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Toc - Unit 1

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Toc - Unit 1

TOC unit 1 notes

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ashwathy.sk
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Thawy af competetion theny of compatation is Inprtant 9 problems on be olpthenicalt objective of- ro af ~~ ww = carchog stare which Salva fs ae of Ve mefh computation : > ge deals dle hoo eséetentty one: mock! of computation , eh —» IKey ¢ computation ee | pacnretn ey ont lange >>: computlitty Yee > a comperit Ae and | § dekaition and properties of colved proble m con ke on alpen 3 > Automat hear at dals edlk” Ue wratkametfead mre fpaite. Preto Yarars | of computation . ate cnra lore) ; cxampe. a rredal Like machene. ett-, context bree aie ea et computabil? they * hat can and cane |e computed Tt del uk wo Ver mal. => compart eri : at pers ie computa problem Tere] on thy handneys + Cote debinttions: \. Symbol ! —s sumbol ts a chonctey | te colled ex: ets —> each chonacte, fe call ee AiBic1- - 7-72 ey eee ae Vee ao alto gymbo | Hip he- --- oO Tt te rot alphaket - 2. Alphabet * An olphabeb Roa finite; non erp ace sprmbol Sects denoted Me <. 9 collechon of ie | example + | WE =daiby on olptaket of 2 symbols aad bh. WS = Lor2% an plpake of a symbols 0, \ and 2- 3. Hein or word, aA 4, ¢ ng Poa finite sequen of Symbols chosen -from sorne. alphabet - >A dang owy an Filphaket set = te a Anite Sequence of Sqrrtole from =. Example Gy = harbt \hen akab; aaba, aoabha ona all inns ove Whi olphake == Saiby obob Axon charac fey o|phadoel- == Lob ar lel fom binan alphabet z=hour 7 ving {te saday then ayaa Wwe alphabet > Say. ay Core. letteys arbi (aad ae abl a covey fps chernents ds o> ue Ut tors = ond uN & wp alphabet — shog or eanel « Sry hing mames- syreo! ching or Null -— ‘ he. emp of Zc oymrols ov the => Vie Shier a of a ching bs 2e210° — lengli ( => the aia S24] ts denoted be cor X- == \eiso= [Ali or eptslon. — It bas ro symbol 5s Lenglk of Ue ching! 5 Tt (s lke n0.0fF symbol tn Uhr Let Sto! be UT sing, ke lengli of lhe hive \wl ching [vad . Example uy fF ws abed se Ihe concolerection of tue ay ee —7.aaeeeeeeeeee ¢ want V is lie ang obtained oppendicg Wc cymbals ce v to Te wight ord of W. es) w= a.arag-----an Neely by bas ee - bs Wen wv 20102 43 - _ __ an 63 ---- bn. exompe: Uy x=oto y=! Sie olol yom telee OS fs By s.Gol ade ALGCoL Why mae rT fs lhe feecttly E lsreents tee alae concatenction opmiati. ie, We = EWstw- +. Reverse of shing: UG) Ue Reverse of o sar tomobiatnel by aed Ara oie fr mevense order. dij tek ihe a ching Uren Pts reverse Ps wk Waa aA2-G2,—— —— —----ay Cpe eee A202) Ex! jek x= olololl = \ololo S. peer of on alphabet + Popa > ke 00 alphodout the sek of all shi > =X Aerctts of mgs. over Whe alphabet 23 = =” dercts lhe sek Of all ghings ov ce) Ue = of lergik paar ia glttaiek example } tf a= holy lke seo fe bem a = S' = fon cet of all shigs of leglk one et pes 2 ado Ye oa a = Loot non cot of alll chings of Lege ney schon q. Kleene closow* > Leb S bean alpabet- then denotes Uke sek of oll ae Cinducting et ener sv) ovez Wk olphabek = - Example : @) ib Zarda teen zoher a W kleene closame ZL AO | OAH }AQAX — ~--§ se he} si=Lak =* = foay ly if = =fony Wea s™ 2 = { €10;0171) 60:0, ~~-~} ty Sas fok then r¥= f £10100 ,000 - --~ | bes ae. ' ee 2 Us pp as VED pO Eat! a 56 ching v oppeats. cticf andlhey aot pigat's Palips) Nawidliteactl abl: WAY HEU), ates CEs Be wondiV ao sat > be prefix ondisibpiecs of © ag 4 Exarmmpe | yee belo, ching ove] an alphabet sodaby then ay ab; ab, bay baby ~~~: aera” W) welra Prefixes =f (nr 123} Safhixes = {€,3, 03,103 4 tit) weabbob Prebines =f Es @.pabyabb ; abba rabbab } subbixes =e, bob ibab;bbob, abkab } 6 > Foe any alphabel = , omy Subeb Lick s* teow Darguage A st of eh From an alphabet fs calles! 0 ei Eromnple: 1 ‘eaflsh + isa Dangquage ovey Fa faib,c,—-- 2} ae Biren Sti’? fo.t,o1110 010) = 4 i on lampinge OT EmKorry Ts an alphatel- then s¥*2S$e,aibsaa , 3. LF Z=dah} --& fe o (onguage- Ob-- Notostions * & fey: Emel ching on) Null chieg | y a evaane gt to Nanay ovet al olphe. € Ww) ® exactly one a & g: emply lonpast Be cortnine mm, Shs: & 5% : oriveysal Language : Pees oN horie S507 ova ite ieee = Note: AHA Ny te graeme Sy hes one or €or» oprstation on \i et ong \- product (or) concatenation - bi-lg = bile ={% :xely yeles ; and 12 OF te-, Ui concattnation of lan oats yh Sb of all shins contafned concatenating O74 element of 4 wk pe element of b2- bof atl shiny Sey @ Sr - 2. Rewysal « ( yevense OF O longue? ts Ve & reveyo|s. ie R= J uk welt EEE te pe=dxh a 4 RI Baye Eee Ra lL. Or pics where tranges fom Vk wRe foi se a aici 4. Fleene’s cloane: ae eal a Pom Je ONL on olphakeb =. tke kleene's cloame of 1, denoted by *, § x) fy on tntegey nzo} = ae ee RNa Cade crc rt Je «= 2 oo ig see Sey poke a Gert: =, aaa jaaa; ---—}) Te shad be included ¢. S. positive cloame . debe 2 he oe eae over on alphoakb = [ye close af |, dnoter 4 ae’ ts 12] teen integer Ne n = eee es A1%, --- _- %9 cre fn Ly. rte 0 Bs Got ot Nana en -see fy t=1 6-onion: Ik onion of 1, ard Ly denoted Pe Li WMLa tg MUL, = fw WEL, we dy 4 4 Inte ection ' Uke inter section of }1 and 1a denoted *Y 1Ala is AiMdy = Sw. wel, and Wehr es Frtreelaction to ferro) prod | > Deductive Preof's - lhe touth ofa Statement fs NS . shown tye cetarled Sequence. Of steps oder | >A firmal prooh or derivation fea -fintle sequent. OF feotences each of tohich te an axiom or follaas fom theo eal Senterves fa lhe Segerence. 4 orale nefenence 4 > Some Computes seeentists take ler extreme Wiew tka formal proog of li cmrrectney, ofa program shuld | qo band—tn hand estlte Ue cere ce eavegem tte. | Teste Prgms (5 smely exentia) However] , texting apes oo So far | Sinco ‘aa cannot “ qo fence on od Ene - Beebe qoet THeraction oy Metarsion coryect , yor nee — sctup af tnductive hapolkesis and tt % help) fp 722400 , frmally or fn-femal concists utile lh Pleqetion ar 4, hat the oe . meeunsioN . = Automate. \temy covrerg Pi ae tase of rrrra © proof. TE can ke eftkey a) Inductive Pend b) Deduchve tind Ca Sequence. of Justibred steps). Deductive prove $— Se Sepuenc of Statements: echo se > gt consists of wetial staternent calles south leads us from Some vias a or (he quer etotement (9), tee | conclusion gotement - We ts yng sa eel on values ob fte ponametois: > hen uc 9° trom nypalhec® 4 te Corclusion C tc lhe ctatement vib tt then ea. ws oi Ukot c f& deduced -frorn H: ke Lue. or foe » Theorem 2 Th xzy then Mz x0 ess Hs ZY & Con clusion tt chpende on value of pararnetert . (geese a> x MIs tebe ests eS 6 wou, Hey vw + fs Tue (eee ay 7 tt TS Tue conclusion c fs Hoar 16 ~=23 es 2. 1 P2382 839 96 Is-fole ot Hue Geo aaa Hy ala =) lez cfs taue SE LT LT &ssa zazas> cfs taue f. teue. ib x=5, 16 mae | 20s cues by 236 © As x gras lange than ly, Ihe left Side, Be La ble ach He re tncreoKs by |e Hewevert | (KE right cide) +, grins by Wee vatYo (22) ib x2, then (241/22 Connor greater lkan tas & | UReve-fre, ee a (ash alséar. kno Sara, each +e 2 increases cove ty thc lebt Side Q% Gros mons. than lke right cide, x. Was os long os we stant roma whe (ee ay Ur feepiattty a par te obendy satisfied. Thema psi) We woh fone fa: postive integers; then Sue Proof : In deductive prob , vx ¢ strom o-hapstiesig HH tp a conclusion c, ver ib H lhe c. (pet Sardis: Vee Step Sum of Vie Spuones of Leo, Integers Jd- arbicid be fom integers . 8 xe Op Bede step 2: Ue tnlegets) beira squomeel ona otfest |. api; bei Pez; d2t Step *: since URE fle gos Is atleoat 1 then ec spyants fc also attenst |. feral, Wel? 21, dz. etepy : from step! and Sep We con tnt kal ox fe Sam of Fo Sqpomes ond each Spores be atleast |. oc f obleoat \. or x , x fg greater than epol stom? of tae peviows podem ZH atep ©: Sepy fs lhe a (ter tk 224) = onde. Ucot Sea OG ap hd Pee tre ook [his theoem oto True . note: putl fs nak. coming feduction +o Debynttons : — ee ee ie doo, not Wie familia terms leke DE lke pagel Uren we conver tego perulti picabion , addition ekt-- all toms fh lke Melis tp thee debinttions. ‘ eS > thoxm: A xt & te finthe, DE ec exists on tnteqey 9 Such that § hu exact, nelemnts. Islon , where A denotes lhe roof elements fr lroks Th sand T a blk abuts of Some nibintte sc-u, Iken Tis the complement Of S. ik suTsu and soto then T fs erfinite » prob 2 ad we. Can we prod by contradiction. Tt ts atechnigue 2 we ohume Heat Ue conclusion ts dale: Here T te file, bib T& intintle = Given et oxtumne “T te fiette, along wlth Ue statement ob (ke hypolke cis & fs finite - [8] =n for some ftntegey n, I=em fr come lo tegey m. Now ge &tatemen Lets us lott 80T = |SlVIT] =n+m, nem fe a integer elo: vs finite » - tt i ‘| ni Bul con trad cts Uk given seme U infinite - So We Conclusion fs fue whenevey kao haypolkesis is TADS oe re is Pntfatie. \. +t fmplies iC ne polkesis Pa thc c— concbusion a2 chu 4. wheneve, + Wetelicn Gros 7 eo We Vheom Ub *241 ape ao, * ZU, Smplfes BAe 2 eee ham ae by xZy ody ib zx q) our th *ZY Werccee ey los aXs 2 follows. s- Tf-ond-only— ib Statements UE ceateppenta 4 ie ern * th ond oly Th BI or py thst has hoo th then Statements, te“ th A thee’ and if & Uren aes Note : = Lol, Her of veal number x) Es lac greatest Enteney equa) to or (ev. thanx: | <>, foal cetlera of. veal number 1 fs Peer erat Og equal ty or qreate than Theaer > Leb x ke a veal numb. lke bed = tay Ue end a4" ic an Lr oTe Preok » \xjeu by ackinttian af computation ts ot) en algastkm fey &t Xavelves ay Some fnpstS and Pacfir ming required aperab>r on & +t Pedue an output . Bo Beran cto: [fanboy yedex) inpt computation fs cont co Seneca. of Steps Uhod- —> Bread con ke perfnrred yf comptoy - J = Tot (ie Noon abstract moils oF Spoil sepnerenteel malkemetically sal mnpatadion oe mat ac = lke comps] which porferms ¢o Computets; they oar. abstract machines + > fn abstract m example of abstract machines Wetitee machire. Lpassy id ob aco} compuk} ) ~ orivensep mod 2. fintte. -Putomato- simple )— peshfeted mode} Theon dycomnputoion hove a tafde. v0nq? ef * appplicoti ons" tn > compil peggy —= Robotics > prtthicze) Intelligence ee Krowledge Engineering Fintte —Prdtomata * E> abe me cognt ges Tea by Wecot Robin" en Go ust Lémtted memory > Tt neat ts inp ova ating , usally from an fnpot tape + Et del2veys no Gatput ot all exept an frdlcotion oly whellcex, Uke” fput & aceeptoble. Cor) rot» : teal achénes \hak con be debined renee f Cased only. TE wos developed laso ay amd} fb Oo Computes : > Hence ued —for pecfcion pas probleme. med of fintle Putomete Ay i" a a components of finite. Prutomote. > Sopa tape > finite contro] ee oe Head? > An input tile oe Oe an fhput Shing . > pfinfle contmo|—a device Urak can ke tno finite member Of Stats. > frready)_o Sequentra | reading device, | BPR OTOM) coool’ of inte -Puctomatha ¢ — > Tnttralitation: © | Ready. (read head) cheld be ove [a [ebtmoct symbol. ctntte contme| fs fh Start ctote. — singls step: Reads, veads Current Pais then, radix move, “to Ike ext symbol > Uae waht. 5 control ents amy Stade that (detorm(nfsteal ond canent Sym L depends 00 Uc usnent ctate aurtred naxt State ; & which core Ve S\ree mY pe repeats Ue’s action. machine, stops. ar machine. No cunent Ee Pil mols have been roel then 1 Fina) stot tao tp 7 fe ocupted - Input Styv fe not acupted . Apptcadions % cite porated — > TH tron uel pel tp We duxegn OF lexical) arabes - a port of compile Urot pear chomacteys tity totes, fndevisibla, untes uch oS orfable pome ard wperrd _» text editor —> patton matching > file searching Program > Text prowning C searching an octuranes Gf One ching tk contro} fe olkeqwise , Ue foo fle). Limttahins ob tote ude mata — => Tt an aera ai Sfmnple lepauoass Coequlon) > Finfte —futomecta. con be detigned al Bs A4slon mating problems . ee ee Uhl Deheormentstic Fintke -Prctomota$ — LoFA) : See SS ee —> Tbh thee fy exactly one exctpu Stole fry even cterancition -function cf an atomat& 1 Ween ha automata is catteal DFA. CoctenminicHe Fiotie ie > Ike -finfte -Auctomata ore called | peas > Th Uke machine % read an t/p (tnpit ) 7 one foo ot atime . > Betorministic mefens -to the ees ety tha computation . > Ta dear thee fs oy one. path= fo cpeckhPc Top from the Gurren state tp Ike next Stove. 2 PFA doa not acept Ike null move . > OFA Connot- change State tflkot at 2)|p Ctrp*) characte . — DFA can contafn multiple stot. Dt & ured ior lexica) Proliais ta compile. > PDA Mts ae defined speetbred oy a five. “tuple m= (Q12\ 8140, F) M- machine > caronsition funct O ewe che sransition toble. oF sancti ton emia, jvancttion ‘as e— SS ois td » gyrcccated ile pea fs adive’ » ansttion piogro? graph those vertices corresponds tp stole ad DFA. pee Nhe syancthons from oe cafe two andlkoy am Ue edges Noke> oe In Ve ayansition diagram 1 seat state ‘é bs represented ete ee bee date circle: Gab Example : s 4 a set & > aml “Transition table foe OFA One he, > Rue fndicale state and column tndécale symbol, = Wr entnfs af the fable tndtcate Uhr outpak state URE stot sinte fe marked ufl’an ana (>), Rte ece cite: oy WheNcevte eaays monted ude stay (). —™ Entries covreapond - next state. Sxample ¢ rile iets | M=(Qiz/8,3,6) al{b Sa ale, 9a 49001 % > 9 S24, Alon Fa hay ee ean} Troncthion function: WE tansition mee or mapping sare a rT panamekis ore pated “tp tits -bansfhion function.’ tL carent State 2. Input symbol > Transition function sebons a state whlch can be Collec! os next state. SC current stale ; current. fnpub gyirbol > next Stale . Seu es cvample g(a) — do § (4015) — 4h $(1,0) 3 $(q1,b) > % ng which fal @ eesign oF te Zefory rept \hose ting stots ull {ond ends uflk 0 sel re {toy Woo , 100, 10101 = =~ 4 = \minlungle|+ | tA alana hea macs CO stats = \min . ed aa : = 24l> 3 states. ole Piagran t aransibon func tion: Scaoit) > 4 €(910) > Ja Cau) 3 oy §(92 1°) P42 3(90, N94, We ching acapleel or not « Eni Volo &t lolo = Ww oO § (901 soto) §( Yrpto) fs acupted « €Cdrs) ue SG §( 4,0) Ws € & — acupted. Gans Gdenete zo fant ocupts Een noch 3S e Gen ro-dy t's. La Loot No 1100 1 {lo ; Wevollog s ~~ - 4 minclengi 3 412 4 — seafes FransHion —funchon pceepte on or not => SDC Obama! shitg = (100 Seo ela $ (20, L100 ) §(2110) ALo §( 92 «hoo) SQ) 9 23 eChoice) §(Z210) > 23 80 4u0°) 84211) %0 §(40) 2 accepted (93,0) —> dr YoE Fena) Stale . Bite y) 37-1 @ constauct DFA ere oll Strings ove, Sarby nia hi ‘ab! ? L= Lab, aab, bab; aaaby abab,~-.-} To. cy Sstod#s = a+l= Bstate. aroncthion function + ‘ronsttion table: Slo.) 21 5(4a1b) 210 841.0) 21 Sct) A $(421a) 2%! §(22/b) > to eee ll 4 a ecc bees 4(4o1 aaa bbab) 814, aabbab) §( 41, abbab) 3(41, bbab ) 8 (42, bab ) 5 (Yoiab ) §( db) eee ke ching fs acepted . @ be m= (ais 1Si901 6) whee Oa AS01242} =z TAsby, Fahey Sie EEO Tg eaten dct: 8(o1aJ 32] S(401b) > Lo SC 28) 3 2) §(tub) 39) S§(2210) > a, 892 ;b) 99, sting = bba bb pcapied er not & (01 boabb) = Sltor babb) = §(40,abb) = 8(% bb) = 6(42.16) =4,€F peeps: 5 tir pik fom stent state 4p Fira] stots - b go FE aofE sek pee b> HF A © eorsichey te folissing PFA bento BS Cie (oN) A or not. os da we Vol tS acce pte Ss sfory “¢ kan seb sanction function vox Wel eee, 8 oie 8 (401 2) §(g011) > 92 = §(42110') &(21,0) Go = &( 2u9!) SC) 29 = §( 11) 84210) 92) oe & 8 a2) OL © UT stig me ae accepted @) Rejecte 4 AMR eae ia a tea iE © Zefa} construct DEA dak BD jminrok Sol the ching axe Mina} w= bab w= bbabb whan min=2 | Be aby sean ie ain é) @ | @ pean DFA afer BY] zy 1 a poll | - peice obb aaabb« abbb- --- \ , : y Sve ee? CN CA © ieecee Baty tseh stich z- Ane yas Rab jabbbaa, aba’ abbb, olobboa ,~--- } sue eee re sg seatly t. Byaw OFA for Ue wot Sa’ ove topat alphabet = = fab} 2. conchuct pee in idle “ot vey = shack S Bein DFA IKE a ai ale oa x bb NO sadab} Y- Vie Shing start aes Ss. lke a9 are eile 6. cencbuct DFA for iccbs dong vey Z= fot dtc oo enshuct Wk DFA vey t-ol 2- ool zB ovol FU arg starting SIE Aer fic to © D < © ye paign eA over = 151) \. oy eeegn BFA KXNS=h5))1 USES RE EMER ETT Her ITE TR TTT eo ee ccc © Revgn OFA poy ae dav tstble “4 3 Safouh. <> consbuct DFA uhich amepts all dings ove; alphabet adorn where ney serge devicr'ble by r= fo, Wy Mo Hoot Woo eW1} - ae - Qe Ss 6 9 We iS Ihele one divictble ys Cecema| oO \ 2 3 4 Ss 6 ty Bing 2 ol \o u loo toy Mo Remaindey ° 1 Sains. ne ° ae ' _- fo} Remaindy - 0 Remainda - | Remaindit - > siog peut Poe ) aie 1ote | 7 O Sp check Hep sheng Non Dekermintsh’c prntte Putomasa C Nora) or NEP *- _5 vita ts Wer stmple and. tnitnp mot} of re on Hy Ue finite. sputomata 00 called NFA, whan lke exist many — palks or spretbic. input from cerrent gate to he wext stale: stokes Same OF ven, a a oko have, Five. t Ayansition -function- 4 NE Arbbew me (a 1wi8e Baye whore 1 g— Finfle seb oF stakes ue Ginfle. stake or steort _ feattel cde OF tepct gyrntol E ee Stabe 5S = transttion function - \ x 2 8 \ multiple. stat . but eath NEA can ke stode — Nr be a, nen & not OFA Peeeeeiedeetaty one x fain NER Urat acupts Ste of ail Bhs ve hoh & ie a ht pe Joorol iio il \ minlarg\h =2- No.d, stales = 24\ NY =d kate on ) on "8 pecepted @ nea thot ocupk see of ol\ chings ove] douy Nhat StootS ilk lo b= Jroy toto, tooo, eit - --- 4 —) \ ay ° @° © concbuct NEw Leds of all ngs that stools BLES 7 NY Za fork L= Jo, 001 ol ports Sot! 900 10110 colliter--=-- f min. engi | eran ceasecoeey Mt) 2 ey ©. - a9 dead enbauration = we no need to dead Stale tn Neg ) conswuct 0 NEA over ol eater = aa iby Urak- accepts a alc aubshing ab Le Laabar’ babaa 1 ~~ a 4 nto tenglle = & No. dy spokts = 2+! = sales. aib (A oP 6+ -G p \kob ocupts aaa which hes ard syne © conshuct a Ne \B from vt ab | fs Ore! Us given nieA to check cchelhey Lo 0109 Sis pyr: whore sol me CQ) SSF s a Qz Jao ane 931 MH % Za houry S- to Po ON F=A9019y J $= Qxs has “ho toot —) accept Francttion table !— = = Slqo, 91001) | > $ (4010) =A90193Y S(ter0l) = $C 869010)1!) as § facies 11) = $(2011)U8 (9311) = (toiritvg = {goin (scrote) = $( £C40101)\0) = 8Goin} 0) = Sandu s (au9) = hats hug = hrogah 8(qo,0t00) = $( $90,010) 0) = §( ashe) $(¢010)u 84310) {gers} vAdey J setty} 8(geiotco!) = SL& (2010100911 ) i} 0 i = 8( 44012324 41!) = $l do) v$le3,1) US C4) 2 Ago ib v day 4 I} = fardudy § $( 90, 0100 1) PF = K 4012194 $A Gy} 2494 y= Fra) state dence. tke aver erin is tee - ee Vie aot ts. acepted cries 40 2 ww \ ‘> Ny “ aS SS 5 ek ; Sat © ay 3, zg i (ack) (gee) OS ‘ ceteck) FB) fre} tot lone attepted Uke Final transitions one 22 & 2y fowhich dy is Debberenca. Reloeen NFA ® DFA - Dekaminstic Rate non Rekermenistic porta —finr{e. fudomoda > IK transition from a 5 Ihe transition from 0. Stale ( ty a sthgla site con be multiple: next porticutes] next state gates tor Bach fnpt Symbl fr each fnput symbo | Yenee Pt ts called DFA: ence. He fe called NER! > Empty ching trans?hons = > NOFA or NFA permits one rot seen in DFA- emply ana transitions DFA fs Subs of NFA. 5 Need fo conveit NFA b DEA fh le dutgn cb compiler > the transition functi eA on de — lhe fansition function of e eae o Nora. or NFA *2 (8 (40,0) > Yat §: gxe-5 38 &! &4o,a) ={adrk > DER vequtves et bee be ara vequtres less space - = A Shiv Peal Sacco 8 > Asking & by Paki alae “ho a NDFA, 1b atleast one , tet of all posible, ransih’ons ends ine. Gra) stode. EQUINALENCE OF DFA ond NFA? Ginette (Cott ack NRA, Wer lO of languoges oceepted Neal's. theluick. lac clays OF languagrs accepted Gi bras. Wy) OFA Cah cimutate NFA- wy) er | NEA \ thee exist 00 equivalent Pa35 eo lates mM For exery NEA, tree exfse & DFA which sl lh behavior Of NFA- pe os amg perp a= tanee then Here exists o OFA which ole ocupts }- ° Nes (QE 1401 F 1 ue conshuck DFA mia (GSH F 15)! here g) be NEA once he Jy gia a (pany S$ 9): gtoke tr g! & denoled by [pngueee 20 eohere Wide Ba--- — 9,E9. O p= (hy BF & sh of Fro| tales We oats gi ak Qo: ao & tap jerbo\ - 804) § (40,0) — reach state nm, on NY nary -pudomade. Machina . M( ner) chore ufte tithial state Jo: gh ts defined o4 C40. wm (pea) Us fina) state lee . containing al fine) stale dy F S' Cau 92 = Bid 0) = §(gnadv §(4210) VSl2g10) -- S149) Epatvalent ly 8'(Canga---a11 a )= Cour -- Ri) ‘Ib and only th §( farg2r2s--- 91 $10) = feu Par --Prh sono) Barc pre opts ta lle BFE fork der Sy) ond & & ered me ( fad Toa [aie3) Jaoarh dary ¢ 021% sol! a a §q,992 S(4ut) 2 Po (qo) PU §(9u 1) 92) S(einOn gla Fe Beene OFF eqpivolent to ma (Raoverk fey 8 Fo, @ constr Sa) Bi en wala x 8.00 F) hao, 2, 's 9! > [203 & tata seahe > w% ako fina) state — te lM & Lao.) = Arf $4011) = Kay ee oy Slut) = Laon er gees Galea + (4) Card \ S019) » (wo ei [3021] rrr @ conctuct o ofA tre gfvn NFA ed forby 1 81901 foo) there § fs vena \ fron sa leeceiecae BN ci by ae meee ee m= (4, darby P46) 1 8¢ F) gt contains all gubsts $ 92 fav's 2 ($ Cas) C3) CTC] Corre] C4099) j{aoe)) (Cera) 2 %0121), Since S210) Laois # ( Cadbib)= (I, sin. §(do1b)= dat Sirsa) gs Se Soe) of Beri) stants rise St ted Beem ailove mw sole Cece ue hee ird Ces transttions . $ (CastiJio) = § (£01214 10) = §( 9010) VS (Qua) = Admiaik VSWY = feo 21} Diao Sena Te di fae gb) = S(42onhb) = §(4ob)u 8(4arb) fay AG = fants u (21122 oe Stak. Stra (4,92J fsa new seole, be dufned tte trans?tion hex tp € ( ca23, 4) = §( 491924.9) D) § (aia VE (42,4) = Ado oh dy =A40} =C4oJ CS £ U Canad ib) = $CAa a fib) = §C dub) VS (9216) = dnt vfaoin§ HSroiarh = [roid one. Stabe . DEA tangon table &s: Go], Cees), oe We efinal stales- ee at pra with €-Trons?trons:; — FINITE AUTOM =< — \kr NEA can be exttnded to fnelude transthong oa input E- of epsilon Oebinttion ef NFA Gill e—moves | > \ie nen uwtlk e-moves is defined “4 5 tuples lor) quuirtuple. on eotlory oA NFA, except i Tan ea eet te ol accom Ol Neem g. Ox (Eu§ey) ar 7 Sani symbol: Sere | t Ge Ge.8 lk transPtion diagram of lhe NEA accepts (ke \angeage sapere of ont numbey of ds Po\loxd bY on roof ‘s- epetlon _ closes » -\ Ui set of stoles lod gale YO E-— Moves - ou veachable. from lke Sb) Lae Pp be su of staty Uy Wer e-closae (P) =O e—cloane (2) we Ee. conguck \ke troncttion tobla. ond €-cl for previo cramps - Note: a | Stale. Ttcedf 3 €-closions E-—cloame (Gp) qo ttsekf os e-closze > 101911225 E— closae (q,) a §anary E— closov. ( 42’) > fa2% | I Trensition function and = & Pe ce . TPrancition function $ ig debrred 04 &) § (ae) = e- closme 2)- 4 Sh¥Ng | WO) for w tn £*1 endo foc 8 (@,wa) =€- closoe (p) , pin scriad¥ | chore P= 4 Pl or some ¥ fn $(2:10)1 | (ty SCRad=VU & (na) rink fy EC Re) = 8 Ww) pect by Nea Wik E-mova is ie longuoge acte dubinad 03» Lem) = dus \€ (gor) contadne @ Stoke & a Example 3— = > const RE NA qe below red §C:20101) 1 ° + (\ € GH © soll a Slane) = E closes. (49) = Ae Slgo.0) = €- clone ( gt ta1€)109) eae 19> 410) §a01e92$ —O e_cloana (£(20)0)U8 (919) ¥ 6(9210)) = €— close ( haok vg bv oh) = €-ctosae ( §904)) faced 3 from epee ©. \ hon z (210!) = €- cloaae. (£( &(9010) ")) = E- clone (S( £20191192 7 ) = €- cloana (§ (don) VE) v sea) = €- closna ( fu 42140494) = €- cloaaa(fa4) = Jonas} Grea. Sfaere1) Lauae4 wh contain Final Stade fost %& ts an accepted or q Equwarence oF NAS wi § liTHOUT €- movey: en ee be Bau Vem 8— Te Ba Jax accepted NER wll €- transftion’ , URan Se rH | L fs accepted 4 om Nea tdlirol- 6— transitions | Preok f— ph m=(@1e 1819016) be an NEA lle e—tansitons congkuct om! which fs Nea Ulkoul e-transttion m = (128, dor) Lohere, oa Fussy th - cloana (46) eontaknt astate b & F olkeseofse Gl “oe $ and $ one. Same Sand £ can aebhernt dot x be “4 oo sia) = § (4012) tits Geatemede 7e not tue th x=€ because § (2016) =I} 5 (Gees closaa (4). 1) conghuct a NFA tlk E-moves from Nea Wilk E-mova $ c 7886 2, E-—Moves + Sol —rensthion tobe. for given NFA Sle v me 2 ney GG Gah d g gy ¢ *D $ pb my ¢ e- close. (90) = $90,241) 224 €- closure (4) = fseue. % €— clare (22) = {a2} 8 (qo1a) = €- cloume ( SCe-clawse (20),a)) = €-cloane ( §€ 201902 41%)) = €- (41192 4 S401 b) —> {9192} Sacre) > Ex cloana. ( §( €-clasae. (20)¢)) > e-cleana ( 8 ( 20141692 1¢)) > ctloane (22) ae har S(gua) se- cloacae (SC e-clouna trey) = E- closen ( SC 9492)14)) = €-cloane C$) S(aib) = eis (3:91) = €-clesme (€ (21)22))b)) = €-cloace | ¢)) = (¢n92) Blanc) = e-clousa (8( €- clears (2/¢)) y = e-cloaoe (§ (t2n22)¢¢) = E- closoe (22) = eae Sige) = e—closen (SC €-cloune (22)14)) = E-closme ( §( 2210) = vc-closae (d) ae €(¢2cb) > E-ctosioe C&C €-cloana (42916) = E-closure ( §( 2 16)) - ¢ S( 1c) = e€- cloaae ( $C €-closae(er9/¢)) e- close ( §(92,¢)) E- cloune (92) = {ory " Transition Aiogram eee aibic a Lone seep O- Equin' al stale ard non- \ aorta da} dayy score aaah goo 21 Io b—>|42 quae tub x Pers) compe Gor F2- go IF )| FoF gy b>[21, We? Be: Some again corp. Jo) +3 © pj tr ore ‘) $319 —7 Fi i a 5 {90924404 fest Ah _50 pe 9 Bey pe tanee . : ; Conor. Te poe i > q 90) bE | haya 4 ‘ Bac >\ fe G2 “a e vat40it Us} oe Bi es " Ras: Yer] fat Aas fout i Lot De (apr2u $01 Am51°) Subst NFA N= (Qu, 1 Sai Jor PD 4 J ndruction , (hax Lio) = LUN). : “7 * Prove firct, by ‘induction on fol , & tha | fol afr) = Sr (ou) a FEY, fot, woe! the bo Ay Ces ot sso lose) ) os {aot — i he nd, ond ofume | Pe eietiiciaie Gresko op a w=aa, eherclyesciea ‘a. 3 pte riductve fie Fre Syinbal ae. fp (A904, 2) $n (40%): ve alk there ets Ns stata be Puta p= =PLy i Prebuctive. ca of lic dehaltion cl, § Bw NFAS Gy (902) = 5 §y( Pi) ——>O is wubel- conghut Ho ; on ol ken So (APu Pi- --f Ya)= § dutta) lord , fer} ug (kak « Go (hah ix) =f PrP Pe bole Rnducctie, pau llr Afint ten 4 8 ty beds. $ (ane je d= So Boltnbi zie) = So ( {Piha - - ~Petva)= 6 $n (Pio) —@ » OF@ £ (seryya) = Oy Unis) uhm atte Veo ant we aeupt 0 1b ond a7 i 6 (ha 4 0) ioc rt tontain a.Stele (rn Fat Lt)> Ltn), ii yt ee > Real expremions and longuoge: 5 = lle lan acapte eae ule ce expretion fs @ expraynon. es 5 jhe method OF Ber, Longe? a " expeion ‘enlio & ducted & oul ap tio, bat de @ “2 exprenion kak danoks le fe} ‘al ts aren ex POnion ard denotes Sand s com Yepuly exprion lab derotet \ko Lum) ard LIs). a {r|ts)o [mHis) = Lonjunts) » (M)Co) = LUM) Lt) = Liny i -4 e(ony Hejail oe of card |. or 2 Sorol oul ol OU === = -k of = he 100910001 --- ja L 1Cry = Ast tly Wet, i eae a po oF Pe exponen: b8 | ai Be “ta “ee Age the Lorgvoge @ il combinations of dg exept null hg Lefaiaa \ oan yoaaa)-- ~~ Repu eExprrion so A languoge contatnieg ony po.of dg and tle, heféios coy Wr 0l lo COON i - --+ R expenion = (on)* of (ot) ot | dc ord ts expt rust Hog Le hojty Ol ob) 7 \ expienion = lout)! o (olr" © stooping utile (ol evel sho} Le A Io, toil jeitey \o\0o! au REx lol (ot Oerding lic Wo. ow alprabee 3 AOU 2= J otto: Wtio) oll, WO == =~ y R exPrion = ony \lo. ‘ @a Sito contain Y os lool 424 pial 1\0l001e1 UL (o0]0- ~~~ } peas 2100 = (ort) oot (o¥")* Og at ule Lond ena uk o. Le {tor loor \olo oor -- ~~ pa expenion =| (0+) ss oo My roof ds fallax! " y roof Bs olloued F ppleost 16: fabe ,aabber---- + + = otbte {oor 01,101 Ex (041) (0+) ov (o+1> pd uost chi te fs a. soo, lO; OlLOr ---% (ot!) ot) lony* oho, 2 Fe) 01110010110 = (e40r1) Ce t0+)) tle ule even 100 Wood ---- ; (041) (040) bring, i alk odd \) Fo We on lergl: Ra. I> te atmat 2. © No-of ale fs ey is $= {baab, abab, bbaa - --% RE= beabkab* (@noot'd ts attost 2 | exe, Ur tpt Alphabe- Le fboaab jbabbas---- pp Reese bYab a (a+b)* (B purest tes ‘ol + de fe arabs oe 1 bb bo 2h dof e,a1ab 1A0-ibbs be, == } | pe be lare) * (ate b™ (@) roof “a ts even. Vr he contafn ~d ts even. a i=foob {bababaas-~-~& Res (beab*ab* ye (@ numboy of “ol ts odd t=Jab, bababka: - - - - laid Res (btabtabt)*a, © il Lage te dats Bo. 2 ae =( (o+b) (oF) (o4b)* (040) *Cout) Oanry &osiy De § \ Re atoty* by +( blots) *2) y ey oy some. mio, ge abo, B20 Ce eee +h Re expwrsion = ( a(a+b)*o)+ Lbtosatel @) fom is vst end red def abba bi pobaa, bokab:--~ ~~ f Roe = (a+b) (a+b) (a+ b) & (heb) ® leoi = mod 3 umtle wagner exprion , RE= (to+b) (a+b) (arb))* (a+b) (a+b). third chenockt fron wight and d, ae 2 b pipe (ore) be) (a+b). d=dobao) pebab , ababacs -— ~~ ar —> Note! { symbol ei, pol | Aerotes cheractey. | choc’: one or more ocenrance § expesion ty denote URE lon; ‘oat (ke Suite which begins Gr) ed colle or ll. ne) CO otl*® (oo-r'\). ae tbe (oo) Cott + Conti (oot tt), eee Mt

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