International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 15, No. 1, March 2024, pp. 323~334

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v15.i1.pp323-334  323

Design and implementation of grid tied high step-up DC-DC

converter with switched capacitor

Binapani Sethi1,2, Lopamudra Mitra2

1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela, India
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: In this paper, the design and implementation of a three-phase grid-connected
inverter coupled with a high step-up DC-DC converter with a switched
Received Apr 14, 2023 capacitor is demonstrated. In this converter two capacitors are utilized with a
Revised Jul 22, 2023 coupled inductor. The charging of capacitors takes place parallel and
Accepted Aug 9, 2023 discharging in series during switch off and switch on time respectively. The
energization of the coupled inductor provides the high voltage gain. The
passive clamp circuit is used to recycle the leakage energy of the inductor
Keywords: circuit. Therefore, the switch stress is reduced. This high gain converter is
given DC input of 40 V and a high voltage 538 V obtained is supplied to the
High gain converter
grid connected inverter which uses sinusoidal pulse width modulation
Switched capacitor
(SPWM), to obtain 3phase line-neutral voltage of 415 V from inverter for
SPWM
grid synchronization. A high voltage gain of 13 and efficiency of 96% is
Three-phase inverter
obtained for different load and voltage variation. The modeling and the
CCM
simulation are done using physical security information management (PSIM)
Software and all the results are presented in this paper.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Lopamudra Mitra
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Silicon Institute of Technology
Bhubaneswar, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
To raise the PV voltage to the link's DC voltage, on-grid inverters often use a DC-DC converter.
Boost converters are one of many types of DC-DC converters that are frequently utilized. However, a three-
phase inverter actually needs a high input voltage and the sole factor affecting the boost converter's output
voltage is the duty cycle. Therefore, if the PV voltage deviates greatly from the DC link voltage, it is
challenging for the boost converter to provide the voltage required by the inverter.
In this paper, a low-voltage system's three-phase inverter with grid connectivity was designed. This
system has the advantage of being able to generate high voltages while taking up less space, and it also
allows for the regulation of output voltage. Due to its reliable and straightforward implementation, the grid
connection system uses the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) approach [1]–[5]. This research
suggests a brand-new high step-up ratio and clamp-mode converter to achieve high step-up voltage gain and
high efficiency. A significant step-up voltage gain is attained by the suggested converter by adding
two capacitors and two diodes to the coupled inductor's secondary side. Two capacitors can be parallel-
charged and serial-discharged using the connected inductor. But the connected inductor's leakage inductor
could result in significant power loss and a spike in voltage at the switch. To clamp the voltage level of the
main switch and recycle the energy from the leakage inductor, a passive clamping circuit is therefore
required [6]-[17].

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324  ISSN: 2088-8694

2. METHODOLOGY
Currently, photovoltaic (PV) systems connected to the grid are more common than standalone
systems. Since batteries are not required for grid-connected systems, they are more cost-effective. The circuit
diagram of the complete model is shown in Figure 1. In this paper, a PV system's grid-connected three-phase
inverter was created for usage with three-phase networks in buildings. An on-grid inverter works on a similar
principle as an off-grid inverter, but in order for network synchronization to take place, the sine wave
produced at the AC voltage that is supplied must match the wave that is owned by the grid. A block schematic
of the system that we designed can be seen in Figure 2 where the dc converter is connected to an inverter.

C1

C3 D4
L1

L1
D3
VDC L2
L2 D1 C2 RL
Co L3

D2
LOAD
SW
C1 C2 C3

DC-DC CONVERTER INVERTER

LC FILTER

Figure 1. Circuit of the complete model

Figure 2. Block diagram of on-grid inverter system

3. HIGH GAIN DC-DC CONVERTER WITH SWITCHED CAPACITOR

A 3-phase inverter requires a certain voltage, which is provided by a DC-DC converter. A novel
high-step-up DC-DC converter is required for this project. Utilizing two capacitors and a single connected
inductor is the idea. To generate a large step-up voltage gain, the two capacitors are charged in parallel
during the switch-off time and discharged in series during the switch-on period by the energy stored in the
connected inductor. A passive clamp circuit is also used to recycle the linked inductor's leakage-inductor
energy. As a result, the main switch experiences less voltage stress [18]-[30].

3.1. Modes of operation

The suggested converter's circuit topology includes DC input voltage Vin, the primary switch S,
coupled-inductor Np and Ns, a clamp diode D1, a clamp capacitor C1, two diodes D2 and D3, an output
diode Do, and an output capacitor Co. Capacitors can be parallel-charged and series-discharged to achieve
high step-up gain, according to the switched-capacitor technique in [3]. The primary working concept is that
when the switch is flipped on, the connected inductor induces a voltage on the secondary side and the
magnetic inductor Lm is charged by Vin. Vin, VC1, VC2, and VC3 all release energy in response to the
induced voltage and output it in series. The linked inductor functions as a transformer in the forward
converter. In order to charge capacitors C2 and C3 in parallel, magnetic inductor Lm releases energy when
the switch is switched off. This energy is released via the connected inductor's secondary side. The linked

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  325

inductor functions as a transformer in a flyback converter. To make the circuit analysis easier, it is assumed
that the following things are true: i) C1, C2, C3, and Co are large, so Vc1, Vc2, Vc3, and Vo are constant in
one switching period; ii) The power devices are ideal, but the parasitic capacitor of the power switch is taken
into account; and iii) The coupling coefficient of the coupled-inductor k is equal to Lm/(Lm+Lk). The circuit
configuration of the proposed converter is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Circuit configuration of the proposed converter

3.2. Continuous conduction mode (CCM Operation)

The operation of the suggested converter is described in this section. Five operating modes are
available throughout one switching time in CCM operation. These are the operational modes' descriptions:
i) Mode I
Mode I: S is activated between these two times (t0, t1). In contrast to D1 and Do, diodes D2 and D3
are now on. Figure 1 depicts the current-flow path. Vin=VLk + VLm is how the voltage equation for the
coupled inductor's primary side leakage and magnetic inductors is written. With the help of Vin, the leaking
inductor Lk begins to charge. The connected inductor's secondary-side current linearly decreases because of
the leakage inductor Lk. Energy is supplied to load R by output capacitor Co. This operating mode ends
when current iD2 at time t = t1 equals zero. The operation during Mode-I is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Mode I

Design and implementation of grid tied high step-up DC-DC converter … (Binapani Sethi)
326  ISSN: 2088-8694

ii) Mode II
Mode II [t1, t2]: S is kept powered on during this time frame. When do is turned on, the diodes D1,
D2, and D3 are all off. Figure 1 depicts the current-flow path. DC-source Vin produces energy, which is
stored by the magnetizing inductor Lm. The linked inductor allows some of Vin's DC-source energy to flow
to the secondary side. Induced voltage VL2 on the coupled inductor's secondary side causes Vin, Vc1, Vc2,
and Vc3 to connect in series discharge to the high-voltage output capacitor Co and the load R. Switching off
S at time t = t2 puts an end to this operational mode. The operation during Mode-II is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Mode II

iii) Mode III

S is turned off in Mode III [t2, t3] throughout this time period. When Do is turned on, the diodes D1,
D2, and D3 are all off. Figure 1 depicts the current-flow path. The parasitic capacitor Cds of the main switch
S is charged by the energy of the leakage and magnetizing inductors Lk and Lm, respectively. Energy is
supplied to load R by output capacitor Co. When diode D1 conducts and this working mode is terminated at
time t = t3, capacitor voltage Vc1 equals Vin+Vds. The operation during Mode-III is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Mode III

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  327

iv) Mode IV
S is turned off in Mode IV [t3, t4] throughout this time period. In contrast to D2 and D3, diodes D1
and Do are on. Figure 1 depicts the current-flow path. Charge clamp capacitor C1 is energized by the energy
of the leakage and magnetizing inductors. Energy is recycled by the leakage inductor Lk. iLk as of now is
rapidly declining. Until the linked inductor's secondary current is equal to zero, the secondary side voltage
VL2 of the coupled inductor keeps charging the load R and high-voltage output capacitor Co in series. D2
and D3 begin to turn on in the background. This operating mode expires when Ido is equal to 0 at time t = t4.
The operation during Mode-IV is shown in Figure 7.
v) Mode V
S is turned off in Mode V [t4, t5] throughout this time period. Do is switched off, while diodes D1,
D2, and D3 are active. Figure 1 depicts the current-flow path. Co is discharged from the output capacitor to
the load R. Clamp capacitor C1 is charged by the energy of the leakage and magnetizing inductors Lk and
Lm. Through the secondary side of the linked inductor, the magnetizing inductor Lm is discharged, charging
capacitors C2 and C3. As a result, capacitors C2 and C3 receive parallel charging. Capacitor C1 is charged
by Lk using the leaky inductor's energy. Gradually, the iLk changes from low to high. At t = t6, when S is
turned on at the start of the subsequent switching period, this mode comes to an end. The operation during
Mode-V is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 7. Mode IV

Figure 8. Mode V

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To change DC electricity into AC, a circuit known as an inverter is utilized. A voltage source
inverter, or voltage source inverter (VSI), is one of the most used kinds of inverters. Equipment that demands
a lot of power frequently uses three-phase inverters. 6 switches make up the fundamental three-phase inverter
circuit. High power ratings and high frequency switching capabilities are required of the relevant electronic
components acting as switches. In order to do this, the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) was selected
for the three-phase inverter architecture. The circuit diagram of three phase inverter is shown in Figure 9.
The MOSFET/IGBT switching in the inverter causes the sine wave to be formed at the inverter
output. A sine wave is created by this switching. One of the switching techniques that is frequently used to
provide inverter output that takes the form of sinusoidal signals is the SPWM technique. As a method of grid
synchronization control in this investigation, SPWM is also employed. The flowchart of the complete system
is shown in Figure 10.

Figure 9. 3-Ø inverter

Figure 10. Flowchart of the complete working of the entire system

4. CALCULATION OF LC FILTER
L blocks the dominant harmonics. C provides easy path for nth harmonic ripple currents. We have
seen that Vn can be represented as (1).
2𝑉𝑚 4𝑉𝑚 4𝑉𝑚
V𝑛 = - cos2𝜔t- cos4𝜔t (1)
𝜋 3𝜋 15𝜋

In order that Capacitor provides easy path for harmonic components. Load impedance ZL >> XC => ZL >
1
> . n = Order of harmonic current. In practice Capacitor provides effective filtering if:
𝑛𝜔𝑐

10
ZnL = 𝑛𝜔𝑐

10
√𝑅2 + (𝑛𝜔𝐿𝐿 )2 = 𝑛𝜔𝑐 (2)

Vn
Under condition (2) we can neglect the load impedance for analysis: ∴ nth harmonic current In = 1 ,
𝑛𝜔𝐿−
𝑛𝜔𝑐
Vn = rms of nth harmonic voltage, and nth harmonic rms output voltage across ‘C’.
1
−( ) −1
𝑛𝜔𝑐
V𝑜𝑛 = V𝑛 [ 1 ]= V𝑛 (3)
𝑛𝜔𝐿− [(2𝜔)2 𝐿𝑐−1]
𝑛𝜔𝑐

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As 2nd harmonic is most dominant, so ripple voltage can be taken as 2nd harmonic component only. From (1):
2𝑉𝑚 4𝑉𝑚 4𝑉𝑚
V𝑛 = - cos2𝜔t- cos4𝜔t
𝜋 3𝜋 15𝜋

4𝑉𝑚
V2 = - cos2𝜔t
3𝜋

1 4𝑉𝑚
V2 = *
√2 3𝜋

1
𝑉𝑟 = V𝑜2 = V2 (4)
[(2𝜔)2 𝐿𝑐−1]

𝑉𝑟 V2 4𝑉𝑚 2𝑉𝑚
VRF = = =( )/
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜 √2∗3∗𝜋[(2𝜔)2 𝐿𝑐−1] 𝜋
√2 1
= [ ] (5)
3 (2𝜔)2 𝐿𝑐−1

The value of ‘C’ can be obtained from in (2) as:

10
C= (6)
2𝜔√𝑅 2 +(𝑛𝜔𝐿𝐿)2

And L can be obtained for a given VRF from (5). In this model, we have taken load resistance RL = 20 Ω and
10
load inductance LL = 5 mH. The voltage ripple factor is 10%. So, as we know 𝐶 = 2 2
. Hence,
2𝜔√𝑅 +(𝑛𝜔𝐿)

10
𝐶= = 786.135 𝜇𝐹
2(2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 50)√202 + (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 50 ∗ 5 ∗ 10−3 )2

√2 √2
1+ 1+
3∗𝑉𝑅𝐹 3∗0.1
Also, we know that 𝐿 = 2 . Hence, 𝐿 = = 18.41 𝑚𝐻.
4𝜔 𝐶 4(2∗𝜋∗50) ∗786.135∗10−6
2

5. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

5.1. Design parameters
In order to design the DC-DC converter following design parameters are used, where for an input
voltage of 40 V an output of 538 V is obtained. A 200 W system is designed using the following parameters.
The simulation of the circuit was done using these design parameters: input DC voltage Vin = 40 V, output
DC voltage Vo = 538 V, maximum output power = 200 W, switching frequency = 50 KHZ, Lm = 48 µH,
Lk = 0.25 µH, C1 = 56 µF, C2 = C3 = 22 µF, and Co = 180 µF/600 V.

5.2. Analysis
The simulation model of the proposed converter is shown in Figure 11 and the complete grid tied
model is shown in Figure 12. For an input voltage of 40V a high output voltage of 538 V is obtained from the
high gain converter which can be easily synchronized with the grid through a 3-phase inverter as shown in
the above figure. An LC filter is also designed to remove the harmonics of the inverter for grid connection.
The output voltage obtained from the DC-DC converter is shown in Figure 13.
The gating pulses were obtained by using sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique as shown in
Figure 14 and Figure 15 sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique is implemented with the 3-phase
inverter. Figure 14 shows the carrier and sinusoidal signal and Figure 15 shows the individual gating pulse of
the switches of the inverter. In Figure 16, Figure 17 and Figure 18 the waveforms for three-phase load line to
neutral voltage, Line- neutral voltage of inverter output without filter, Line- neutral voltage of inverter output
with filter of 415 V obtained are shown.
The variation of output voltage with different load is shown in Figures 19 and 20. The Table 1
shows the output power and efficiency of the converter for different load and input voltage. The change in
efficiency with variation in load is shown in Figure 21 and is found to be almost constant at 96%.

Table 1. The output power and efficiency of the converter for different load and input voltage
Input voltage Input current (I in) Input power Output voltage Output current Output power Efficiency
(Vin) in Volts in ampere (Pin) in watt (Vo) in volts (Io) in ampere (Po) in watt (%)
40 3.872 142.4 538 0.276 148.7 96
35 3.524 118 455 0.259 118.24 95.86
25 2.823 75.73 315 0.211 66.675 94.97
20 1.899 34.25 252 0.14 36.675 96.38
Design and implementation of grid tied high step-up DC-DC converter … (Binapani Sethi)
330  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 11. Simulation circuit of the DC-DC converter

Figure 12. Simulation circuit for a complete model

Figure 13. Output voltage of the converter

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Figure 14. Reference sine waves and carrier triangular signal

Figure 15. Individual switching signals (g1, g2, g3, Figure 16. Three-phase load line to
g4, g5, g6) for three phase voltage source Inverter neutral voltage

Figure 17. Line- neutral voltage of inverter output without filter

Figure 18. Line- neutral voltage of inverter output with filter

Figure 19. Variation in output voltage with change in load where V o = 455 V and 252 V

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332  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 20. Variation in output voltage with change in load where Vo = 538 V and 315 V

Figure 21. Change in efficiency with variation in load

5.3. Performance limitation and advantages of the proposed converter

A problem with switched capacitor converter is that, it is difficult to ensure good output voltage
regulation in the presence of wide load variation and in particular when there is an input voltage variation. In
switch converter even if with the ideal components it has a non-zero output resistance, without filter the
losses in the converter power stage increase. As the losses increases the efficiency of the converter get
compromised.
As in this converter two capacitors and two diodes are added on the secondary side of the couple
inductor in order to obtain high voltage gain. Therefore, a passive clamping circuit is used to clamp the
voltage across the main switch and to recycle the energy of the leakage inductor. Hence high voltage ratio
can be maintained for wide load variation as the losses are reduced during the conversion stage the efficiency
is maintained high.

5.4. Comparison with other DC-DC converters

In converter topologies using transformer high voltage gain is achieved by adjusting the turns ratio.
But this leads to high voltage spike across the main switch due to leakage inductor energy of the transformer.
This will further lead to high power dissipation and losses. The converter using inductors also suffer from
high voltage stress across the main switch the magnetic design issues lower conversion efficiency, high noise
and high electromagnetic interference.
This proposed converter can be used for high power application as the capacitor can store 10-100
times more energy per volume than inductors. As the clamped circuit is used the voltage stress on the main
switch is drastically reduced and hence the losses are also low thereby increasing the efficiency. For high
power application the selection of the main switch plays a vital role as conduction lose increases with high
RDSON of the main switch but in this topology as the leakage energy of the inductor is recycled with the
clamping circuit the main switch with the low RDSON can be selected thereby reducing the conduction losses.

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As the reverse recovery problem of the diode is eliminated in this circuit hence the efficiency is improved. It
has low electromagnetic interference and lower cost due to reduction in component size and rating.

6. CONCLUSION
In this work the proposed switched capacitor high gain DC-DC converter is modeled and designed
which can be connected with a 3-phase inverter for grid synchronization. The simulation model of the
proposed converter is done using physical security information management (PSIM) Software and also the
3-phase inverter with SPWM technique is modeled using this software. For grid synchronization, we have
used the SPWM method because the phase angle and frequency at the inverter output match the grid. A LC
filter was also designed to remove the harmonics of the output voltage during grid synchronization. A high
voltage gain of 13 is obtained for different input voltages, hence can be used for high voltage application.
Here we used a dc voltage source of 40V and used a high step-up DC-DC capacitor switched converter to
increase it to around 538 V and output voltage of the converter applied to the inverter circuit for a grid tied
system and we got the three-phase line-neutral voltage of around 415V. With the variation of load and input
voltage the efficiency of the proposed converter is found to be 96%, hence it provides high efficiency and
good voltage regulation.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Binapani Sethi is a Ph.D. research Scholar at the Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha, India. She
received her bachelor’s degree in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and
master’s degree in Electronics Communication Engineering from Biju Patnaik University of
Technology. Her research interests include the field of digital signal processing, image
processing, soft computing and power electronics. Binapani is currently continuing her Ph.D.
research at Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar under BPUT and aims to make
significant contributions to the field of power electronics. She can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Lopamudra Mitra is currently working as Associate Professor in the

Department of Electrical Engineering, Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar. She
received her B.Tech. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from National Institute of
Science and Technology and M.Tech. with specialization in Power Electronics and Drives
from KIIT University, Bhubaneswar. She had completed her Ph.D. from KIIT University,
Bhubaneswar. Presently carrying her research in the area of power electronics and renewable
energy systems. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 15, No. 1, March 2024: 323-334