Pla)

pla) Pdas) P)-P(R 0a)

P16)

Pl )>nla)-a)

PALiAd EES os PiO SL

Leuuclasth ie d La-) Lie
DlAUA) S1

Pl4):PA,)-p lA 1A) S1
PlA) tp ln) 1+ P(A, AA
laewsil alew 4uolie
D4AA) 2 pe,) tP(4) -7

nlA)2PI,)- ()
D
 62-26-12- Cmnd
6xfaloin ryes &lstetl
Bcuyck kieti caiuialis Lomoalinned
A petiLe8biu r8balddy Jelaldd ad
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llsustt tue uiacd
ftslalbdss.44A amd
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Btiynglly astaied eaasy aclelidignal Axspetson
lulen 4 Aliauid
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Leucldicnl Jraballet
PAID plaa8)-0-
P0)
plBlA) p0n)-
PO)
M
Methods
1-5 Probability and Ran
By equations (3) and (4), we get Van ter Oriented Statist
able. From the above
P (A)+ P (B)P(AnB)+ P (AB) 2p
e cases are ((21), 3.1), )+2P (An PA B)- 13
2). (62)
Compare the equation (2) and (5), o PAn B)
P (A)+P (B) P(AUB)+P (AnB) PAOB)-P
So, P(Au B)- P(A)-+ P
on first dice exceeds that (B)-P (An B)
nd) .22) For any three arbitrary events A, B, c
Nbat pro
P(AUBU) =P(A)+ P(B) +P(C)-P(A PAB) -
-P(CnA) +P(A nBnC). nB)-PR. n
ss, then X follow the UNTU :
Nov.09, 1
meters (n) Ans.: 1.3:Probabil
50 P(AUBUC) P[(AU B)UC] =
a.24 What is an
-
P(AUB)+ P(C)- P[(AU B)nCg Ans.: The addit
heads in succession P(A)+ P(B)- P(An B)+ PC) events is the sum
nts of the sample
tosses. Is this a - P[(AnC)uBoC] happen minus t
P(A) PB) +P(C)- P(An B)
=
+ The addition rul
THHH TTHHH, -P(AnC)-P(BnC)-P((AnOoBo a.25 Define pre
HH THTHHH, PA) +P(B) +P(C)- PA nB)-P(A nO Ans.:The pro
-P (BnC)+P (AnBng number of out
total number on
Q.23 1f
taining as many PA) PB)=PA
=
space S of the
S. Find a)
P(A
B)-5
UB) b) P(A° OB) c) PAnB9. Q.26 A single-
Ans.:
P(B)-P(AnB)
s. To write AuB
a) P(AU B) probability of
the probabili
P(AUB) P(A)+ P(B)-P(AnB) events ?
lusive events Ans.:
The umbe
nB) 3+2x5 1 The numbe
15 15
(1) Events :T
13-1 12
15 they can
P(ASe 15
 Probability and Random Variahle
wmpner timtl Btatisfinl Methile
factory produeton ne t,
Comp
A puaterr pmbabilily le prolbability value hit A mechanleal
tisnulneturlng bohs
Hsing three machlnes, A, a ( o s
Aas benn nvised by ing adlitlonal infurmation machine A le responsible feét
nd C, The total ntput, machine C 1o The to
hal is later soblained B lor 35% and
for 25%, mnehlne in
that 5% of the output from 3:2
that partilon the the vest. The machnes randon
Buppda B. ,, B machine A le dafeetive,
4% rom machine B and
uhamoa an esperliment anl hat A ls anotlef ls chosen at random what
2% from machlne G. A bolt woma
Vent For Any number, k, witlh 1 sksn, we have line and found to be
frem the prodsetion
defective. What le the probability
that it came Ans.
thefomwla
PYA/B,)PB) from
PO,A) ,maehine A machine B . machine C?
PA/B) PO) Ans, Let

D (bolt is defective
entaln 100 and 200
43 Tw boxes B andl Bg A (bolt is from machine Al, Giver
fret bon (B) has 15
Hght bulbe respeetively. The
defertive bulbe anl the
sevnd 6. Buppose a bor
B (bolt is from machine B),
one bulb ls pleked out
lseeletted st randam and
le defeetlve ?
8) What ie the prabsbilly that C (bolt is from machine C).
nd itie found to be
b) Bppee we fest the bulb
that It came PA)-025, P(B) =0.35, P(C) 0.4.
-

defeetlve, What is the probabiliy Given data

frembox 1?
PDIA) 0.05, P(DIB) 0.04, P(DIC)-0.02.
Ans. We
Box B, has 85
From the Bayes' Theorem:
a) Probablty thet it ls defeetive : P(DIA)x P(A)
82 Usi
good and 13 defective bulbs. Similarly box PAD)PDA) PA)+POB P(B)+P(DI)XPC)
has 195 good and B defective bulbs.
Let D-"Defectlve bulb is picked out 0.05x 0.25
0.05 0.25+0.0470.35+0.02x 04
1hen, 0.0125
POD)- 0.15, PD/D,) 0.1025 0.0125+ 0.014+0.008
Since a box ls selected at random, they are equally PA/D) 0.3621
likely
Similarly:
PB)P0,), PD/B)x PB)
Thus By and B, form a parlition and using above
PO/D) pDA} PIA)+ PD/Bx PB)+ PD/Ox PC) ap
equation, we obtain 0.04x0.35
O.05x0.25+ 0.04x 0.35+0.02x 0.4
PD) PDB,) P(B,)+ P(DYB,) P(B,)
0.014 0.014
- 0.15x0.025% 0.0875 0.0125+ 0.014+ 0.008 0.0345

Thus,there is about 9% probability that a bulb picked PB/D)-0A057

at random is defective. PD/Ox P(C)
PCD)
b) Probability that ít came from box 1: pDAX PA)+ PD/B)x P(B)+ P(D/)x PC)
PB,/D)- B ) P B , ) 0.15x1/2 0.02x 0.4
0.8571
PD) 0.0875 0.05x 0.25+004x 0.35+ 0.02x 0.4
0.008 0.008
0.0125+0.014+0.008 0.0345
P(C/D)0.2318

TECHNICAL PUBLIGATIONS An up thrust

for knowledge DECODE
 Probability and Rarndom Var
al factory production ariable
ww
Computer Oriented Statis tical Methods
ts using three line 1 12 Pravabillty and M
utput, machine machines,
A is A,A(O5 At a certain unlverslty, 4% of me
B for 35% and responen all and 1% of women are over 6 feet But PAB) PA) PB/A)
ines that 5% of the machine C
foy t The
tall.
The total student populatlon ls divlded In the ratio
output O 3:2 in favour of women If a student le selected at PArB)
tive, 4% from machine POMA) PA)
.A bolt is chosen at Bnd random from among all those over six feet tall,
on line and found rando Owhat ie the probability that the student ls a
what ? POBMA)-
the to be woman
probability that it came Ans.: Let us assume following
POB/A)1/2
amachine B ili. machine C? M (Student is Male),
Q47 1f A and Ag are quallty 1k
F (Student is Female), exclusive and exhasstve events and F
is defectivel, P(B/A) 0.3, find PA,/B)
T (Student is over 6 feet tall. Ans.: Since A and A are equally
is from machine A],
Given data: PA )PA2). Further, they are mut

is from machine B, P(M) 2/5, P(A)+ PA) 1

is from machine C). PF) 3/5, P(A)-PAz) 0.5

0.5%0.2
.25, P(B)-0.35, P(C) = 0.4. P(TIM) 4/100
0.5%0.2+0.5%0
DIB)- 0.04, P(DIC) = 0.02. P(TIF) 1/100. 0.1 0.1
em
0.1+0.15 025
We require to find P(FIT) ?
P(D A)x P(A) Theorem have
PA1/B) 04
+PD/B)x P(B) +P(DICx P Using Bayes' we :

P(T/}) P(F) Q48 10% of the bulbe produced

.05x 0.25 P(E/T) PTE PF)+ P(T/M) P(M) ofred colour and 2% are red and
.04x 0.35+0.02x 0.4 3 3
bulb ls picked up at random,
1 probability of its being defective f
100 5 500
+0.008 T000x
Ans.:
500 500 Let A and B be the events that the b
detective, respectively.
P(F/T) 11 P(A) 10/100 1/10
Q.46 A pair of dice is rolled. If the sum of 9 has
(D/B)X P(B) P (AnB) 2/100 1/50
of the
(DB)X PB)+PD/Ox P(C) appeared, find the proabability that one
P(AnB) 1/50
dice shows 3. P (BI A) P(A) 1/10
0.35 Ans.: Let A The event that the sum is 9
0.35+0.02x 0.4 Thus the probability of the pick
0.014 B The event the one of dice shows 3. being defeftive, if it is red, is 1/5.
08 0.0345 Exhaustive cases 6 = 36. 1.6: Random Variables anc

of the event A (3, 6), (6, 3), (4, 5) Distributions: Concep

avorable cases
DyOx P(C) Variable
4)
DB)xPB)+P(D/C)xPC) So PA) 4.36
Q.49 Define discrete sample spa
.4 Ans.: If a sample space contaire
.35+0.02x 0.4 PA) 9 possibilities or an unending seq
0.008 Fav event AnB= (3, 6), (6,
3) elements as there are whole n
Orable case for the
8 0.0345 discrete sample space.
Hence PAOB-
 1-14
bm variable. Probabilie
a continuous rand 1+4+6+4
16 16 15 POX 1)-POX- 2)-PO
in an interval
do F4) f(0)+ f(1)
+f(2)+ f(3)+
f(4) POX-4)-6
distribution for t The
probability distribution give

Q.55 A
1+4+6+4+111
16
16
X
POX) 15/61
2

10/61 30
shipment of 8
a. retail
outlet contains similar
3 that microcomputers
school makes a defective. If
are
to 1.7:Continuous Probability
computers, find therandom purchase of 2 of. thesea Statistical Independence
head side up. number of defectives.probability distribution for the Q.57 What is
Ans.: Let X be Ans.:
Continuous probabil
il side up. randoma
Continuous probability
are the
possible numbers variable whose values x
of defective
of
distribution that deals with dist
coin to purchased by the school. Then x can computers
land hea numbers data or random variables. The com
0, 1, and 2. be any of the
Now variables deal with cc
different kinds o-
Number of ways of
choosing
8!
any 2 Q.58 What is a
discrete
probabil
$C2(8-2)121) 28
What fwo
distribution?
Ans.
conditions determine
Discrete distribution
(This will be the
denominator) distribution where
random variable in sample space
P[O] Cox SC, /28 such a case can
=(3!/(3-0)101)x (5!x (5-2)12) /28 values. For
= 5/14 coins etc.
example: number of peop
Discrete Probability distribution
P[1] Cx C/28 -
15/28 values a random
variable can
P[2]-C,x sCo/28 3/28 corresponding probabilities of the va
e number of Q.56 If a random The two conditions
. Determine 3 and 4 such variable X takes the are
that values 1, 2,
X= 3 )= 5P (X2P (X = 1)= 3P (X= 2)= P 1. Sum of all
probabilities should be
4),
distribution function
=
derive the
of X. probabllity 2 Each probability must be
(JNTU: March-17, Marks 5] to zero.
greater
Assume (X 3) a By the
P
Q.59 Explaln diference
given equation
continuous random varlable.between

a
)-POX-2)-POX-4)- Ans.
probability distribution (and mass Sr.
function) No. Discrete
2P-1 s

P) 1. It uses
)+P(4)-1 countable set It uses
61 on R.
1 30
3-1 ev

1
ecoDE
PUBLICATIONS An up thrust
for knowladge
 N ON N

8 888

i
 wing probabillity random varlable with the
x0.19 +3x0.04+4x0.01 distribut
X
6

P(X x) 1/6 fitierrgeeeie

seeferero
1/2 1/3
then evaluate E(2X+ 1)2 Pge io
xP(X=x) Ans.: We ato
know that:
0.19+9x 0.04+ 16 E(2X+1)2- E(4X2+4X+1) -
EA(X?)+ EA(X)+1
EOO
- + 2
EOX) - )0)-
ven by o
VCX) =
+
1-209
E(2X+1)2- (4)x(93/2)+ (4)(11/2)
gram of the .66 A class contains of
following 6
ch represents the
committee of 3 is girls and 10 boys. If a
s chosen at
from a video store class, find the random from the
probability
selected, (1) exactly that (1) 3
2 girls are boys are
Ans.: Total number of selected.
x) student (n) 16
=
Then n(s) number of
ways of choosing 3 from 16
-16 C3
i) 3 boys are selected We can write Ca here.
n(E)= "10 C3 Therefore
10 C3
10x9x8
PE)16 Ca 16x15x14 14
i)exactly 2 girls are selected
Then nE) C2x 10C =

PE) 6C2xC
16 C3 56

Q87 Three groups of students

3 girls and 1 boy; 2 girls and 2contain respectively
boys; 1 girl and13
boys; one student is selected at random
group. Flind the from each
probability of selecting 1
2 boys. girl and
Ans.: If G denotes
selection of girls and B denotes
selection of a boy then the
various cases of selection
can be GBB
BBG
respectively from the three
groups, or
respectivelyfrom the three
groups.

DECODE
 Computer Oriented Statistical
Methods 1-17 Probability and
So,P(GBB) P(G
x
from from Q.69 Two coins are Lossed. Let A d
group
"at most one head on the swo toe
P(B from group II1) group 1)x P(B
denote the event one head and or
P(GBB) AC1 tosses", Are A and B independen
C Ans.: The sample space of the expes
Similarly, HT, TH, TT
Now events are defined as follows:
P(BGB)-
A -(HT, TH, TT} B-
P(BBG) and An B (HT, TH)

-
Required probability P(GBB) P(BGB) +P(BBG) + Thus

PA) P(B)
Q.68/A batch of 100 manufactured components is POA B)-
checked by an inspector who examines 10
components selected at randon. If none of the 10
component's is defective, the inspector accepts the
PA) PB)
whole batch. Otherwise, the batch is
subjected to Since P(AB) P(A) P(B), we conch
further inspection. What is the that a
batch
probability and B are not independent
containing 10 defective components wll be
accepted?
Q.70 A die is thrown times.
Ans.:Let the N denote the number of
ways of considered as success find the
indiscriminately selecting 10 components from a batch atleast 2 success.
of 100
components. Then N is given by Ans.
N C (100, 10)
100! 100!
p- n
(100-10)1x10! 90 Ix10 P (at least 2
success) P(X2 2)
Let E denote the event "the
batch containing 10
defective components is
accepted by the inspector".
The number of
ways that E can occur
is the
number of ways of 10 FIll in the
the 90
selecting
non-defective components from Blanks for Mid
components and no Q.1 A
components from the 10 defective variable takes
This component's. which is
number, N( E ) is given by determined by
random experiment.
N(E) C (90, 10) xC(10, 0) C (90, 10) Q.2 A
90!
pictorial
90! manipulations representation
with events
(90-10)1x101 80 1x10 using diagrams.
Theprobability of event E is Q.3 Statistical data,
given by in
be very useful generated
for
P(E)-NE._90 90!x10 901x90! the distribution if studying
N 801x901 100 presente
TO0x80 tabular and
graphic displa-
PE)-0.3305 plot

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS An up
thrust for knowiledge
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