring
C303.3
machines.
To understand the various devices used and the principle behind form
C303.4
measurements.
To Understand the various devices used and principle behind measurement of
C303.5
power, Flow and Temperature.
MAPPING BETWEEN CO, PO AND PSO WITH CORRELATION LEVEL 1/2/3

PSO 3
PSO1

PSO2
PO10

PO11

PO12
ME 1503
PO1

PO2

PO3

PO4

PO5

PO6

PO7

PO8

PO9
C303.1 3 3 2 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 2 3 3 3 2
C303.2 3 3 2 3 0 1 1 0 2 1 2 3 3 3 2
C303.3 3 3 2 3 0 1 1 0 2 1 2 3 3 3 2
C303.4 3 3 2 3 0 1 1 0 2 1 2 3 3 3 2
C303.5 3 3 2 3 0 1 1 0 2 1 2 3 3 3 2
RELATION BETWEEN COURSE CONTENT WITH COs
UNIT I BASICS OF METROLOGY
Knowledge Course
S. No Topics
level Outcomes
1 U Introduction to Metrology C303.1
2 U Need – Elements – Work piece, C303.1
Persons – Environment –
3 U, Ap C303.1
their effect on Precision and Accuracy
4 U, Ap Errors – Errors in Measurements C303.1

Types – Control – Types C303.1

5 U, Ap
of standards.
UNIT II LINEAR AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS
Knowledge Course
S. No Topics
level Outcomes
1 U, Ap Linear Measuring Instruments C303.2

2 U Evolution – Types – Classification C303.2

Limit gauges – gauge design – C303.2

3 U, Ap
Terminology
concepts of interchange ability and selective C303.2
4 U, Ap, An
assembly
5 U, Ap Angular measuring instruments – Types C303.2

6 U, Ap Bevel protractor clinometers angle gauges C303.2

spirit levels sine bar –Angle alignment telescope, C303.2

7 U, Ap
Autocollimator – Applications.
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ME 1503- Metrology and Measurements Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023– 2024

UNIT III ADVANCES IN METROLOGY

Knowledge Course
S. No Topics
level Outcomes
1 U Basic concept of lasers Advantages of lasers C303.3

laser Interferometers – types – DC and AC Lasers C303.3

2 Ap, U
interferometer – Applications
3 Ap, U Straightness – Alignment C303.3

Basic concept of CMM – Types of CMM –

4 Ap, U Constructional features – Probes – Accessories – C303.3
Software – Applications
Basic concepts of Machine Vision System – Element C303.3
5 Ap, U
– Applications.

UNIT IV FORM MEASUREMENT

Knowledge Course
S. No Topics
level Outcomes
1 U, Ap Principles and Methods of straightness C303.4

2 Ap, U Flatness measurement, Thread measurement C303.4

3 U, Ap Gear measurement, surface finish measurement C303.4

4 U, Ap Roundness measurement – Applications C303.4

UNIT V MEASUREMENT OF POWER, FLOW AND TEMPERATURE

Knowledge Course
S. No Topics
level Outcomes
1 U Force, torque, power, speed C303.5

2 U Mechanical, Pneumatic, Hydraulic and Electrical type C303.5

Flow measurement: Venturimeter, Orifice meter, C303.5

3 U, Ap
rotameter, pitot tube
Temperature: bimetallic strip, thermocouples, electrical
4 U, Ap resistance thermometer. Non-contact type C303.5
thermometer.
5 U Reliability and Calibration, Readability and Reliability C303.5

Ap – Apply; An – Analyze; U – Understand, E- Evaluate, C-Create

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ME 1503- Metrology and Measurements Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023– 2024

UNIT I BASICS OF METROLOGY

Part A-C303.1
1. State the objectives of metrology.
• To provide the required accuracy at a minimum cost.
• To evaluate the newly developed products completely.
• To determine the process capabilities and ensure that they are better than the
relevant component tolerances.
• To standardize the measuring methods.
• To prepare the designs for all gauges and special inspection fixtures.
2. What does metrology concern?
• Establishment, reproduction and conservation, transfer of unit of measurement
and their standards. To provide the required accuracy at a minimum cost.
• Researching the causes of measuring errors.
• Developing new methods of measurement.
• Ensuring the uniformity of measurement.
• Analyzing the new methods and their accuracy.
3. What are the types of metrology?
1. Scientific metrology
2. Industrial metrology
3. Legal metrology
4. Fundamental metrology
5. Dynamic metrology
6. Deterministic metrology
4. What is legal Metrology? (May/June 2014)
Legal metrology is that part of metrology which treats units of measurement, methods of
measurement and measuring instruments, in relation to the statutory, technical and legal
requirements. It assures security and appropriate accuracy of measurements. It is directed
by a National Organisation which is called “National service of Legal Metrology”.
Applications: industrial measurement, commercial transactions, public health and human
safety ensuring. Ex: the volume of petrol purchased at a pump.
5. Define deterministic Metrology.
In deterministic metrology the part measurement is replaced by process measurement. The
new techniques such as 3D error compensation by CNC systems and expert systems are
applied, leading to a fully adaptive control.
Uses: very high precision manufacturing machinery and control system to achieve micro
technology and nanotechnology accuracies.
6. What is primary measurement or Direct method? Give an example. (May/June 2016)
The parameter to be measured is directly compared to a standard parameter with the help of
calibrated systems without any calculations.
Direct methods are quite common for the measurement of physical quantities such as length,
mass and time. It is widely used in production.
Example: measurement by scales, vernier calipers, micrometers for linear measurement.

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7. Define Traceability. (April/May 2017)

Traceability is “the property of a measurement result whereby the result can be related to a
reference through a documented unbroken chain of calibrations, each contributing to the
measurement uncertainty.”

8. Explain line and end standards. (May/June 2016)

Standards for which the length is indicated by engraved lines on a bar or scale is called line
standard. Ex: Steel rule, tapes.
Standards are in the forms of blocks or bars with two faces or ends which are at a defined
distance apart called end standard. Ex: Gauge block.
9. What is the difference between correction and correction factor? (Nov/Dec 2017)
➢ Correction is defined as a value which is added algebraically to the uncorrected result
of measurement to compensate for an assumed systematic error.
➢ If a numerical value is multiplied with uncorrected results to compensate for an
assumed systematic error, it is known as correction factor.
10. What are the important elements of measurements? (Nov/Dec 18, 21)
➢ Primary Sensing Element.
➢ Variable Conversion Element.
➢ Variable Manipulation Element.
➢ Data Processing Element,
➢ Data Transmission System,
➢ Data Presentation Element.
11. What are seismic instruments? (May/June 2016)
Seismic instruments are absolute motion measurement devices to indicate or record absolute
displacement, velocity acceleration of the vibrating body. Seismic instruments are used to
measure low-frequency ground motion caused by earthquakes.
12. What is meant by calibration?
Calibration is the process of determining and adjusting an instrument’s accuracy to make
sure its accuracy is within the manufacture’s specifications. It is the process of determining
the values of the quantity being measured corresponding to a pre-established arbitrary scale.
13. What is meant by secondary calibration? (Nov Dec 2021)
A device that has been calibrated by primary calibration is used as a secondary standard for
further calibration of other devices of lesser accuracy. A turbine type flow meter is used as
a secondary standard to calibrate other flow devices.

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14. Why measuring instruments should be calibrated? (April/May 2015) (Nov/Dec 2021)
There are three main reasons for having instruments calibrated:
(i) To ensure readings from an instrument which are consistent with other
measurements.
(ii) To determine the accuracy of the instrument readings.
(iii) To establish the reliability of the instrument i.e., whether it can be trusted or not.
15. What is the difference between tolerance and allowance? (Nov/Dec 2015, 2020)
S.No Tolerance Allowance
1. Permissible variation of the Prescribed difference between the
size/dimensions. dimensions of two mating parts.
2. Individual component is involved and Two mating parts are involved. It is
tolerance is difference between upper the intentional difference between the
and lower limits of dimension. sizes of shaft and hole.
3. Tolerance is influenced by the method of It is provided on the mating parts to
manufacture and it is provided because get the desired functional
exact duplication of parts is not possible. requirements.
4. It is an absolute value. Allowance may be positive or
negative.
16. Differentiate between accuracy and precision. (Nov/Dec 2016,20, 21,2022)
S.No Accuracy Precision
1. Accuracy is a measure of rightness. Precision is a measure of exactness.
2. Accuracy refers to how closely a Precision refers to how closely individual
measured value agrees with the measurements agree with each other.
correct value.
3. If the temperature is 28oC outside and If on several tests, the temperature sensor
a temperature sensor reads 28oC, then matches the actual temperature while the
the sensor is accurate. actual temperature is held constant, then
the temperature sensor is precise.

17. Define Sensitivity. (Nov/Dec 2018, 2019)

It is defined as the ratio of the changes in the output of an instrument to a change in the
value of the quantity being measured. It denotes the smallest change in the measured
variable to which the instrument responds.

18. Define Range.(Nov/Dec 2015)

Range is the minimum and maximum values of a quantity for which an instrument is
designed to measure. For example, a load cell may have a range from 10 kN to 100 kN.

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19. Define Span.

Span is the difference between maximum value and minimum value of the quantity to be
measured.
Spam = Maximum value of the input – Minimum value of the input.
e.g., 10 kN to 100 kN force range, the span is 100 -10 = 90 kN.
20. Differentiate the terms repeatability and reproducibility. (Nov/Dec 2015, 20,2022)
S.No Repeatability Reproducibility
1. Repeatability is the closeness between Reproducibility is the degree of
successive measurements of the same closeness between measurements of
quantity with the same instrument by the the same quantity where the individual
same operator over a short time span. measurements are made under
different conditions.
2. Repeatability conditions are (i) same Reproducibility conditions are varying
measurement procedure, (ii) same conditions of the (i) principle of
location, (iii) same observer, (iv) same measurement, (ii) method of
measuring instrument used under the measurement, (iii) observer, (iv)
same conditions and (v) repetition over a measuring instrument, (v) reference
short period of time. standard, (vi) location, (vii) conditions
of use and (viii) time.
21. Differentiate static and dynamic response. (Nov/Dec 13)
The behavior of systems subjected to inputs that do not vary with time is termed as static
response. The behavior of systems subjected to dynamic inputs(continuously changing) is
termed as dynamic response.
22. What are the factors affecting the inherent characteristics of measuring instruments?
(May/June 2016)
• Scale error.
• Repeatability and readability.
• Calibration errors.
• Effect of friction, backlash, hysteresis, zero drift error.
• Deformation in handling or use, when heavy work pieces are measured.
• Mechanical parts (slides, guide ways or moving elements).
• Contact geometry for both work piece and standard.
23. What are random errors? (Nov/Dec Dec 2015)
Random errors are due to unknown causes and they occur even when all systematic errors
have bad accounted. These are caused by any factors that randomly affect the measurement
of the variable across the sample. It can be minimized by repeated measurements.
24. Define Systematic error. (Nov/ Dec 2019, 2021)
Systematic errors are errors that are not determined by chance but are introduced by an
inaccuracy (involving either the observation or measurement process) inherent to the
system. Systematic error may also refer to an error with a non-zero mean, the effect of which
is not reduced when observations are averaged.
25. Define gross error. (Nov/ Dec 2020)
Due to human mistakes grass error occurs. Like careless reading, mistake in recording
observation, incorrect applications of a correction, improper application of instruments. It
can be avoided only by taking care in reading and recording the measurement data.
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Part B -C303.1
1. Classify standard methods of measurements in detail. (Nov/Dec 2018)
2. Describe briefly the different sources of errors in measurement. (Nov/Dec 18, 20, 21,22)
3. What is the need for calibration? Explain the classification of various standards. (Nov 20)
4. Explain various errors in measurements. (April/May 17)
5. With a suitable example explain the various elements of generalized measuring system.
(Nov/Dec 2016,2022)
6. Describe the types of measurement. (Nov/Dec 2018)
7. What are the various elements of metrology? With examples, explain how these elements
influence the accuracy of measurements? (Nov/Dec 2015)
8. i) Write short notes on sensitivity and readability. (Nov/Dec 2012 ,2014)
ii) Differentiate between 'precision' and 'accuracy' with suitable examples. (Nov/Dec 18, 21)
9. i) Distinguish between repeatability and reproducibility. (Nov/ Dec 2014 )
ii) Discuss on calibration, error and correction curves.
10. Briefly discuss calibration procedure. (April/May 2017)
11. Discuss metrological characteristics of Measuring Instruments. (Nov/ Dec 2019)
12. i) What are random errors? Discuss their characteristics?
ii) Compare line and end standards. (Nov/ Dec 2019)
13. Explain the classification of various measuring methods. (Nov/ Dec 2020)
14. Explain the various systematic and random errors in measurements. (Nov/ Dec 2020)
Part C -C303.1
1. Define calibration and explain the procedure to calibrate thermometer.
2. Explain the need of standards of measurements in modern industrial system and describe
the term traceability in Connection with standards.(May/June 2013)
3. Explain the purpose of calibrating the instrument and discuss the primary and secondary
calibration. (May/June 2014) (Nov/Dec 2022)
UNIT II LINEAR AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS
Part A -C303.2
1. Give the various types of linear measuring instruments. (Nov/Dec 2020)
a.
Vernier calipers, vernier height gauges, vernier depth gauges, micrometers, dial indicators,
slip gauges, comparators.
2. How is the least count of vernier caliper calculated?
a.
Least count is the minimum value that can be measured by an instrument.
Least count in vernier caliper = Difference between one main scale division to one vernier
scale division.

In this vernier caliper 50VSD = 49 MSD.

1 VSD = 49/50 MSD.
49 1
Least count = 1 MSD – VSD =1 − =
50 50
= 0.02 mm.
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3. How do you find the least count of a micrometer? (Nov/Dec 2018)

a.
Least count is the minimum value that can be measured by an instrument.

• Main scale division=1 mm

• Number of complete rotation of Head scale division “y”=1
• Distance moved by the screw “x”=0.5 mm
• Pitch = x/y = 0.5 mm / 1 = 0.5 mm
• Total number of divisions on the Head scale “N” = 50
• Least count = Pitch / Number of divisions on the head scale = 0.5/50=0.01 mm.
4. What is floating carriage micrometer ? (May/June 2013)
a.
Floating carriage micrometer is also called screw thread measuring machine or bench
micrometer. Gauges dimensions such as Outside diameter, Pitch diameter and Root
diameter are measured with the help of this instrument. It provides calibration of major,
minor, & effective diameters for external thread plug gauges. Can be used to check effective
diameter of taps. All its guides ways, wear parts are hardened to prevent wear during
prolonged use. Vee guides & centers are made from high quality alloy steel for longer life.
5. Name any four instruments used measuring internal diameters in components.
(April/May 2017, 2019, Nov/Dec 20,2023)
a.• Bore Gauge
• Inside Micrometer
• Telescopic Gauge
• Vernier caliper
6. Why is rocking procedure followed when measuring with a dial bore gauge?
(April/May 2017)
The rocking will first align the gauge with the bore axis and the act of moving the handle to
the other side of the bore will bring it to the exact bore diameter. This action compresses the
two anvils where they remain locked at the bores dimension after being withdrawn.
7. Write any four precautions to be followed when using slip gauges. (Nov/Dec 20,2023)
a. • The surface plate, slip gauge set and sine bar should be degreased properly.
• The dial gauge should be clamped to the stand properly so that the plunger is
vertical to the base.
• The dial gauge plunger should be handled gently and the gauge was set to zero
after giving slight initial compression to the plunger.
• The slip gauges should be placed gently under the roller of the sine bar.
8. What is wringing of gauge blocks (slip gauge)?
a.
The slip gauges are stacked to make up the desired length. The two slip gauges are forced
against each other on measuring faces to join or stack by a sliding process called wringing.

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9. What is a comparator?
a.
A comparator is one form of linear measurement devices which is quick and more
convenient for checking a large number of identical dimensions by comparing the actual
dimensions with standard dimensions.
They are used to find out the deviation from a set value or standard value fixed by slip
gauges form the datum surface.
10. What is the difference between gauging and measurements? (April/May 2017)
a.
Deviations in size or shape of any object are determined by just comparison with a gauge.
(GO, NO-GO gauges).
Measurement gives a numerical value, an actual size and unit. (Vernier caliper, steel rule)
11. What are limit gauges?
a.
A limit gauge is not a measuring gauge. They are just used as inspecting gauges. It is also
called “GO” and “NO-GO” gauges. These are made to the limit sizes of the work to be
measured. One of the sides or ends of the gauge is made to correspond to maximum and the
other end to the minimum permissible size.
12. Define tolerance and zero line. (Nov/Dec 2013, 2021)
a.
Tolerance is the amount of variation permitted to a basic size or the difference between
maximum and minimum limits of size.
The line at which the measurements are done is zero line. It is simply a reference line for
the measurement.

13. Differentiate between dimensional and form tolerance. (Nov/Dec 2013)

a.
A dimensional tolerance is the total amount a specific dimension is permitted to vary, which
is the difference between maximum and minimum permitted limits of size.
Form tolerance is a group of geometric tolerance which limit the amount of error in the
shape of a feature. Form tolerances are independent tolerances.
14. State “Taylor’s principle of gauge design”
a.
Principle 1:
GO gauges should be designed to check the maximum metal condition while the NO-GO
gauges should be designed to check the minimum metal condition.
Principle 2:
GO gauge should check all the related dimensions (roundness, size, location etc.)
simultaneously whereas NO-GO gauge should check
15. What is the use of feeler gauges? (Nov/Dec 2017)
a.
A gauge consisting of a number of thin blades for measuring narrow gaps or clearances.
Feeler gauges are mostly used in engineering to measure the clearance between two parts.
Uses: spark plug gaps.

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16. Define interchangeability.

a.
A part which can be substituted for the component manufactured to the same shape and
dimensions is known as an interchangeable part. The operation of substituting the part for
the similar manufactured components of the same shape and dimensions is known as
interchangeability.
17. Mention the various applications of comparators. (May/June 2016)
a.
The following are some of the ways in which the comparators used :i) In mass production,
where components are to be checked at a very fast rate. ii) As laboratory standards by which
working or inspection gauges are set and correlated. iii) For inspecting newly purchased
measuring gauges and iv) Comparators can be used as working gauges to prevent work
spoilage and to maintain required tolerances at all stages of manufacturing by attaching with
the machines.
18. Define sine bar and mention its limitation. (Nov/Dec 2018)
a.
Sine bar is an angular measuring device working on the sine principle. The devices operating
on sine principle are capable of ‘self-generation’. So, the measurement is usually limited to
450 from loss of accuracy point of view. Slight errors in sine bar cause large angular errors.
19. Write the constructional requirements of the sine bar for accurate measurement.
(Nov/Dec 2014)
a.
i)The rollers must have equal diameter and equal cylinders.
ii) The rollers must be placed parallel to each other and also to the upper face.
iii) The accurate center to center of rollers must be known.
iv) The top surface of the bar must be flat with high degree of accuracy.
20. Why the sine bars are impractical and inaccurate as the angle exceeds 45 0? (Nov/Dec
2018, 2019)
a.
The accuracy of the angle set by a sine bar depends on the errors, such as error in distance
between roller centers, error in combination of the slip gauges used for setting, error in
parallelism between gauging surface and plane of roller axes etc.
The slip gauge combination (h) required to set angle (ϴ) is given by,
h = L sin ϴ
by partial differentiation of the above equation.
dh/dϴ = (sin ϴ) (dL/dϴ) + L cos ϴ
dh = (sin ϴ) dL + (L cos ϴ) dϴ
dϴ = tan ϴ ((dh/h) - (dL/L))
From the above equation, the effect of error in roller spacing or slip gauge combination is a
function of angle ϴ. As the angle ϴ increases, the error (dϴ) in the angular measurement
increases and above 450.
The graph for dϴ vs. ϴ is similar to that of exponential curve which steeps at around 45°.
Hence it is not preferred to use sine bar for measuring angles greater than 45°.

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21. Differentiate between sine bar and sine center. (May/June 13)
Sine bar is used for locating any work to a given angle and to change unknown angle. The
conical work is difficult to mount on sine bars, to overcome this sine center is used. In this
two blocks are mounted on top surface of sine bar at each end, these block have centers and
can be clamped at any position.
22. A 100 mm sine bar was used to measure the taper angle of the specimen and the gauge
block was 5.055 mm. What is the taper angle?
Gauge block height 5.055
sin θ = =
Length of sine bar 100

= 20 53’
23. Write short notes on bevel protractor. (Nov/Dec 2016)
A bevel protractor is an instrument that has a graduated circular scale with one pivoted arm
that is used for measuring or making off the angles. This instrument is capable of measuring
angles with the least count of 5′ or 5 minutes. This type of protractor is commonly used for
architectural and mechanical purposes.
24. What is angle Dekker ? (Nov/Dec 2015, 2021)
b.
Angle Dekker is an optical instrument used for the measurement of small angular
differences, changes or deflection, plane surface inspection etc. It is a small variation of the
autocollimator. This instrument is essentially used as a comparator and measures the change
in angular position of the reflector in two planes.
25. State the various uses of angle Dekker. (May/June 2016)
c. • Measuring the angle of a component.
• Checking the slope angle of a V-block.
• Measurement of angle of cone or taper gauge.
• Checking the squareness of the work piece. Precise angular setting of machines for
operations.
26. What is the constructional difference between an autocollimator and an angle Dekker?
d.
The illuminated target used in the auto collimator is replaced by an illuminated scale on a
glass screen which is set in the focal plane of the objective lens in an angle Dekker.
Part B-C 303.2
1. Discuss about various types of limit gauges with a neat sketch. (Apr/May, Nov/Dec 16)
2. Explain the construction and working and applications of any two angular measuring
instruments. (Nov/Dec 18)
3. i) How are slip gauges manufactured? (Nov/Dec 17)
ii) Explain the construction and working principle of angle Dekker with a neat diagram
(Nov/Dec 17)
4. Explain the working principle of Angle Dekker. (Nov/Dec 2016, 2021)
5. State the principle of interferometry. (Nov/Dec. 12)
6. Explain the construction, working principle and applications of sine Bar. (April/May 17)
(Nov/Dec 15,2022)
7. i) Explain the working of the ‘Johansson Micrometer’. (May/June 2016)
ii) Explain the use of sine bar.
iii) Explain why sine bars are not suitable for measuring angles above 45°.(Nov/Dec 15)

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8. Describe with sketch the working principle of Toolmaker’s microscope. (Nov/Dec 14)
9. Explain with a neat sketch, the principle and working of an autocollimators and also list its
application. (Nov/Dec 18)
10. Explain sigma comparator with neat sketch. (May/June 2016)
11. Discuss the construction , working principle, advantages and limitations of mechanical
and pneumatic comparators. (Nov/ Dec 2019, 20,2022)
12. i) Discuss the Purpose of Limit gauge and list the factors considered for designing it.
ii) What is adjustable snap gauge and how it differs from snap gauge (Nov/ Dec 2019)
13. With neat sketch explain the working principle of micro-optic autocollimator.(Nov/Dec.
2020, 21)
14. Explain the following with neat sketch. i) Sine bar ii) Bevel Protractor. (Nov/Dec 2020)
Part C - C303.2
1. Design general type GO and NO-GO gauges for a 40H7/d8 fit. 40mm lies in the diameter
range 30 to 50 mm. Show graphically the disposition of gauge tolerance zones relative to
the work tolerance zones. Standard tolerance for IT7 is 16i and IT8 is 25i, where T is the
standard tolerance unit. The upper deviation for ‘d’ shaft is 16D0.44 (April/May 17)
(Nov/Dec 2020, 21)
2. 1. Design general type GO and NO-GO gauges for the components having 20H7f8 fit. Given:
(i) 'i' (micron) = 0.45 (D)1/3 + 0.001D
(ii) upper deviation of 'f' shaft = -5.5D0.41
(iii) 20mm fall in the diameter step of 18 mm to 30 mm.
(iv) IT7=16i
(v) Wear allowance 10% of gauge tolerance.(Nov/Dec 18)

3. 2. Design a workshop type progressive type Go- Not-Go plug gauge suitable for 25 H7, with
following information:
25 mm lies in the diameter step of 18-30 mm.
3
i = 0.45√𝐷 + 0.001𝐷; IT7 = 16 i (Nov/Dec 17)
4. An electronic caliper was used to measure the length of an object. Five measurements were
made. The results of the five measurements are : 21.53 mm, 21.51 mm, 20.52 mm, 21.48
mm and 21.42 mm. The workshop temperature during measurement was 210C. The
calibration certificate of the electronic caliper says that the device will read within ± 0.02
mm of the correct answer if it is used correctly and when the temperature is within 0 to
40 0C. Estimate the expanded uncertainty at a coverage factor of 2 providing coverage
probability of approximately 95%. (Nov/Dec 2020)

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UNIT III ADVANCES IN METROLOGY

Part A-C303.3
1. State the principle of laser. (Nov/Dec 2019, 2021)
When the photon comes from higher energy
level to lower energy level, it releases another
photon. The sequence of triggered identical
photon from stimulated atom is known as
stimulated emission. This multiplication of
photon through stimulated emission leads to
coherent, powerful, monochromatic,
collimated beam of light emission. This light
emission is called laser.
2. List the types of laser? (Nov/Dec 2018)
• Solid-state laser,
• Gas laser,
• Liquid laser,
• Semiconductor laser.
3. What are the advantages of Laser in interferometry? (Nov/Dec 2014)(Nov/Dec 2016)
The laser provides a source of coherence and truly monochromatic light.
The property of clearance enables it to be projected in a narrow pencil of beam without any
scatter. The advantages of machine vision system are:
* Reduction of tooling and fixture cash
* Elimination of precise part location
* Detection of defect
* Dimensional verification of integrated automation.
4. Why is laser preferred in engineering metrology? (Nov/Dec 2016)
✓ Laser is used in engineering metrology because of its properties such as high
precision, high accuracy, rapid non-contact gauging of soft, delicate or hot moving
points.
✓ It is a clear coherent light. The biggest advantage of this coherent light is that the
whole energy appears to be emanating from a very small point.
✓ The laser beam can be easily focused into either a parallel beam or into a very small
point by the use of a lens.
5. Why is monochromatic light used in interferometry instead of white light?
White light has a tiny coherence length and is difficult to use in a Michelson interferometer.
Monochromatic light is used to suit radiation other than light.
However, if a monochromatic light is used to illuminate the workpiece, such as helium, low-
pressure sodium, or a laser, then a series of dark and light interference fringes will form.
These interference fringes determine the flatness of the workpiece relative to the optical flat
much easier than the white light.
6. State the principle of interferometry.
Two light rays from the same monochromatic light source can be combined to give a bright
or dark surface by changing the phase difference between them.
The brightness of darkness can then be a measure of displacement.

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7. What are diffraction gratings? (Nov/Dec 2015)

A diffraction grating is an optical element that divides(disperses) light composed of lots of
different wave lengths(e.g., white light) into light components by wavelength.
8. Mention the various components present in the laser interferometry.
The various components present in the laser interferometry are two frequency laser source,
optical elements, laser head’s measurement receiver and measurement display.
9. On what factor the accuracy of laser interferometer mainly depends? ( Nov/Dec 2017)
• Laser Beam intensity, Laser Beam Wavelength, Selection of signal Conditioner
10. Mention the various advantages of AC laser interferometer.
The advantages of AC laser interferometer are listed below:
• High repeatability and resolution of displacement measurement (0.1 um),
• High accuracy,
• Long-range optical path (60 m),
• Easy installation, and no change in performance due to ageing or wear and tear.
11. Why is the laser used in alignment testing? (Nov/Dec 2020)
Alignment lasers are industrial laser devices that provide precision alignment. They enable
a variety of tasks such as tire positioning, textile and clothing cutting, freeze framing,
defense and military targeting, laser cutting machining, marking and sewing, amongst
others.
12. What is meant by alignment test on Machine tools? (Nov/Dec 2020)
These tests are designed to reveal the combined effects of possible errors in alignment
accuracy and the rigidity of machine. Ex: checking the alignment of axis of lathe spindle
to saddle movement.
13. Mention the various geometrical checks made on machine tools. (May/Jun 2014)
(May/Jun 2016)(Nov/ Dec 2021)
The geometrical checks made on machine tools are :
➢ Straightness and flatness of guide ways and slide ways of machine tool.
➢ Flatness of machine tables
➢ Parallelism, equidistance and alignment of the slide ways.
➢ True running and alignment of shaft and spindle.
➢ Lead of lead screw or error in pitch.
14. Differentiate geometrical test and practical test on a machine tool. (Nov/Dec 2022)
The geometrical test is carried out to check the grade of manufacturing accuracy of the
machine tool. Practical test is carried out to check the accuracy of the finished component.
* Geometrical test consists of checking the relationship between various machine elements
when the machine tool is idle.
* Practical test consists of preparing the actual test jobs on the machine and checking the
accuracy of the jobs produced.
15. What is CMM?
CMM stands for Coordinate Measuring Machine and it measures the linear dimensions in
three coordinates for various components. These machines have precise movement in X,
Y and Z coordinates which can be easily controlled and measured. Slide in each direction
is equipped with a precision linear measurement transducer which gives digital display and
senses positive and negative directions.

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16. What is meant by " Qualifying the tip" in CMM’s? (April/May 2015, (Nov/Dec 2022)
Qualifying the tip is defined as Calibration of probe tip with respect to probe head in order
to compensate for tip diameter. It is the process of avoiding errors due to tip in the CMM
for the required accuracy.
17. What are touch trigger probes? (Nov/Dec. 15)
Touch-trigger probes measure discrete points, making them ideal for inspection of 3-
dimensional geometric parts.
18. Mention the various types of coordinate measuring machine. (Nov/Dec 2018)
Cantilever type, Bridge type, Horizontal bore mill, Vertical bore mill and Spherical
coordinate measuring machine.
19. Write the features of CMM. (Nov/Dec 2014)
i) In faster machines with higher accuracies, the stiffness to weight ratio has to be high in
order to reduce dynamic forces.
ii) All the moving members, the bridge structure Z-axis carriage and Z-column are made
of hollow box construction.
iii) Errors in machine are built up and fed into the computer system so that error
compensation is built up into the software.
• iv)All machines are provided with their own computers and the CMM is able to measure
three-dimensional object from the variable datums
20. Define machine vision (computer vision or Intelligent Vision). (Dec 2012, May/Jun
2014)
Machine vision is defined as the means simulating the image recognition and analyze the
capabilities of the human system with electronic and electromechanical techniques.
21. List any three-field application of machine vision system. (Nov/Dec 2017)
• Inspection,
• Part identification,
• Guidance and control
22. Name the different stages involved in the machine vision-based measurements.
(Nov/Dec 2016, 2019)
• Analog to digital conversion.
• Removal of noise/patterns, improve contrast.
• Find objects in the image.
• Take a measurement of the object/relationships.
To match the above description with similar descriptions of known objects.
24. Write any four application of artificial vision systems in manufacturing industries.
(Nov/Dec 2017)
• Automatic inspection, e.g., in manufacturing applications.
• Assisting humans in identification tasks, e.g., a species identification system
• Controlling processes, e.g., an industrial robot.
• Detecting events, e.g., for visual surveillance or people counting.
• Navigation, e.g., by an autonomous vehicle or mobile robot.

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Part B -C303.3
1. Describe the working principle of a dual frequency laser interferometer and state its
application. (April/May 2015)
2. (i) With the aid of sketches describe the laser telemetry system.
(ii) Briefly explain principle of laser triangulation sensor.(Nov/Dec 2018)
3. i) Explain the working principle of DC laser interferometer (Nov/Dec 2015)
ii) Explain the use of laser interferometer in angular measurement. (May 16)(Nov 21)
4. i) Explain the various geometrical tests that are to be done to get a better accuracy in the
machine tool.
ii) Describe the use of Lasers as a means of alignment testing (or) Discuss the testing of
machine tools using interferometer.(Nov/Dec 2012)
5. Explain in detail various stages involved in machine vision system. (Nov/Dec 15,2022)
6. i) With a neat sketch explain the various types of CMM based on its construction.
(May/June 2013) (May/Jun 2014) (Nov/Dec 2017, 2019, 2021) (April/May 2017)
ii) State the possible sources of errors in CMM.(May/June 2016)
7. i) Write short notes on applications and advantages and disadvantages of CMM.(May/Jun
2014)
ii) List out the various probes used in CMM and explain the working principle of touch
trigger probe.(April/May 2017)
8. i) Explain the construction details of column type CMM. (May/Jun 2014)
ii) What is CMM ?what are the basic elements of CMM ? (Nov/Dec 2015)
9. Explain in detail the various methods of testing accuracy of horizontal milling machine and
lathe using laser interferometer.(May/Jun 2014)
10. With a neat sketch explain the working of AC laser interferometer and how straightness is
measured. (April/May 2017)(Nov/Dec 14, 16, 17, 19,20)
11. (i) Explain the construction and measuring principle of Bridge type CMM.
(ii) Enumerate the role of computer in metrology.(Nov/Dec 18)
12. With neat sketch explain the various types of CMM based on its construction. Also write
the advantages of computer aided inspection. (Nov/Dec 2020)
13. Sketch and explain in detail the Michelson’s interferometer? (Nov/Dec 2022)
Part C- C303.3
1. A machine vision system recovers useful information about a scene from its two-
dimensional digitized image. What are the stages in machine vision process (Nov/Dec 2017,
2019)
2. Explain in detail the various methods of testing accuracy of horizontal milling machine and
lathe using laser interferometer. (April/May 2014)
3. Explain how CMM's are used in measuring diameter, depth and height in a specimen?

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UNIT IV FORM MEASUREMENT

Part A- C303.4
1. Briefly explain straightness of a line in two planes. (Jun 2014)
A line is said to be straight over a given length if the variation of the distance between the
two points on the two planes perpendicular to each other and parallel to the direction of a
line remaining within the specified tolerance limits is known to be straightness of a line in
two planes.

2. Define Flatness.
Flatness is a measure of a surface's form compared against itself, indicating that all the
points along the surface lie in the same plane.

3. Define Pitch of a screw thread.

The pitch of a thread is the distance, measured parallel to the axis of the thread, between
corresponding points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane and on the same side
of axis.
4. Define drunken thread.
A screw in which the advance of the helix is irregular at every turn is called drunken thread.
It is one having an erratic pitch in which the advance of helix is irregular in one complete
revolution of thread.
5. Explain drunken error in screw thread. (Nov/Dec 2016, 2020)
In any screw thread if the thread is not cut to the true helix, then the Drunken thread error
will form. The thread is having erratic pitch in which the advance of helix is not regular in
one complete turn of the thread. During errors are repeated once per turn of the thread in a
drunken thread.

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6. What is best size of wire in screw thread measurement? (Nov/Dec 2018,2022)

Best size wire is the one which makes the contact at the pitch line or effective diameter of
the screw thread during the measurement of effective diameter.

7. What do you mean by lead angle? (Nov/Dec. 13, 2019)

Lead angle is the angle between the tangent to the helix and the plane perpendicular to the
axis of cylinder in a screw thread.

8. List the reasons for the occurrence of progressive pitch errors in screw threads?
The reasons for the occurrence of progressive pitch errors in screw threads are.
• In correct linear and angular velocity ratio
• In correct gear train and lead screw
• Fault in the saddle
9. Define Flank angle of a screw thread?
The flank angles are the angles between individual flanks and the perpendicular to the axis
of the thread which passes through the vertex of the fundamental triangle. The flank angle
of a symmetrical thread is commonly termed as the half-angle of thread.

10. Define three wire method in thread measurement.

This method uses three wires of the same diameter for checking the effective diameter and
the flank form. The wires are finished with a high degree of accuracy. The size of the wires
used depends on the pitch of the thread to be measured.

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11. What are the applications of toolmakers microscope? (Nov/Dec 2020)

• It is used in shop floor inspection of screw threads, gears, and other small machine
parts.
• Its application includes precision measurement of test tools in tool rooms.
• It helps determine the dimensions of small holes, which cannot be measured with
micrometres and callipers.
12. Mention the various methods used for measuring the gear tooth thickness. (Jun 2014)
Measure the gear tooth thickness, the methods used are:
• Gear tooth vernier
• Base tangent method
• Constant chord method
• Measurement over pins or balls
13. Define degree of emptiness in form factor.
Degree of emptiness is the ratio between the difference of the area of metal considered to
the area of enveloping the rectangle and area of enveloping the rectangle.
14. Define degree of fullness in form factor.
Degree of fullness is defined as the ratio between the area of metal present and the area of
the enveloping portion.
15. A spur gear of 4 mm module has 60 teeth. Calculate the pitch circle diameter and base
pitch for pressure angle of 200.
Pitch circle diameter = Module x number of teeth = 4 x 60 = 240 mm.
Base pitch = Module x πcos (pressure angle) = 4πcos (20) = 11.7 mm
16. Name any four elements of Gear which are checked for accuracy. (Nov/Dec 18, 2019)
The elements of Gear which are checked for accuracy are.
• Tooth Thickness
• Addendum Depth
• Pitch Variation
• Backlash
17. What is chordal thickness of gear tooth?
Tooth thickness measured along a chord passing through the points where the pitch circle
crosses the tooth profile. Circular pitch: Measurement of the pitch circle arc length from one
point on a tooth to the same point on the adjacent tooth.

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18. Define Module.

"Module" is the unit of size that indicates how big or small a gear is. It is the ratio of the
pitch circle diameter of the gear divided by the number of teeth. It is generally expressed in
mm.

19. A spur gear of 4 mm module has 60 teeth. Calculate the pitch circle diameter and base
pitch for pressure angle of 200.
Pitch circle diameter = Module x number of teeth = 4 x 60 = 240 mm.
Base pitch = Module x πcos (pressure angle) = 4πcos (20) = 11.7 mm
20. What do you mean by roundness? (Nov/ Dec 2021)
Roundness is defined as a condition of a surface of revolution where all the surfaces
intersected by any plane perpendicular to a common axis in case of cylinder and cone.
21. Name the various devices used for the measurement of roundness.
The roundness is measured by,
• Diametral gauge,
• Circumferential confining gauge
• Rotating on centre,
• Three-point probe and V-Block

22. Name the four reference circles used in measurement of roundness. (Dec 2014)
The reference circles used in measurement of roundness are.
• Least squares circle
• Minimum zone or minimum radial separation circles
• Maximum inscribed circle
• Minimum circumscribed circle
23. List out the sources of out of roundness. (Nov/Dec 2017)
The reasons that can be attributed to cause out of roundness are clamping distortion, spindle
run out, presence of dirt and chips on clamping surface, imbalance, heat and vibration
24. Write the formula used for measuring the radius of the circle.
Radius of the circle R = ((l – d)2) / 8d
Where, R = Radius of the circle
l = Distance between the balls
d = diameter of pins.
25. What are the instruments used for direct measurement of surface finish? (Nov/Dec 22)
The instruments used for direct measurement of surface finish:
• Stylus probe instruments
• Tomlinson surface meter
• Profilometer
• Taylor – Bobson - Talysurf.

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26. How the surface represented in engineering drawing?

27. List out the Methods of Measuring Surface Finish. (Nov/Dec 2017)
The Methods of Measuring Surface Finish are.
(i) Touch Inspection, (it) Visual Inspection, (in) Scratch Inspection, (iv) Microscopic
Inspection, (v) Surface Photographs, (vi) Micro-Interferometer, (vi) Wallace Surface
vii) Dynamometer and (viii) Reflected Light Intensity.
Part B -C303.4
1. 1. Define various terminologies of screw thread with suitable diagram. (May/June 2016)
2. 2. Derive the expression for finding the effective diameter by three wire method.
(May/June 2016) (Nov/ Dec 2019,20)
3. 3. What is the symbol for fully defining surface roughness and explain each term (May 14)
4. 4. i) Explain constant chord method for tooth thickness measurement. (Nov/Dec 2014,2017)
ii) Describe any one method of roundness measurement. (Nov/Dec 2014, 16, 19)
5. 5. i) Explain with sketch the functioning of surface finish measurement system. (Nov 2018)
ii) Describe the various elements of surface Roughness.
6. 6. i) Describe a method for inspecting the involute profile of a spur gear tooth. Describe the
construction of gear tooth vernier caliper. (Nov/Dec 2016,2017)
7. 7. i) What is the “Best wire size”? Derive an expression for the same in terms of the pitch
and angle of the thread. (May/Jun 2013, May/Jun 2014)
ii) Explain the principle of measuring gear tooth thickness by base tangent method.
8. 8. i) Describe two wire method to finding effective diameter of screw threads. (May 2014)
ii) How to measure the pitch of a screw thread by using the Tool maker’s Microscope?
Discuss in detail. (Nov/Dec 2022)
9. Name the methods of measuring gear tooth thickness and explain any one in detail.
(Nov/Dec 2018)
10. With a neat sketch explain the working principle of Tomlinson surface finish tester
(Nov/Dec 2017, 2021,2022)
11. Describe a gear tooth vernier caliper and explain its use for checking tooth thickness and
depth of tooth. (Nov/Dec 2020)
Part C-C303.4
1. 1. Explain the principle of measuring gear tooth thickness by base tangent method. What is
the span length over 5 teeth of gear having 45 teeth module 4 mm and pressure angle 20o
2. With a suitable diagram explain the alignment tests conducted on lathe/drilling machine.
(Nov/Dec 2022)
3. It is desired to measure the a) Effective diameter of a 32 x 3.5 mm pitch metric plug screw
gauge. For this purpose, the following reading were noted. Micrometer reading over the
standard cylinder of 30.5 mm and the wires of 2 mm diameter as 13.3768 mm. Micrometer
reading over the gauge and wires as 12.248 mm. ii) Derive the expression for finding the
effective diameter by two wire method.
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UNIT V MEASUREMENT OF POWER, FLOW AND TEMPERATURE

Part A-C303.5

1. What is a load cell? ((Nov/Dec 12,2022) (May/June 2016)

A load cell is a force transducer. It converts a force such as tension, compression, pressure,
or torque into an electrical signal that can be measured and standardized. As the force
applied to the load cell increases, the electrical signal changes proportionally.
2. How is torque measured using Electrical torsion meter? (Nov/Dec 2018)
When a torque is applied to the shaft of the torsion meter, there is a relative displacement
between the two slotted discs. This produces a phase shift between the pulses generated in
the inductive pickups. When these pulses are compared with the help of an electronic timer,
it will show a time interval between the two pulses. This time interval is proportional to the
twist of the shaft and hence is proportional to torque.
3. What is the working principle of pendulum scale? (Dec. 12)
The pendulum scale is a deflection-type instrument in which the unknown force is
converted to a torque that is then balanced by the torque of a fixed standard mass arranged
as a pendulum.
4. Mention few methods of torque measurements? (Nov/Dec 2019)
• Measuring the strain produced in a rotating body due to an applied torque.
• An optical method
• Measuring the reaction force in cradled shaft bearings
• Using equipment known as the Prony brake.
5. What are the physical characteristics of temperature measuring sensor? (Dec 14)
• The temperature range of a sensor defines the temperatures at which the sensor is rated to
operate safely and provide accurate measurements. The characteristics includes Linearity,
Sensitivity, Response time, Stability, Accuracy, Durability.
6. What are the materials used for thermocouples? (Nov/Dec 2016)
The materials used for thermocouples are Iron, Copper, Rhodium, Tungsten and Iridium.
7. Give the principle of hot wire anemometer. (Jun 14) (Nov/Dec 16, 17, 20, 21)
The basic principle of hot-wire anemometer is a thin metal wire line in a fluid, through the
current heating wire (hot wire), make its temperature is higher than the temperature of the
fluid, when the fluid flows through the wire along vertical direction, will take away part of
the wire heat are introduced to make wire temperature drop
8. What is the principle involved in fluid expansion thermometer? (Jun 14)
A liquid in a glass tube (called a capillary) expands when heated and contracts when
cooled. A calibrated scale can then be used to read off the respective temperature that led
to the corresponding thermal expansion.
9. State “Law of intermediate temperatures” in thermocouples. (Nov/Dec 2017, 2020)
The thermal emf produced when a circuit of two homogeneous metals exists between a
first temperature and a second and thermal emf produced when the same circuit exists
between the second temperature and a third are algebraically equal to the thermal emf
produced when the circuit exists between first and third temperatures.

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10. What is the principle used in thermocouples? (or) What is “Principle of thermo
electricity”? (or) What is seebeck effect? (Dec 14)
The Seebeck effect is a phenomenon in which a temperature difference between two
dissimilar electrical conductors or semiconductors produces a voltage difference between
the two substances.
11. How is temperature measured using pressure thermometer?
When a liquid, gas or vapour filled system is subjected to a temperature change, the volume
of the liquid, gas or vapour changes causing a pressure difference in the filled system. This
pressure difference becomes an indication of temperature changes when calibrated.
12. What is a bimetallic strip? Name its types. ((Nov/Dec 2012,22) (May/June 2016)
A bimetallic strip is used to convert a temperature change into mechanical displacement.
The strip consists of two strips of different metals which expand at different rates as they
are heated. The different expansions force the flat strip to bend one way if heated, and in
the opposite direction if cooled below its initial temperature.
13. Write the working principle of pyrometer.
The optical pyrometer is a non-contact type temperature measuring device. It works on the
principle of matching the brightness of an object to the brightness of the filament which is
placed inside the pyrometer.
14. State the various types of commercially available Thermocouples.
The various types of commercially available Thermocouples are Type J, K, T, & E are
“Base Metal” thermocouples, the most common types of thermocouples. Type R, S, and B
thermocouples are “Noble Metal” thermocouples, which are used in high temperature
applications.
15. Mention any two temperature measuring devices.
1. Bimetallic thermometers 2. Pressure thermometers
3. Thermistors 4. Thermocouples.
16. What are the important properties a material should have to be selected for bimetallic
thermometers?
1. Co-efficient of expansion 2. Modulus of elasticity
3. Elastic limit after cold rolling 4. Electrical conductivity
5. Ductility and 6. Metallurgical ability.
17. State the two principles on which Bimetallic thermometers work.
1. All metals change in dimension, i.e., expand or contract when there is a change in
temperature.
2. The rate at which this expansion or contraction takes place depend on the thermal co-
efficient of expansion of the metal and this thermal co-efficient of expansion is different
for different metals.
Hence the difference in thermal expansion rates is used to produce deflections which are
proportional to temperature changes.
18. How is temperature measured using pressure thermometer?
When a liquid, gas or vapour filled system is subjected to a temperature change, the volume
of the liquid, gas or vapour changes causing a pressure difference in the filled system. This
pressure difference becomes an indication of temperature changes when calibrated.

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19. How is flow measured using Venturimeter?

When a venturimeter is placed in a pipe carrying the fluid whose flow rate is to be
measured, a pressure drop occurs between the entrance and throat of the venturimeter.
This pressure drop is measured using a differential pressure sensor and when calculated
this pressure drop becomes a measure of flow rate.

20. Write the working principle of Orifice meter. (Nov/Dec 20, 21)
The liquid or gas whose flow rate is to be determined is passed through the orifice plate.
This creates a pressure drop across the orifice plate which varies with the flow rate,
resulting in a differential pressure between the outlet and inlet segments.

21. Write the working principle of a rotameter.

The operation of a rotameter is based on the variable area principle. That is, the flow of a
liquid raises the float inside a tapered tube, increasing the area through which the liquid
can pass. The larger the flow, the higher the float will be raised.

22. Discuss about readability and reliability in measurement.

Readability is a measure of how easy a piece of text is to read. It can include elements of
complexity, familiarity, legibility and typography.
Reliability refers to how consistently a method measures something. If the same result can
be consistently achieved by using the same methods under the same circumstances, the
measurement is considered reliable.
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23. List the applications of pitot tube.

• It is used to measure speed of an aircraft.
• It is used to measure speed of a boat.
• It is used to measure fluid flows in different industries.
• It is used where very high accuracy is not required.
Part B- C303.5
1. i) Describe the force measurement using hydraulic load cell. (Nov/Dec 18)
ii) Summarize the relative merits of venturi, Flow nozzle and orifice. (Nov/Dec 2022)
2. i) Explain the working of pneumatic load cell. (Jun 12)
ii) Explain the principle and working of an electrical torsion meter with a sketch.
3. i) Explain with a neat diagram the purpose and operating principle of a venturimeter.
(Nov/Dec 2017)
ii) Explain in detail about the measurement of fluid velocity. (Jun 13)
4. i) Write short notes on thermocouples. (Nov/Dec 18) (May/June 2016)
ii) How does a thermistor work? Explain. (Nov/Dec 12, 2019) (May/June 2016)
5. Explain the working principle of an electrical resistance thermometer and state its
advantages.
6. i) Explain the method of measuring force using a strain gauge load cell. (May 14)
ii) Explain how an Eddy current dynamometer works. (May 14) (Nov/ Dec 2019)
7. i) Explain the working principle of an electrical resistance thermometer. (May 14) (Nov/Dec
2016) (Nov/Dec 2017) (April/May 2017)
ii) What are thermo couples? State its applications. (May 14)
8. i) With a neat sketch explain Proving ring for force measurement. (Dec 2014)
ii) Explain the working principle of Hydraulic dynamometer to measure the shaft power.
(Dec 14)
9. i) Explain the rotameter and orifice meter with neat sketch. (Nov/Dec 2018, 2021)
ii) Explain any one type of pyrometer for measuring temperature. (Nov/Dec 2017, 2021)
10. Explain pitot tube with neat sketch and state its advantages and limitations (Nov/ Dec 19)
11. (i) Describe the force measurement using hydraulic load cell. (Nov/Dec 2018)
(ii) Summarize the relative, merits of venturi, flow nozzle and orifice.
12. With neat diagram explain the construction and working principle of the following: i) Pilot
tube ii) Venturi meter. (Nov/Dec 2020)
13. With neat diagram explain the construction and working principle of the following:
i) Thermocouple ii) Bi-Metallic strips. (Nov/Dec 20,2022)
Part C-C303.5
1. How to measure the power by using rope brake dynamometer? Explain with a neat diagram
2. Explain how cup and vane type anemometers are used to measure air movement.
3. With neat sketch explain the construction and working principle of vapor pressure
thermometer.

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