DEVIANCE ● Wearing clothes in public places.

A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms,

whether folkways, mores, or codified law (1906). TYPES OF DEVIANCE

American Psychological Association ADMIRED BEHAVIOR

Any behavior that differs significantly from what is considered Sometimes good behavior (not within the social norm) can also be
appropriate or typical for a social group. considered deviant.
Ex. Putting yourself in danger to save someone.
Howard Becker, 1963
A social creation in which "social groups create deviance by making BAD BEHAVIOR
the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance, and by applying those rules Law-breaking and other criminal behavior would fit into this
to particular people and labeling them as outsiders." category.
Ex. Theft
FOLKWAYS
Norms based on everyday cultural customs concerning practical ODD BEHAVIOR
matters like how to hold a fork, what type of clothes are appropriate for This behavior, while not illegal, is not normally accepted or practiced.
different situations, or how to greet someone politely. Ex. Pet owners choosing to dye their dog's hair.

MORES DEVIANCE as norm-violating behavior (Ward et al., 1994).

Are more serious moral injunctions or taboos that are broadly
recognized in a society, like the incest taboo. OBJECTIVIST CONCEPTION OF DEVIANCE IN TERMS OF THREE
ASPECTS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION
CODIFIED LAWS
Are norms that are specified in explicit codes and enforced by BEHAVIOR
government bodies. Acts that violate norms are instances of deviance.

SOCIAL DEVIANCE NORMS

Broadly defined, applies to any behavior, belief, or appearance that Norms rules of conduct; objective measuring rods for evaluating
violates prevailing social norms. acts.

NORMS SOCIETAL REACTIONS

Social standards concerning what members of a group expect and Audience reactions not central to objectivist definition of deviance.
believe is acceptable conduct in a given situation.
Deviance lies in the characteristics/qualities of an act or a person.
Power of norms to govern individual behavior derives from the
perception that others endorse and will enforce the normative standards. CHARACTERISTICS THAT MAKE SOMETHING DEVIANT

Defined as something that is considered "normal" and refers to 1. HARM

something that is the usual, customary or accepted standard ✓ it inflicts harm on someone or something

The rules or expectations that determine and regulate 2. RARITY

appropriate behavior within a culture, group, or society. ✓ it rarely happens

Example of Norms: 3. REACTIONS

● Not to steal from others. ✓ how the society reacts to it

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 Examples of informal deviant behavior include but are not limited to: littering,
4. NORMS jaywalking, public intoxication, and loitering (Griffiths et al., 2012).
✓ it violates social norms
Although informal deviant behavior is often seen as less serious than
SUBJECTIVIST CONCEPT OF DEVIANCE its formal counterpart, it can have serious consequences. Showing up late to
work, for example, is an act of informal deviance that can result in dismissal
DEVIANCE (Ward et al., 1994) from one's job.
- As an act (real or imagined) that has been labeled deviance by a
social audience. 3. SUBCULTURAL DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
Is defined as behavior that violates the norms of a particular
BEHAVIOR subculture.
✓ norm-violating acts are not deviant unless discovered and A subculture is a social group within a larger culture that has its own
labeled as deviant distinct values, beliefs, and behaviors.

NORMS Examples of subcultural deviant behavior include but are not limited to: gang
✓ Norms are not the ultimate measuring rod for identifying violence, drug use, and prostitution.
deviance; norms may guide societal reactions in response to actual
or perceived rule-breaking While subcultural deviant behavior is often seen as criminal or
harmful, it can also be a way for people to express their identity and solidarity
SOCIETAL REACTIONS with others in their group.
✓ Ultimate measuring rod for identifying deviance; deviance
an act so labeled. Example
Many gangs use violence as a way to establish their turf and protect
TYPES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR their members, as well as to create a shared sense of identity as "strong"
and ready to take action (Copes & Williams, 2007).
1. FORMAL DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
Is defined as behavior that violates formally enacted laws. SERIAL DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
Is defined as a pattern of repeated deviant behavior.
This type of deviant behavior is often criminal in nature and can
result in punishments such as fines, imprisonment, or even death. For example
● Being convicted of multiple crimes.
Examples of formal deviant behavior include but are not limited to: ● Teenager who shoplifts every time they enter a department store for
murder, robbery, assault, rape, and child molestation (Griffiths et al., 2012). the excitement is committing serial deviant behavior.

2. INFORMAL DEVIANT BEHAVIOR EXHIBIT SERIAL DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

Is defined as behavior that violates informal social norms. Those who habitually show informally deviant behavior.

This type of deviant behavior is often seen as more minor Example

than formal deviance and typically does not result in legal Someone who belches loudly and stands unnecessarily close to
punishment. others may develop an image characterized by this unacceptable behavior,
resulting in social punishment (Chercourt, 2014).
Instead, people who engage in informal deviant behavior
may be ridiculed or ostracized by their peers.

2
SITUATIONAL DEVIANT BEHAVIOR 2. INNOVATION (positive – negative)
Is defined as behavior that is considered deviant in a particular - involves the acceptance of the goals of a culture but the
situation but not in others. rejection of the traditional and/or legitimate means of
attaining those goals.
Example
Public nudity is considered deviant in most public places, but is Example:
expected on nude beaches. Similarly, using profanity is only considered A poor man who wanted to provide for their needs,
deviant when it occurs in settings where cursing is not allowed or frowned what he did was to steal from the grocery store to give milk
upon, such as at work or school (Chercourt, 2014). and diapers to his baby son.

3. RITUALISM (negative – positive)

GROUP-1: STRAIN THEORY - common practice of going through the motions of daily
life even though one does not accept the goals or values
STRAIN THEORY (Frustration) that align with those practices.
- it is a sociological and criminological theory.
- failure of a man to achieve a high quality of life causes him to commit Example:
crime. You failed your course and then you looked for
something else to earn money which end up, you became
- It suggests that societal structures and cultural expectations can successful.
lead to deviant behavior when individuals experience a
disconnection between their goals and the legitimate means 4. RETREATISM (negative – negative)
available to achieve them. - rejecting both societal goals and means, usually involving
a form of withdrawal.
ROBERT KING MERTON 1938
- an American sociologist who developed strain theory. Example:
You failed to your first goals at the same time in your
SOCIOLOGY current career therefore, you decided to give up and become
- study of human social relationship and institutions. a drug addict, alcoholic, or any criminal behavior.

CRIMINOLOGY 5. REBELLION (positive – negative – positive – negative)

- from Latin word “crimen” means “accusation” and; - a special case wherein the individual rejects both the
- ancient Greek “logia” from “logos” means “word, reason” cultural goals and traditional means of achieving them but
- it is an interdisciplinary study of crime and deviant behavior. actively attempts to replace both elements of the society
with different goals and means.
MERTON’S MODEL
Example:
1. CONFORMITY (positive – positive) You wanted to remove a corrupt congressman from
- mode of adaptation in which an individual chooses to his position but to do that you killed him, fortunately he was
achieve culturally accepted goals via institutionalized removed from his position but you still broke the law because
means. you killed someone

Example:
You prepared for the examination and it resulted into
a good grades.

3
KEY COMPONENTS OF STRAIN THEORY: EDWIN H. SUTHERLAND
- a sociologist, criminologist and professor defined differential
CULTURAL GOALS association theory.
- society establishes culturally defined goals such as wealth, - Additionally, Sutherland’s study does not include human
success, and status. personality, his focus is the personality of the people around
- These goals are often emphasized and valued by society as them.
measures of success and happiness.
Example:
INSTITUTIONALIZED MEANS A thief who was imprisoned then adapted and learned the motives,
- Society also provides institutionalized means or legitimate avenues techniques, and bad behavior of other prisoners in the prison, upon
for individuals to achieve these goals. his release his criminal skills may improve.

STRAIN GOALS:
— It arises when individuals experience a disconnection between the
● Surround criminals with non-criminals
culturally defined goals and the means available to achieve
them.
KEYWORDS:
WHY STRAIN THEORY IS IMPORTANT? ● A- Adopting
● L – Learning
UNDERSTANDING DEVIANCE ● I – Influence
— it provides insights into the root causes of deviant behavior and ● C – Communication
criminality by examining the disconnect between societal goals and ● S – Socialization
the means to achieve them. ● I – Interaction

SOCIAL POLICY DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION MAIN PRINCIPLES

— by highlighting the role of social structures and inequalities in ● CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
shaping individual behavior, strain theory informs social policies
- is learned from intimate personal groups.
aimed at addressing systemic issues such as poverty,
discrimination, and lack of opportunities. ● The learning includes techniques for committing crimes, motives,
rationalizations and attitudes.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
— strain theory offers a framework for understanding the motivations ● The specific direction of motives and drives
behind criminal behavior, which can inform sentencing practices, - is learned from definitions of legal codes as favorable or
rehabilitation efforts, and the design of interventions within the unfavorable.
criminal justice system.
● A person becomes delinquent because of an access of definitions
PREVENTION STRATEGIES favorable to breaking the law.
— by identifying the factors that contribute to strain and deviance, strain
theory can inform prevention strategies aimed at addressing risk CESARE LOMBROSO
factors early on and promoting resilience among individuals and - the founder of the Italian school of positivist criminology,
communities. - State that a criminal mind was inherited and could be identified
by physical features and defects.
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY (Interaction)
- A learing theory, in the process of intercommunication with ATAVISTIC CHARACTERISTICS
others.

4
 - Called to born criminals that have certain physical characteristics or - Refers to individuals’ commitment to following rules and laws
abnormalities that make them different. and to avoid negative legal consequences.
- Atavistic comes from the word “avatus”, which means “ancestor” in
Latin. 3. INVOLVEMENT
- Is being involved with socially accepted activities and
SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY (1969) routines.
- Is a Sociological theory that explores the causes of individuals
engagement in criminal behavior. 4. BELIEF
- refers to one’s faith, value system, or ideology.
SOCIAL CONTROLS
- are developed in childhood by parents and teachers who associate GROUP 2: DETERRENCE PERSPECTIVE
positive behavior with rewards and negative behaviors with
punishments. DETERRENCE
- The action of discouraging an action or event through instilling
TRAVIS HIRSCHI doubts or fear of the consequences.
- Developed the Social Control Theory in the late 20th century and - The use of punishment as a threat or deter people from offending.
published on 1969.
DETERRENCE PERSPECTIVE
“SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY IS BASED ON THE PERSPECTIVE OF - It refers to the theoretical framework that examines how the threat of
HIRSCHI, WHO ARGUED THAT INDIVIDUALS HAVE TO BE punishment or negative consequences can influence individuals
SOCIALLY CONTROLLED IN ORDER TO NOT COMMIT CRIME. decisions regarding engaging in deviant or socially unacceptable
(HIRSCHI, 1969;) behavior.

CESARE BICARRIA (March 15, 1738- November 28, 1794)

● He stated that the presence or lack of effectiveness of social
- Born on March 15, 1738 Milan, Dutchy of Milan and died
controls on individuals were key in influences in their decisions to November 28, 1794 (aged 56) Milan, Dutchy of Milan
engage in criminal activity. - An Italian criminologist, jurist, philosopher, economist, and politician.
- Considered as one of the greatest thinkers of the Age of
SOCIAL BONDS Englightenment.
- It control individuals by keeping them engaged with social norms and - Known as the Father of Deterrence Theory and was best known
values. for his book on crimes and punishments.
- He influenced Jeremy Bentham in his book “On Crime and
SOCIAL BONDS Punishment”.
● ATTACHMENT
● COMMITMENT JEREMY BENTHAM( February 15, 1748- June 6, 1832)
● INVOLVEMENT - Born February 15, 1748, Houndsditch, Londo, United Kingdom and
● BELIEF died June 6, 1832, Westminter, London, United Kingdom.
- An English philosopher, jurist, the Father of Utilitarianism.
1. BONDS OF ATTACHMENT
- Refer to our social ties to other people and members of our UTILITARIANISM
communities. These include our relationships and - a moral theory that argues that actions should be judged right or
connections with parents, family, friends, and peers. wrong to the extent they increase or decrease human well-being or
utility.
2. COMMITMENT
COMPONENTS OF DETERRENCE THEORY

5
 1. CERTAINTY - The act of taking revenge.
- Applies to the likelihood of being caught.
- The threat of a severe punishment is not effective if there is
no possibility of ever being caught.

2. CELERITY
- Applies to the speed of a consequence.
- A punishment imposed immediately after an offense is more INTERACTIONIST/LABELING PERSPECTIVE
effective than one that is imposed years after the offense.
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
3. SEVERITY
- Is a necessary component since a rational person might A. Differential association is Edwin Sutherland’s term to indicate
commit a crime that brings a benefit even if punishment is that those who associate with groups oriented toward deviant
swift, and sure, when the punishment is insignificant. In activities learn an “excess of definitions” of deviance and thus are
addition, the punishment serves as an example to others in more likely to engage in deviant activities.
society so that everyone is aware that a certain action is
unacceptable. 1. The key to differential association is the learning of ideas
and attitudes favorable to following the law or breaking it.
PURPOSE OR TYPES OF DETERRENCE Some groups teach members to violate norms (e.g., families
involved in crime may set their children on a lawbreaking
1. GENERAL DETERRENCE path; some friends and neighborhoods tend to encourage
- This aims to deter the general population from commiting deviant behavior; even subcultures contain particular
crimes by making anexample of specific individuals who are attitudes about deviance and conformity that are learned by
punished for their offenses. their members).
- The idea is that others will be deterred from engaging in
criminal behavior when they witness the consequences 2. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISTS- stress that people are not
faced by those who have been punished. mere pawns, because individuals help produce their own
orientation to life and their choice of association helps shape
2. SPECIFIC DETERRENCE the self.
- This focuses on deterring the individual offender from
committing future crimes by making the punishment for their B. According to control theory, everyone is propelled towards deviance, but a
current offense sufficiently unpleasant or costly. system of controls work against these motivations to deviate.
- The aim is to discourage the offender from repeating their
criminal behavior. 1. WALTER RECKLESS
- Described two complementary systems of controls.
3. INCAPACITATION
- Removing crimes by the defendant from society. TWO COMPLEMENTARY SYSTEMS OF CONTROLS
1. INNER CONTROLS
4. REHABILITATION - Are our capacity to withstand temptations toward deviance
- revent crime by altering a defendant. and internalized morality, integrity, fear of punishment, and
desire to be a “good” person.
5. RESTITUTION
- Crime by punishing the defendant financial. 2. OUTER CONTROLS
- involve groups (e.g. family, friends, and the police) that
6. RETRIBUTION influence us not to deviate.

6
 sanctions to an 'offender'. Deviant behavior is behavior that
TRAVIS HIRSCHI people label.” - Howard Becker
- noted that strong bonds to society, based on attachments,
commitments, involvements, and beliefs, lead to more effective Example of Howard Becker Theory
inner controls. Someone in high school that has been labeled as a nerd, for
example, may begin to think of himself or herself as a loser due to other
people's opinions and treatment.
LABELING PERSPECTIVE LABELING THEORY OF LEMERT

LABELING THEORY OF DEVIANCE AND RETROSPECTIVE LABELING EDWIN LEMERT

- Indicate how individuals assign Labels. - His explanation of labeling revolves around the idea that societal
reactions to deviant behavior play a crucial role in the development
EMILE DURKHEIM AND FRANK TANNENBAUM of deviant identities.
- Introduced the Labeling theory in the 19th century. - He introduced the concepts of primary and secondary deviance.

HOWARD BECKER CONCEPTS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DEVIANCE

- Popularized the Labeling theory in 1960.
PRIMARY DEVIANCE
LABELING THEORY OF TANNENBAUM - This refers to the initial act of deviance, where an individual
engages in behavior that violates social norms.
"The community cannot deal with people whom it cannot define. The young - During this stage, the individual may not yet fully identify as deviant,
delinquent becomes bad because he is defined as bad and because he and the deviant behavior may not significantly impact their self-
is not believed if he is good." - Frank Tannenbaum identity or societal perception.

Example of Frank Tannenbaum Example

In this example, "Nicole" is frequently labeled as a thief by her A student is caught entering school with the wrong uniform. This may
community, even though she doesn't engage in such behavior. However, due be an uncommon occurrence, but it doesn't significantly affect their self-
to the persistent labeling, she eventually internalizes the identity and may identity or reputation in school. The incident doesn't escalate into a major
resort to theft as a result. issue, and the student isn't yet considered a criminal.
This illustrates the concept of labeling theory, where individuals
conform to the roles society assigns them. It's crucial for us to be SECONDARY DEVIANCE
cautious of the words we use to describe others, as they can significantly - It occurs when an individual accepts the deviant label imposed
impact individuals. Instead of using negative labels, we should strive to use by society and begins to incorporate it into their self-concept.
positive and empowering language. - This acceptance of the deviant label often leads to further
For instance, rather than labeling someone as a thief, we can engagement in deviant behavior, reinforcing the individual's deviant
encourage them towards a positive future, such as envisioning them as a identity.
future social worker or supporting them in becoming a registered social
worker. Example:
After being caught violating the uniform policy multiple times, it draws
LABELING THEORY OF BECKER attention from teachers and fellow students. The student is labeled negatively
as disobedient or undisciplined. Over time, they accept their label as
HOWARD BECKER (1963) "disobedient" and start engaging in more serious misbehavior at school, such
- His key statement about labeling is; as joining fights or harming other students.
"Deviancy is not a quality of the act a person commits,
but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and

7
 This is called secondary deviance because the individual studying the micro-level interactions, ethno-methodologists
embraces their deviant identity after being labeled by society. contribute to our understanding of the foundations of social
order.

3. METHODOLOGICAL INNOVATION
- These methods offer new ways to study communication and
social interaction.

ETHNO-METHODOLOGY PERSPECTIVE 4. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

- Understanding how people navigate social situations can
ETHNO–METHODOLOGY have practical applications, such as improving
- Is a sociological approach that seeks to understand how people communication skills, conflict resolution, and designing user-
create and maintain social order through their everyday actions friendly interfaces in technology and design fields.
and interactions.
- It came from the word "ethno" means "people", "method" means 5. CROSS-CULTURAL INSIGHTS
"method", and "ology" which means 'study’. - Ethnomethodology can be used to explore and compare
social practices and norms across different cultures, helping
HAROLD GARFINKEL(October 29, 1917- April 21, 2011(aged 93) researchers understand cultural variations in social order
- Born on October 29, 1917 , Died April 21, 2011(aged 93) and interaction patterns.
- Also known as the father of Ethnomethodology
- He obtained his Master's degree in sociology from the University GROUP 3: CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
of North Carolina and earned a Ph.D. at Harvard.
- He was a professor emeritus at the University of California, Los CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
Angeles. - Is a sociological framework that views society as a competition for
- Garfinkel's contributions extended beyond published materials, with scarce resources among different groups with conflicting interests.
selections from his unpublished works compiled into volumes like - This perspective emphasizes the role of power, inequality, and social
Sering Sociologically and "Ethnomethodology's Program." conflict in shaping social order.

STUDIES IN ETHNOMETHODOLOGY (1967) Key Ideas of the Conflict Perspective:

- Harold garfinkel notable work published in 1967. ● Society is divided into groups with unequal power and
- A collection of articles that delve into the understanding of social resources:
order and interaction These groups may be based on social class, race, ethnicity,
gender, or other factors.
THE IMPORTANCE OF ETHNOMETHODOLOGY LIES IN SEVERAL KEY
ASPECTS ● Conflict arises from competition for scarce resources:
These resources can include material goods, social status,
1. REVEALING IMPLICIT SOCIAL NORMS and political power.
- Ethnomethodology uncovers the often unstated or taken-for-
granted social norms and rules that underlie social ● Social institutions and cultural norms reflect and reinforce the
interactions. It reveals the "how" and "why" of everyday interests of the dominant groups:
behaviors that may otherwise go unnoticed. These institutions and norms serve to maintain the status
quo and limit the opportunities of subordinate groups.
2. UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL ORDER
- It provides insights into how society maintains order and ● Social change occurs through conflict and collective action:
coherence through shared understandings and practices. By

8
 Subordinate groups can challenge the existing power ● SOCIAL CHANGE
structure and create a more equitable society through collective - The conflict perspective can help us to understand how
action and social movements social change occurs, and what role conflict plays in this
process.

Some Of The Main Theorists Associated With The Conflict Perspective Criticisms of the Conflict Perspective:
Include:
1. KARL MARX ● OVEREMPHASIS ON CONFLICT
- Marx saw society as divided into two main classes, the - Some critics argue that the conflict perspective
bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (workers). overemphasizes conflict and ignores the cooperation that
- He believed that the bourgeoisie exploited the proletariat for also exists in society.
their own profit, and that this conflict would ultimately lead to
a socialist revolution. ● NEGLECT OF INDIVIDUAL AGENCY
- Some critics argue that the conflict perspective neglects the
2. MAX WEBER role of individual agency in shaping social change.
- Weber argued that social order is based on different forms of
power, including economic, political, and cultural power. ● FOCUS ON CLASS
- He believed that different groups compete for these forms of - Some critics argue that the conflict perspective is too
power, and that this competition shapes the course of focused on class and does not adequately account for other
history. forms of inequality, such as race, gender, and sexuality.

3. RALF DAHRENDORF ● DESPITE THESE CRITICISMS

- Dahrendorf argued that society is characterized by a “latent - The conflict perspective remains one of the most important
class conflict,” which means that different groups have sociological frameworks for understanding social inequality,
different interests and are always on the verge of conflict. power, and social change.
- He believed that social change occurs when these latent
conflicts become manifest and groups challenge the existing STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
power structure. - Is the perspective which describes the society as a social system
that has a social structure of its own, made up of different parts
The Conflict Perspective Has Been Used to Analyze a Wide Range of which are interconnected. which works together in harmony to
Social Issues, including: achieve social equilibrium.

● SOCIAL INEQUALITY Social Institutions:

- The conflict perspective can help us to understand how ● Government
different groups are advantaged or disadvantaged in society, ● Family
and why. ● Education
● Economy
● POWER AND DOMINATION
- The conflict perspective can help us to understand how SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM
power is used to maintain social order, and how it can be - Is a state of balance within a society where various of the society
challenged. are working together harmoniously to maintain stability.

9
HERBERT SPENCER (1820 1903)
- An english philosopher Emile Durkheim Believed that Deviance is a Necessary Past of s
- He saw similarities between society and the human body he argued Successful Society and that is Serve There Function.
that just as the various organs of the body work together to keep the 1. It clarifies norms and increase conformity.
body functioning, the various parts of the society work together to 2. It strengthen social bonds among the people reacting to the deviant.
keep society functioning (Spencer 1898). 3. It can help lead to positive social change and challenges to people
present views (1893).
- In this perspective the society social system is seen as analogous
to the human system :where all the system of the body should be TALCOTT PARSONS (1902-1978)
working harmoniously in order to be a functional body. - Born on December 13, 1902 – May 8, 1979.
- An American sociologist of the classical tradition, best known for his
- Social institutions the parts of the society that Spencer referred to social action theory and structural functionalism.
were the social institutions, or patterns of beliefs and behaviors
focused on meeting social needs, such as a government, education, Talcott Parsons Definition on Structural Functionalism
family, healthcare, religion and the economy. ● Structural functionalism argues that societies are complicated
systems and to efficiently meet members' needs, each segment in a
- In the human society ,the social institutions have a specific defined society must operate well and cooperate with the other segments.
functions in society. all of them are needed and interconnected to
achieve social order or equilibrium in society to survive. ● Structural functionalism is a theoretical framework that views society
as a complex system with interconnected parts that work together to
ROBERT MERTON( 1910-2003) maintain stability and order. Parsons' work played a crucial role in
- He pointed out that social processes often have many functions. shaping this perspective during the mid-20th century.
- DYSFUNCTIONS- Called to social processes that have undesirable
consequences for the operation of the society. Key Concept of Talcott Parsons Structural Functionalism

Functions of Social Institutions: 1. SYSTEM INTEGRATION

- Parsons emphasized the importance of system integration,
● MANIFEST FUNCTION where various institutions and structures within society function together to
- Are intended functions of an institutions or phenomenon in maintain stability.
social system (conscious) 2. SOCIAL ORDER AND STABILITY
- Parsons believed that social order and stability were crucial
● LATENT FUNCTIONS for the smooth functioning of society.
- Are its unintended functions( unconscious).
3. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM - Parsons introduced the concept of functional prerequisites or
- Is a Macro Theory requirements that each society must fulfill for its survival.

EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917) 4. PATTERN VARIABLES

- Durkheim was a French Sociologist. - Parsons identified pattern variables, such as specificity vs.
- He is credited with creating the sociologist method that is still used diffuseness, affectivity vs. affective neutrality, self-orientation
today. vs. collectivity orientation, and ascription vs. achievement.
- His theorist greatly contributed to building the foundation of structural
functionalism. 5. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
- Emile Durkheim did not argue that society functions logically and
consistently protect the interest of all its members.

10
 - Parsons focused on social institutions like family, education,
religion, and government, examining their functions and THEORIES
contributions to societal equilibrium. ▪ DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
-Is defined as a behavior that contradicts established social
6. AGIL PARADIGM- Parsons introduced the AGIL paradigm to norms.
describe the functional imperatives of a social system: Adaptation (to - However, from the perspective of different social theories related to
the environment), Goal Attainment, Integration, and Latency (pattern deviant behavior, different deviant acts can be interpreted differently
maintenance). in different societies and in different countries.
MACIONIS & GERBER (2006):
7. ROLE DIFFERENTIATION ❖ As Adler & Adler (2006) provide, men and women have different
- Parsons highlighted the importance of role differentiation, reasons to commit deviant acts;
where individuals within society occupy various roles and
positions, each contributing uniquely to the functioning of the ❖ In addition, men are more inclined to criminal or deviant acts.
overall system.
❖ It lies in the fact that men are more sociable and oftener than women
ADVANTAGE OF STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM (especially in the teenage age) join social groups, as they are more
● Provides a wide-ranging explanation for many social phenomena. subjected to the influence of peers.
● Has guided a great deal of valuable research.
● Latter models allow not only for stability, but also for conflict, social HEITZEG (n. d.),
change, and power relationships. ● “Discussion of female deviance was largely ignored or limited
● Has contributed useful concepts to the field.Disadvantaged of to issues of sexual activity or sexually stereotyped mental
Structural Functionalism. disorders and was later explained by the influence of either men or
● An ideal model of society rather than an empirically derived one. feminism” (p. 2).
● Operational definitions are hard to come by.
● At its outset had a tendency to value stability, consensus. ● Thus, deviant behavior can be considered as a way to
● Cannot explain the existence of societies in the first place. demonstrate a woman’s power and independence. For
example, smoking used to be considered as the male habit, and
GROUP 4: GENDER AND FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE AND women’s smoking was not socially acceptable. Thus, a woman’s
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE/ DISORDERS smoking is the result of the woman’s deviant act.

GENDER PERSPECTIVE FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE

• Refers to the socially defined roles and responsibilities of ● Aims to understand the nature of gender inequality, and
men, women and boys and girls. examines women’s social roles, experiences and interests.

• Male and female gender roles are learned from families and ● It also address the inequality of both gender and promoting
communities and vary by culture and generation. the equality of both men and women

• It involves recognizing how gender influences various THEORIES:

aspects of life such as power relations, access to resources, • LIBERAL FEMINISM
opportunities, and decision-making processes. - Women’s deviance is a rational response to gender discrimination.

- Is a form of feminism that argues that equality for women can be

• The relationship between gender and deviance is complex and
achieved through legal means and social reform.
can be influenced by various factors, including societal norms,
cultural expectations, and power dynamics.
• RADICAL FEMINISM
11
 - Women’s deviance is related to patriarchy. feminine stereotype,

- It argue that the entire traditional family system is sexist. ● According to Adler, the empowerment of women provided them
with self-confidence to challenge existing stereotypes of men
- Men are expected to work outside the home while women are and female behaviors. This included engaging in criminal and
expected to care for children and clean the house. deviant activities, contributing to social changes, particularly in
relationships and marriage.
- Is a movement that believes sexism is so deeply rooted in
society that the only cure is to eliminate the concept of gender ● Increase strain to become provider themselves and their families, A
completely. further impact of women’s liberation was the transformation of female
socialization from being socialized into passivity and subservience to
- Radical feminists suggest changes. Such as finding technology that becoming more assertive and focused on financial independence.
will allow babies to be grown outside of a woman’s body, to promote
more equality between men and women. ● Become more independent and carriers in the long term this
transformed the expectations of women from being financial
- This will allow women to avoid missing work for maternity leave, dependent upon in financially independent and this result in a rising
which radical feminists argue is one reason women aren't promoted criminality. It will be more pressure for them to being independent,
as quickly as men. providing themselves and to their families it lead will lead in doing
crime or formal deviance.
FEMINIST THEORIES OF CRIME AND DEVIANCE BY ADLER
● ADLER’S LIBERATION CARLEN THEORIES
- Was one of the first to explore rising female criminality 1975. • Carlen Rejected Adler’s Idea of liberation and suggested that women
were still largely controlled by social expectations.
- Adler theories that women commit crime and deviance
because of society’s expectations that women commit • CONTROL THEORY APPROACH
crimes because women have equality with men - Used by Carmen to examined female criminality, suggesting
that women were controlled in society.
● The rise of second-wave feminism challenged informal and formal
social controls on women, limiting their criminality. One way this was - In conclusion, Adler theories that women commit crime and deviance
achieved was through social expectations that confined women to because of society’s expectations that women commit crimes
domestic roles, requiring them to act as wives and mothers, because women have equality with men.
performing domestic labor, and providing emotional support for their
families. - In society, women today have more independence than men, which
puts more pressure on women to find a job to provide for their
● Social changes meant women had more access to employment families, which leads to crime and deviance.
opportunities, Women became more vocal in expressing their
dissatisfaction with being cast into the stereotypical role of a - But Carlen argues that women are controlled in several different
housewife, leading to increased opportunities for women to break areas of society. She argues that patriarchal control over
free from domestic confines and patriarchal norms. women allows them limited socially approach pathways for
having a legitimate lifestyle in society, and the rejection of these
● More Opportunity to be involved in illegitimate means crime, having pathways by women or their inability to achieve via these
illegitimate opportunities that is the ability to commit criminal and pathways leads to criminality.
deviance behavior;
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES/DISORDERS
● Empowerment of women increased self-confidence to challenges

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PSYCHOLOGY influences.
● Defined as an academic and applied discipline that involves the
scientific study of; Causes of Psychological Disorders or Defective Abnormal Mental
○ Basic Psychological Functions Processes:
(perception, cognition, attention, emotion, and 1. Diseased Mind
motivation) 2. Inappropriate Learning
○ Complex Psychological Processes
(Decision‐making, volition and behaviour control)
3. Improper Conditioning
4. Absence of Appropriate Role Models
Psychologists tend to study these matters with the purpose of not 5. Strong Presence and Influence of Inappropriate Role Models
only understanding the people but also to address those psychological
disorders or enhance human functioning. Psychological Approaches to Deviance
Thus, psychology covers mental health and abnormal functions
and behaviors, like in mental disorders with the goal of not only ● How personality, mental processes, and learning play a role in
understanding individuals, groups and social systems but also to address the rise of deviant behavior.
those psychological disorders or enhance human functioning.
● Criminals and deviants are seen as suffering from personality
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES deficiencies
● Are different ways of thinking about and explaining human ➢ Which means that [crimes result from abnormal,
behavior. dysfunctional, or inappropriate mental processes within the
personality of the individual.
● Psychologists utilize a variety of perspectives when studying how
people think, feel, and behave. ● While some psychological disorders may lead to behaviors that are
socially deviant, not all individuals with psychological
● Some researchers focus more on one specific school of thought, disorders engage in socially deviant behavior, and not all
such as the biological perspective, while others take a more eclectic socially deviant behavior is the result of psychological
approach that incorporates multiple points of view. disorders.
● No single perspective is “better” than another. Instead, each simply PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
emphasizes different aspects of human behavior.
A. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MENTAL ILLNESS AND DEVIANT
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER BEHAVIOR
● BUTCHER, MINEKA, & HOOLEY, 2007 ● There has been a long debate over the nature of mental
- It is an ongoing dysfunctional pattern of thought, illness and its relationship to deviant behavior.
emotion, and behaviour that causes significant distress,
and that is considered deviant in that person’s culture or ● Psychological theories of deviance use a deviant’s
society. psychology to explain her motivation and compulsion to
violate social norms.
● Psychological disorders have much in common with other medical
disorders. They are out of the patient’s control, they may in some ● PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DEVIANCE
cases be treated by drugs, and their treatment is often covered by - Mirror biological explanations, only with an
medical insurance. added emphasis on brain function.
● Like medical problems, psychological disorders have both ● HISTORICAL BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS, such as
biological (nature) as well as environmental (nurture) those provided by the Italian School
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 - Used biological traits from the whole body (e.g., feel and relate to themselves and others.
protruding jaws, large ears) as signifiers of a
biological propensity for criminal behavior. 3. SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
- - A disease that affects a person's brain and
● Today's psychological theories of deviance use the biology of behavior and leads to an inability to control the
the brain (in terms of the structure of the brain, levels of use of a legal or illegal drug or medicine.
neurotransmitters, and psychiatric diagnoses) to explain
deviance 4. MOOD DISORDERS (DEPRESSION, BIPOLAR
DISORDER)
MENTAL HEALTH - A mental health condition that causes extreme
● Health, or lack of health, was once merely attributed to biological or mood swings that include emotional highs
natural conditions. (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).

● SOCIOLOGISTS
- have demonstrated that the spread of diseases is 5. ANXIETY DISORDERS
heavily influenced by the socioeconomic status of - These disorders cause symptoms like feeling
individuals, ethnic traditions or beliefs, and other nervous, restless or tense, having a sense of
cultural factors. impending danger, panic or doom, and having an
increased heart rate among others.
● Where medical research might gather statistics on a disease, a
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF AN ILLNESS 6. CONDUCT DISORDER
- Would provide insight on what external factors - A psychological disorder diagnosed in
caused the demographics that contracted the childhood that presents itself through a
disease to become ill repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in
which the basic rights of others and major age-
DEVIANCE AND MENTAL HEALTH appropriate norms are violated.
● Deviance and mental illness often go hand-in-hand.
7. POST-TRAUMATIC-STRESS-DISORDER (PTSD)
● While not all deviants are considered mentally ill, almost all - Psychological theories of deviance do not
mentally ill persons are considered deviant (since mental illness necessarily have a biological element. Deviant
is not considered "normal"). behavior can also be explained by psychological
trauma in one’s past.
● When studying deviance, then, sociologists also often study mental
illness PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DEVIANCE
a. PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
➢ Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development
B. SPECIFIC DISORDERS AND DEVIANCE ➢ Defense Mechanisms and Deviant Behavior
1. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
- A mental health condition in which a person b. BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE
consistently shows no regard for right and ➢ Learning Theories
wrong and ignores the rights and feelings of ➢ Social Learning Theory
others.
c. COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
2. BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER ➢ Moral Development and Deviance
- A mental health condition affects how people ➢ Cognitive Distortions and Deviant Behavior
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 (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), they may become
fixated on that stage.
a. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY (SIGMUND FREUD)
● which was developed by Sigmund Freud.
● This fixation can lead to behaviors in adulthood that deviate from
● States that all humans have natural drives and urges societal norms.
that are repressed in the unconscious.

● Additionally, all humans have criminal tendencies. These ● For example, someone fixated on the oral stage might develop
tendencies are curbed, however, through the process of habits like smoking or overeating, which can be seen as deviant.
socialization.
REPRESSION OF TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES
● Sigmund Freud’s theories on deviance are rooted in his
broader psychoanalytic theory, which posits that human
● Freud believed that repressed memories or experiences,
behavior is driven by unconscious memories, thoughts, especially those that are traumatic, can lead to anxiety
and urges. and deviant behavior.

Here Are Some Of Freud’s Theories That Can Lead To Deviant

Behavior: ● This is because the individual might resort to deviant
● Imbalance of Id, Ego, and Superego behavior as a coping mechanism for the unresolved
○ Freud suggested that the human psyche is composed trauma.
of the:
■ Id - our primitive desires CIVILIZATION AND ITS DISCONTENTS

■ the ego - which tries to fulfill these desires ● In this work, Freud discusses the conflict between
in a socially acceptable way, and individual instinctual desires and the demands of
civilization.
■ the superego - our moral compass.

● If the id becomes too strong, it might overpower ● Which can lead to feelings of discontent and potentially
the ego and superego, leading to behavior that deviant behavior.
ignores societal norms and could be seen as
deviant. NATURAL DRIVES AND URGES
REPRESSED DESIRES ● Freud believed that all humans have natural drives and
● According to Freud, repressed desires, especially those of a
urges that are repressed in the unconscious.
sexual or aggressive nature, can lead to deviant behavior.

● If these desires are not properly addressed and managed, they can ● This includes aggressive and sexual impulses, which if not
manifest in ways that society deems inappropriate or deviant.
properly channeled, can result in deviant behavior.
UNRESOLVED PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
REPRESSION AND DEVIANCE
● Freud’s theory of psychosexual development suggests that if a
● Freud’s theory suggests that repressed emotions or
child does not successfully complete one of the five stages
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 traumatic experiences can lead to deviant behavior. . This
is because repression can create anxiety, which might ● In the context of deviance, classical conditioning can
manifest as deviant behavior as the individual tries to contribute to the acquisition and reinforcement of deviant
cope. behaviors through the pairing of stimuli with deviant actions
or experiences.
DEFENSE MECHANISMS AND DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
Adolescents with deviant behavior are more likely to use avoiding ● For example, if an individual experiences pleasure or relief
and distancing from the problems than an adolescent from the control from stress (unconditioned response) when engaging in
group. deviant behavior (unconditioned stimulus), they may come to
associate certain situations or cues (conditioned stimuli) with
DEFENSE MECHANISMS (SIGMUND FREUD) the deviant behavior, leading to its reinforcement and
● Are psychological strategies that individuals unconsciously repetition.
employ to protect themselves from anxiety, distress, or
threatening thoughts and feelings. 1. UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS)
➢ A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without
● These defense mechanisms can play a role in deviant prior learning.
behavior by distorting reality, suppressing uncomfortable
emotions, or redirecting impulses in socially unacceptable ➢ For example, in Pavlov’s classic experiment, the food
ways. presented to dogs is an unconditioned stimulus because it
naturally elicits salivation.
It's Important to note that defense mechanisms vary in their adaptive
or maladaptive nature, and not all individuals who exhibit deviant behavior 2. UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR)
necessarily employ defense mechanisms. Additionally, deviant behavior ➢ The unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to
can be influenced by various factors, including social, cultural, and the unconditioned stimulus.
environmental factors, in addition to individual psychological
processes. ➢ Example, the dogs’ salivation triggered by the food is the
unconditioned response.
B. BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE
● Focuses on observable behaviors and the environmental 3. NEUTRAL STIMULUS (NS)
factors that influence them. ➢ A stimulus that initially does not elicit any specific
response.
1. Learning Theories
How Learning Theory Explains Deviance? ➢ In Pavlov’s experiment, before conditioning, the bell ringing
● LEARNING THEORY would be considered a neutral stimulus because it doesn’t
- Is based on the principles of behavioral psychology. naturally elicit salivation.

- which a person’s behavior is learned and maintained by 4. CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)

its consequences or rewards. ➢ A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired
with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a
conditioned response.
IVAN PAVLOV
A. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (IVAN PAVLOV) ➢ In Pavlov’s experiment, after pairing the bell (NS) with the
● It suggests that behaviors can be learned through the presentation of food (UCS) several times, the bell becomes a
association of stimuli (things in environment that makes us conditioned stimulus that elicits salivation.
react/respond).
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 5. CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR) role models or peers, especially if they perceive the behavior as
➢ The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. rewarding.

➢ In Pavlov’s experiment, the salivation triggered by the bell Four Key Processes Influence Social Learning
alone, after conditioning, is the conditioned response. 1. ATTENTION - Individuals must pay attention to the deviant
behavior being modeled.
B.F. SKINNER
B. OPERANT CONDITIONING (B.F. SKINNER) 2. RETENTION - Individuals must remember or retain the observed
● It focuses on how behaviors are strengthened or weakened behavior.
through consequences.
3. REPRODUCTION - Individuals must have the capability to
● Deviant behavior can be reinforced or punished based on its reproduce the behavior.
consequences, influencing its likelihood of recurrence.
4. MOTIVATION - Individuals are more likely to imitate the behavior if
1. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT they expect positive reinforcement or perceive the behavior as
- It occurs when a deviant behavior is rewarding.
followed by a rewarding stimulus (e.g.,
praise, attention), increasing the probability of Deviant behavior can be learned and reinforced through social
the behavior occurring again modeling and vicarious reinforcement. If individuals observe others being
rewarded or praised for engaging in deviant behavior, they may be more
2. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT likely to imitate that behavior themselves, leading to its reinforcement and
- It occurs when a deviant behavior leads to potential perpetuation within social groups.
the removal of an aversive (unpleasant)
stimulus (e.g., escaping punishment, C. COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
avoiding criticism), also increasing the How Cognitive Development Theory Explains Deviance?
likelihood of the behavior being repeated. ● COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
○ Focuses on the role of internal mental
3. PUNISHMENT processes, such as thoughts, beliefs, perceptions,
- It involves the presentation of an and interpretations, in shaping behavior and
aversive(unpleasant) stimulus (e.g., emotional experiences.
reprimand, loss of privileges) following a
deviant behavior, which decreases the 1. MORAL DEVELOPMENT (LAWRENCE KOHLBERG) AND
probability of the behavior occurring in the DEVIANCE
future. ● A developmental psychologist theorized that there are
three levels of moral reasoning.

2. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (ALBERT BANDURA) AND DEVIANCE STAGES/LEVELS OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
● Where individuals learn deviant and criminal behavior by 1. PRE-CONVENTIONAL STAGE
observing other people and witnessing the rewards or ● Where moral reasoning is based on obedience and
consequences that their behavior receives. avoiding punishment.

● A theory that people learn deviant behavior through ● A child in this stage might refrain from stealing a toy
observation, imitation, and reinforcement. because they fear getting punished by their parents if they
get caught
● Individuals may model the behavior of others, particularly significant

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 2. CONVENTIONAL LEVEL ● SELECTIVE PERCEPTION
● Where moral reasoning is based on the expectations - This is when someone only focuses on certain aspects
that the child’s family and significant others have for of a situation while ignoring others.
him or her.
● OVERGENERALIZATION
● A teenager in this stage might avoid stealing because they - This involves making broad, sweeping conclusions
know it goes against their family’s rules and expectations, based on limited evidence.
and they want to maintain their family’s approval
● CATASTROPHIZING
3. POST-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL - This is when someone blows things out of proportion
● Where individuals are able to go beyond social and assumes the worst-case scenario will happen.
conventions.
● PERSONALIZATION
● They value the laws of the social system. - It occurs when someone takes things personally or
blames themselves for things that are not their fault.
● An adult in this stage might refuse to steal not only because
it’s against the law but also because they believe it violates According to this Theory:
the rights of others and goes against their own moral ● COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS
principles of honesty and respect for property. - Individuals may engage in deviant behavior due to
cognitive distortions, such as irrational beliefs, faulty
In this example, individuals progress from considering only the thinking patterns, or negative self-talk.
consequences for themselves (pre-conventional) to considering societal
expectations (conventional) to eventually developing their own moral - These distortions can lead individuals to perceive social
principles (post-conventional). norms or situations in a skewed manner, justifying or
rationalizing their deviant behavior.
People who do not progress through these stages, may become
stuck in their moral development and, as a result, become deviants or ● COGNITIVE SCRIPTS
criminals. - Individuals develop cognitive scripts or schemas based
on their past experiences and social learning.
2. COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS (ALBERT ELLIS AND AARON BECK) AND
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR - These scripts guide their perceptions, interpretations, and
responses to social situations, including those involving
● COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS deviant behavior.
• Refer to biased or irrational thinking patterns that
individuals may engage in, which can contribute to - Deviant behavior may be reinforced and perpetuated
deviant behavior. through cognitive scripts that normalize or justify such
behavior.
• For example, someone with a cognitive distortion known
as “minimization” may downplay the severity of their ● COGNITIVE APPRAISAL
deviant behavior, rationalizing it as insignificant or - Individuals engage in cognitive appraisal processes to
harmless. This distortion can lead to a pattern of evaluate the costs and benefits of engaging in deviant
continued deviant behavior due to a diminished sense of behavior.
accountability or responsibility.
- This involves weighing the perceived rewards against the
These Distortions can Includes; potential risks or consequences associated with deviance.

18
- Cognitive factors, such as self-efficacy beliefs and outcome
expectancies, influence individuals’ decisions to engage in
deviant behavior.

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