Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL786

Hypocenter Distribution of Sinabung Volcano during

January - December 2015
Izam Bahtiar Reza1*; Agus Setyawan2*; Mohammad Hasib3,4 ; Ahmad Basuki 3,4*
1
Magister of Physics, Physics Department, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universitas Diponegoro, Tembalang Campus,
Semarang, Indonesia, 50275
2
Physics Department, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universitas Diponegoro, Tembalang Campus, Semarang, Indonesia,
50275
3
Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN), Gedung B.J. Habibie, Jakarta Pusat, 10340
4
Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG), Bandung, Jawa Barat, 40122
*Author's Correspondence: Ahmad Basuki

Abstract:- Sinabung volcano is one of the active volcanoes According to the Minakami classification [11], type A
in Indonesia. the study used seismogram recording data volcanic-tectonic earthquakes (VT earthquakes) are visible in
from January - December 2015. from this period there the P and S regions, usually dominating at frequencies of
were 163 volcanic earthquake events with 5 stations about 10 Hz or more and occurring at depths of 1-20 km.
spread across the sinabung volcano area. this study is Meanwhile, VT B earthquakes often have indistinct P and S
about the hypocenter distribution of the sinabung volcano beginnings, with 1-5 Hz dominant frequencies. Although the
earthquake. Hypocenter distribution is done using onset time is unclear, there are some B-type earthquakes
Geiger's method with Adaptive Damping (GAD). by below, at a depth of about 3 km.
analyzing the depth of the earthquake with a special
technique (Geiger's method with Adaptive Damping), the Geiger method [12] is applied to determine the location
hypocenter distribution is obtained at a depth of 1-5 of the epicenter of an earthquake by calculating the difference
kilometers. in arrival times based on theoretical calculations and volcano
observation calculations. In this method, the earth layer is
Keywords:- Hypocenter, GAD Method, Sinabung Vulcano, assumed to consist of several horizontal layers and is a
Seismic. function of the distance between the epicenter and the lowest
point of the earthquake [13]. The velocity parameter is known
I. INTRODUCTION from the velocity model, while the time parameter is obtained
from the results of P and S wave timing at at least three
Sinabung volcano is located in Karo Regency, North available stations. With this data, is used to determine the
Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The mountain is 2,460 m high minimum remaining travel time to obtain seismic center data
and has coordinates 3.17°N 98.392°BT [1]. Sinabung volcano (𝑋0 , 𝑌0 𝑍0 ).
has been active since 1600 AD and experienced a phreatic
eruption on August 27, 2010, so its status was changed from This study aims to determine the epicenter distribution
Category B to Category A to continue monitoring to of epicenters using GAD. Therefore, the study was conducted
minimize the dangers posed by the eruption [2]. In November with new seismic data between January and December 2015
2013, phreatic to magmatic eruptions occurred and continued due to high seismic activity.
until mid-December 2013 [3].
On 24 July 2015, thick white smoke and haze as high as
Volcanoes that will erupt have seismic activities such as 100 meters were seen, and lava flows were also seen from the
increased seismic activity, increased temperature and gas top of Sinabung Vulcano as far as 500 - 1,000 m to the
gusts, and surface deformation [4]. Sinabung volcano has a southeast. Furthermore, on July 25, 2015, it was recorded that
fairly high activity, this activity is always increasing because around 1,111 people were still placed in 10 evacuation sites.
the energy released by the mountain can cause earthquakes Finally, on December 27, 2015, at least on Sinabung Vulcano
[5]. The seismic investigation provides accurate information there were 19 small outbursts and the status of Sinabung
to understand dynamics of magma beneath the volcano Vulcano is still at level IV (alert), and 9,319 people are still
[6.7.8.9]. VT earthquake classification can be used to displaced in the shelter post provided [14]. Therefore,
determine the characteristics of earthquakes, including research was conducted on the epicenter distribution of the
volcanic earthquakes, and map the Hypocenter [10]. Sinabung volcano earthquake using the GAD method.
Research was conducted on the distribution of the hypocenter
of the Sinabung volcano earthquake using the GAD method.

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Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL786

II. DATA WITH SEISMIC STASIUN (Sibayak), MDD Station (Mardingding) and KBY Station
(Kebayaken). The location of the stations around Mount
The data used in this research is data from Mount Sinabung can be seen in Figure 1. The station closest to the
Sinabung seismogram recordings installed by the Center for peak of Mount Sinabyng is KWR with a distance of 0.92 km
Volcanology and Geological Disaster Mitigation (PVMBG) and the distance furthest from the peak location is SBY with
in the Mount Sinabung area, such as the SKN Station a distance of 12.22 Km. The peak point on Mount Sinabung
(Sukanalu), the KWR Station (Lau Kawar), SBY Station is 98.39278 and 3.17 Km.

Fig 1. Map of Seismic Station at Sinabung that used in this Study. Black Rectangle and Yellow Triangle Correspond to the
Seismic Station and Active Crater, Respectively.

The data used in this study is seismic recording data from PVMBG Sinabung Volcano from January to December 2015; 163
data were obtained from PVMBG. Figure 2 is an example of VT waves recorded on April 15, 2015.

Fig 2. Example of the VT Earthquake Waveform Recorded on April 15, 2015 at 23:41:40 – 23:42:30

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Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL786

III. METODOLOGY

This research uses secondary data, namely seismic data obtained from seismic recordings at each station around Sinabung
Volcano. The recorded data is then analyzed using the LS7_WVE application to read seismic waves from each observation station.
This software can read the data every hour and display the arrival time of P and S waves. These waves are amplified until an
earthquake is detected. Before determining the epicenter of a volcano, the primary parameter that is first determined is the time of
the quake or the time of occurrence. Determination of the time of earthquake occurrence using the Wadati map This Wadati map is
used to check the linear relationship and quality of P and S time [15].

Fig 3. Wadati Diagram of VT Events During January-December 2015

The Wadati diagram is a parameter with good sampling IV. DISCUSSION

quality by plotting the difference of S-wave and P-wave
arrival times (Ts-Tp) on the Y axis and the P-wave arrival Data processing to determine the epicenter of Sinabung
time on the X axis [16]. The difference in the arrival times of Volcano was carried out using seismic recordings from five
P and S waves will continue to increase proportionally with stations scattered around the Sinabung Volcano area from
the increase in the observed P wave arrival time [17], which January to December 2015. The earthquake was analyzed as
is consistent with the fact that the farther away the station is, a VT earthquake because VT earthquakes occur due to
the longer the P wave arrival time is. It runs. It is essential to magmatic activity from below, above the surface before the
record the waves transmitted to the receiving station. The eruption occurs [19]. The determination of the epicenter and
Wadati diagram with a slope (Vp/Vs-1) between 0.6 to 0.9 is epicenter of Sinabung Volcano with the GAD method
classified as a good selection [18]; from the classification, the includes determining tp and ts at each event. The epicenter in
value of the Wadati diagram is y = 0.6 x, as shown in Figure Figure 4 is the location of volcanic earthquake vibrations
3. represented below the point (0,0) with a scale of distribution
of the location of volcanic earthquake vibrations in kilometers
In this study, the seismic event used is the VT (km). It can be seen that the epicenter is at a depth of 1 to 5
earthquake, and the data obtained is stored in a notebook in km below the summit of Sinabung Volcano. The epicenter is
.dat format as input data for the GAD program. Next, convert around the summit of Sinabung Volcano, which primarily
each station's longitude and latitude coordinates to UTM extends north.
format. The data used to determine the epicenter and
epicenter is the station's location, and the velocity and arrival Research conducted by Indrastuti et al. [20] on the
time of the P and S waves are calculated in advance using topography of Sinabung Volcano in the inter-eruption period
GAD software (Geiger method with Adaptive Damping) [12]. October - July 2013 found that the hypocenter location is
After the data were imported into Origin software, the about 8 km below the peak of Sinabung Volcano. In addition,
epicenter was generated from the inverted x and z values, Ipmawan et al. [21] have conducted research on magma
while the hypocenter was obtained from the x and y values. intrusion in the pre-magmatic period (2010 - 2013) Sinabung
Volcano VT earthquake hypocenter at a depth of 1-10 km.

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Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL786

Then Kurnia et al [22] conducted research in the period the crater, at the time of the eruption in 2010 then Sinabung
2012 - May 2013 from the results of the comparison of the Volcano spewed about more than 1,000,000 m3 in other
maximum value of horizontal and vertical deformation of words the volume of material in the body of Sinabung
Continuous Real-Time GPS observations found the depth of Volcano not all spewed during the eruption.
the earthquake source ranging from 2 - 9 km from the top of

Fig 4 a) These are the Underground Locations where Earthquakes Originate beneath Sinabung Volcano during the Period of
January to December 2015, b) These are the Points on the Earth's Surface Directly above the Earthquake sources (Hypocenters)
Sinabung Volcano during the Period of January to December 2015.

V. CONCLUSION REFERENCES
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