IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 40, NO.

1, FEBRUARY 1991

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Optimizing Networks of Traffic Signals in Real Time-The SCOOT Method

Dennis I. Robertson and R. David Bretherton
Abstract-This paper describes bow the SCOOT Urban Traffic Control system evolved from research by the British Governments Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) the TRANSYT method on of optimizing networks of 6 x 4 time signals. The key principles of the SCOOT on-line tratlic model and real-time signal optimlzers are explained. The results of surveys are reviewed, applications are summarized, and some new developments are outlined.

INTRODUCTION

HERE adjacent junctions in a network of urban road are less than a mile apart and are controlled by traffic signals, major benefits can be obtained by installing an urban traffic control (UTC) system to coordinate the operation of the signals. Such systems use a central computer to control the signal sequences and to monitor their operation; the signals and computer are usually connected by voice grade data transmission lines. The method of controlling the signal sequences can have a significant effect on levels of urban congestion, on fuel economy, and on exhaust emissions. This is the main topic of this paper.

Fig. 1 . A time-distance diagram.

UTC SYSTEMS
The first UTC systems came into operation in the mid-l960s, and since then their use has been growing rapidly. In 1987, the U.S. and Canada had in operation or under construction over 300 UTC systems controlling 20 000 signals [7]. The largest is in New York with 300(! signaled junctions under central control. In Japan, 34500 signals out of a total of 122000 signals are controlled by UTC systems in 74 cities [6]. The largest UTC system in the world is in Tokyo where 5500 signals are controlled centrally. France has about 50 UTC systems in operation; this covers almost all cities with more than 80000 inhabitants. Similar numbers of systems are in operation in Britain, a few more in Germany, and about 10 in Australia. Many other countries have UTC systems in their major cities and in some smaller towns. This rapid growth in the use of UTC systems stems from their success in optimizing traffic flow through urban networks. Experience suggests that, depending on the prior method of signal control, traffic flows, and road layout, coordination can reduce delays and stops by between 10 and 40%. Since the cost of delay at an average signaled junction is likely to be a few hundreds of thousands of U.S. dollars each year, it is understandable that many UTC systems have recovered their capital cost well within the first year of operation.

adjacent signal just as it turns green. If this can be continued through a series of signals, traffic is able to travel along a green wave. Fig. 1 shows on a time-distance (T-D) diagram a simple example of green wave bands for two directions of travel along an arterial road. Many traffic engineers use T-D diagrams to work out the best way to coordinate signals, and this is one of the most frequent actions taken to optimize control of road networks. Where the green and red times of the signals are held constant for multiple cycles, this is referred to as a fixed time plan. It is usual to prepare at least four different fixed time plans to suit the average traffic flows that are expected in the morning peak, the midday period, the afternoon peak and late evening and nighttime conditions. Special plans may be produced for occasions such as festivals. On the right-hand side of Fig. 1, typical movements of individual vehicles are shown in time and space-some have to stop and start and so form queues that disrupt the green wave. In such situations, the diagram of a green wave may be misleading. It is a difficult task to estimate average queues using a T-D diagram, particularly in a road network where various routes cross each other. Nowadays such estimates are often made by the use of computer programs, of which probably the most widely known and used is called TRANSYT.

COORDINATIONFIXED ON TIME PLANS

Signals are usually coordinated on a common cycle time so that the platoons of vehicles that leave one signal arrive at the
Manuscript received May 1990. The authors are with the Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Old Wokingham Road, Crowthome, Berkshire RGll 6AU, U.K. IEEE Log Number 9040535.

Optimization by TRANSYT
The TRANSYT method [8] was developed originally at Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL); additional features have been added by TRRL and other researchers in Britain [versions up to 91, the U.S. [Versions 6C and 7F], Australia, Sweden, France and other countries. TRANSYT has been shown by surveys in a number of countries to be highly cost-effective- for example, in the Caltrans FETSIM pro-

0018-9545/91/0200-0011$01.00 @ 1991 IEEE

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 40,NO. 1, FEBRUARY 1991

gram for fuel economy in California [11. The TRANSYT method serves as an unofficial international standard against which to measure the efficiency of other methods of coordinating networks of traffic signals. TRANSYT is relevant in the present context because the SCOOT responsive method of control [4] shares some of the same basic concepts, including the optimization criteria. OPTIMIZATION CRITERIA

CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE

Bandwidth
There is little point in trying to optimize signal coordination unless the objectives are sensible. Traditionally, traffic engineers have coordinated signals by maximizing the bandwidth of the green waves on a T-D diagram; most such diagrams are more complex than that in Fig. 1. The great merit of the bandwidth criteria is that it is not necessary to know traffic flows in details and T-D diagrams help the traffic engineer to visualize flow patterns. But it is not possible to translate bandwidth measures into financial terms. Further, wherever congestion occurs, the bandwidth concept breaks down because the growth of queues distorts the bands in complex ways. In central urban areas, where many complex traffic movements intersect, bandwidth has little meaning. On lightly or moderately loaded signalized arterials, with few vehicles turning in from side roads, bandwidth optimization usually produces satisfactory results. In more difficult situations there are good reasons for taking the extra trouble needed to minimize queues.
I

ON LINE TRAFFIC
MODEL

SIGNAL OPTlMlSER SPLIT CYCLE OFFSET

-T

PEAK

PERIOD

SUCCESSIVE CYCLES

Average Queues
In both TRANSYT and SCOOT, the prime objective is to minimize the s u m of the average queues in the area. This criteria is expressed as a performance index (PI), which can be translated from its physical significance of vehicles delayed into financialterms-although there may be arguments about whether to assess the cost of delay, at say, $5 or $10 per vehicle-hour. Action to minimize queues would, in the limit, result in zero queues everywhere, and hence all vehicles that approached a traffic signal should receive a green signal. This ideal condition of multidirectional green waves cannot be achieved in practice, but represents a desirable objective.

Fig. 2. Key elements of the SCOOT UTC system.

Vehicle Stops
The PI in TRANSYT and SCOOT also takes account of the number of times vehicles have to stop. Stops waste energy, imtate drivers, and may cause some accidents, so TRANSYT and SCOOT have a weighting factor that balances the relative importance of queues and stops. Most of the time, signal settings that minimize queues also reduce stops, although there is a tendency to favor rather longer cycle times if a heavy weighting is given to stops. In general, TRRL recommend that one stop should be given a weighting equivalent to 20 s of delay.
QUEUE ESTIMATION TRANSYT and SCOOT contain similar traffic models that are able to estimate queue size. These models are used by optimizers to evaluate alternative signal timings and so help find the best settings. The traffic models need to simulate the real world; if not, the optimizers may be misled.

one-way flow of vehicles past any chosen point on the road during each part of the cycle t h e of the upstream signal. The average flows in each part of the cycle can be taken over many cycle times (e.g., a 1 h peak as in TRANSYT) or updated every 4 s (as in SCOOT). The cycle time is divided into short time steps which are typically 1-5 s long in TRANSYT but fixed at 4 s in SCOOT. Thus, a CFP records platoons of vehicles as successive steps within the cycle when flows are high. A typical CFP is shown at the top of Fig. 2. CFPs can be measured quite easily by hand and, at most sites, it will be found that traffic is not concentrated into neat bands (as implied by the bandwidth methods) but is spread out, with varying intensity, over the whole cycle of the signals. In TRANSYT, the shape of the CFP has to be calculated for each one-way flow along all streets in the area. The calculation is made in an upstream-downstream direction. The accuracy of the calculation depends on the accuracy of the data on average flows, saturation flows, cruise times and so on, that the traffic engineer has to provide as input to the TRANSYT program. It is not difficult to collect these data but it is time-consuming. SCOOT bypasses these processes and achieves accuracy and immediacy by measuring the CFP in real time-but of course, vehicle sensors have to be installed and maintained to provide the data.

Queue Estimation
Once a CFP is known, the computer can be programmed to estimate how many vehicles will reach the downstream signals when they are red-hence both the, sue of the queue and how long it takes to clear, can be calculated and the effects of

Cyclic Flow Profiles (CFP)

The TRANSYT and SCOOT models are both based on the use of cyclic flow profiles. A CFP is a measure of the average

ROBERTSON AND BRETHERTON: THE SCOOT METHOD

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alterations in the signal timings predicted. TRANSYT and SCOOT carry out these calculations in a similar manner. Both methods assume that traffic platoons travel at a known cruising speed with some dispersion, and that queues discharge during the green time at a saturation flow rate that is known and constant for each signal stopline. The growth and clearance of a typical queue are shown in the middle of Fig. 2. In SCOOT, these estimates are updated every 4 s and constitute the on-line traffic model that is used in real time by the signal optimizer.

TABLE I

REDUCTION DELAY IN FROM THE USE SCOOT OF

Percent Reduction in Delay Time Location Glasgow Coventry Coleshill Road Spon End Worcester Southampton London Previous Control Fixed-time Fixed-time Fixed-time IsolatedV-A IsolatedV-A Fixed-time
AM

Peak
-2

Of f Peak
14*

PM

Peak
10*

TRAFFIC RESPONSIVE COORDINATION

In spite of the success of fixed time UTC systems, experience has revealed several limitations that are becoming more important as congestion grows. Fixed time plans are seldom kept up to date, mainly because it takes about 1 man-year of work to produce a set of optimized timing plans for a network of 30-40 signals. Bell [2] estimates that old plans deteriorate to cause an extra 3% of delay a year. Further, even if the plan is up to date, it cannot cope satisfactorily with random variations in flows, for example, after an accident occurs. Finally, no information is available to the traffic manager on the current traffic situation (unless closed circuit television or vehicle detectors are installed). To overcome these limitations, the TRRL cooperated with British Industry (Ferranti, GEC, and Plessey) to develop SCOOT. Research started in the early 1970s.

23 33* 22* 8 0 4 11 7* 20* 32* 15* 23* 39* 1 48* (Average 8 % less journey time)

*Results significant at the 95 % confidence level.

mented immediately. In a similar manner, the cycle time of a group of junctions may be increment4 up or down by a few seconds every few minutes. So SCOOT makes a large number of small optimization . xisions-typically over loo00 per hour in a network of 100 iunctions. A few decisions may be wrong, but this is uninrportant provided the large majority are correct. The effect of these optimization decisions is to vary the signal timings in the. manner shown in the lower part of Fig. 2.
I

Principles of SCOOT
The three key principles are: 1) measure CFPs in real time; 2) update an on-line model of queues continuously; 3) incremental optimization of signal settings. Principles 1 and 2 have been outlined above. The traffic data for the CFPs are collected, usually every second, from inductiveloop sensors located well upstream of signal stoplines, preferably just downstream from the previous junction. In this position, installation costs are reduced and the earliest possible direct prediction is obtained of arrivals at the downstream stopline. Further, the sensor can anticipate gridlock, which may occur if the queue extends back into the upstream junction. The SCOOT optimizer takes special action when vehicles queue over the sensors.

SURVEYSOFSCOOT
The effectiveness of the SCOOT strategy has been assessed by major trials in five cities. The results from the trials are summarized in Table I. The trials in Glasgow and Coventry were conducted by TRRL and those in Worcester, Southhampton, and London by consultants, a university, and the local traffic authority, respectively. In most cases, comparisons were made against a good standard of fixed time coordination usually based on TRANSYT. The table shows that the largest benefits are achieved in comparison with isolated vehicle actuation but, of course, part of this benefit could be achieved by a good fixed time system. The relative effectiveness of SCOOT varies by area and time of day but overall it is concluded that SCOOT achieved an average saving in delay of about 12%compared with good fixed time plans. Since SCOOT does not age in the way typical of fixed time plans, it follows that SCOOT should achieve savings in many practical situations of 20% or more depending on the quality and age of the previous fixed time plan and on the rapidity with which flows change.

Incremental Optimization
The third key principle is that the coordination plan should be able to respond to new traffic situations in a series of frequent, but small, increments. This is necessary because research has shown that it is very difficult to predict traffic flows in the next few minutes-hence any fixed coordination plan may be out of date before it is calculated or inappropriate after it is implemented (and implementation is likely to cause extra delay during the transition from the old timings to the new). SCOOT uses an elastic coordination plan that can be stretched or shrunk to match the latest situation recorded by the CFPs. This is achieved by optimizing the splits, offsets, and cycle time shown in Fig. 2 in the following way. A few seconds before every phase change, the SCOOT split optimizer calculates whether it is better to advance or retard the scheduled change by up to 4 s, or to leave it unaltered. Then, once a cycle, the offset optimizer assesses whether the PI on streets around each junction can be reduced by altering the offset to be 4 s earlier or later. Favorable split and offset alterations are imple-

APPLICATIONS
The research on SCOOT was performed in Glasgow, Scotland, with software not suitable for general use. The development of SCOOT for general application was carried out in Coventry, England, using the CORAL high-level real time computer language. It is this version of SCOOT, with subsequent enhancements, that has come into use since the late 1970s in over 40 cities, some eight of which are outside Great Britian. In London, SCOOT controls 250 signals installed in several independent cells and is being expanded progressively to replace the older fixed time system, which had about 1200 sets of signals under fixed time computer control. On the basis of the surveys and subsequent experience, SCOOT is likely to be of most benefit where vehicular flows are heavy, complex and vary unpredictably. Robertson and Hunt [9] describe a simple method of estimating the benefits of coordinating signals by TRANSYT and SCOOT.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 40,NO. 1, FEBRUARY 1991

Sensor Reliability
The reliability of vehicle sensors is an important aspect of applications. SCOOT is relatively insensitive to sensor failures, mainly because of the incremental nature of the optimizer; default procedures ensure that the performance degrades gradually back to a fixed time plan if successive failures occur and are not rectified. Simulation studies suggest that the benefits of SCOOT are lost if some 15% of sensors are faulty. Experience to date indicates that, with appropriate maintenance procedures, fault rates of well below 5 % can be attained without undue difficulty. Up to now, inductive loop sensors have been used, but other types, which give similar information, should be suitable.

specific links or give preference to progressions along selected routes.

Action at a Distance
The flow of vehicles into a congested area may be reduced by gating logic. This logic is triggered when the degree of saturation on critical links exceeds prespecified values. Action is taken to reduce the green times at specified remote stoplines where queues may be stored or vehicles have diversion opportunities. Diversion may be encouraged by variable message signs. Flow out of a congested area may be expedited by similar means. The full value of this powerful facility has yet to be explored.

NEWDEVELOPMENTS SCOOT Procedures The preceding sections concentrated on the use of SCOOT to Sets of link weightings and flow gatings can be grouped coordinate signals. But SCOOT was conceived for wider purposes, which together may be termed dynamic traffic manage- together in Procedures to deal with special but recurring ment. With growing pressures on road space, such aspects of events. Currently Procedures are in use in London and are control are assuming great importance. The TRRL has main- brought in manually by the operator typing one command. Data tained for the Department of Transport a small research team are being collected which will be used to derive algorithms for that has worked with Ferranti, GEC, and Plessey and with bringing in the Procedure automatically, for example when an universities, consultants, and local government to develop the incident is detected. In the longer term, expert systems may be traffic management capabilities of SCOOT. Proven develop- usedto form and initiate procedures. ments are incorporated in upgraded versions of SCOOT; a list of CongestionOflsets some such developments follow. Another facility allows prespecified offsets to be brought in Trafic Information automatically when queues cover the upstream sensor. If roads The information available from SCOOT includes delay, stops, become full of stationary vehicles, the best offset is not necessarqueues, flow, congestion, degree of saturation, spare capacity ily the one that minimizes delay on the link. On short links, and traffic signal settings. Information is available on a link or maximizing throughput may become the overriding consideraarea basis with a 4-s resolution and can be aggregated over any tion to prevent queues blocking back across the upstream juncdesired time period. Information may be requested by operator tion, which might lead to grid lock. or timetable message and output to a line printer. It can also be output to a graph plotter, microcomputer, visual display unit or Calibration of Saturation Occupancy storage device. A number of graphical displays have been Earlier versions of SCOOT required the user to set saturation developed which help the traffic engineer to understand the traffic situation in the area under control; these displays are occupancy values (similar to saturation flow) for each signal presented in real time on a color VDU. A database system to stopline. The latest version of SCOOT can calculate this value store and analyze the information [3] has been developed and automatically, provided there are downstream detectors in suitinstalled in London where it monitors current traffic levels and able positions. This reduces the time taken to calibrate the builds up historic patterns of traffic conditions. The information system when it is first installed and also allows SCOOT to is valuable for identification of critical junctions, junction de- respond to variations in saturation flow when, for example, a sign, the evaluation of traffic management schemes, trends in parked vehicle near the stopline reduces the queue discharge congestion, etc. Two British universities have data links into rate. operational SCOOT systems and use them for research purTr@c Signal Status poses. The latest version of SCOOT monitors the red/green status of Incident Detection the signals and feeds the data into the on-line traffic There is a need to detect automatically serious incidents in model-earlier versions assumed that the signals always folurban areas. Research into such technologies is underway at lowed the SCOOT commands. This improves the control of TRRL and within a British university. The aim is to develop and junctions with locally called demand dependent stages. If a test rapid and reliable methods that can be used, for example, to demand dependent stage is not called, SCOOT is aware of this alert the police to the need for emergency services, initiate and can distribute the green time among the other stages accordbroadcasts on local radio stations, and/or automatically take the ing to the traffic demands. Further, when SCOOT is overridden actions outlined in subsequent sections. The problem is similar by an emergency plan, such as for, fire engines, SCOOT can to, but more complex than, incident detection on freeways. The model the buildup of any queues and so the optimizer will seek pattern of congestion over SCOOT sensors is related in time and to dissipate the queues once it resumes control. space to typical patterns, so that unusual situations can be identified and used to trigger corrective actions.

The European DRIVE Program

Priority Routes
Weighting and biasing facilities have been provided in the signal optimizers so that traffic engineers can reduce delay on

The DRIVE program brings together many of the leading researchers in Europe to study how best Information Technology can be used to improve the efficiency and safety of road trans-

ROBERTSON AND BRETHERTON: THE SCOOT METHOD

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port. One-half the cost of about $120 million over three years is met by the European Commission and the other half by participants from some 200 organizations in 14 countries. The TRRL is involved in 12 of the 70 DRIVE projects. SCOOT is an important element of the TRRL work within DRIVE because it can provide real-time data on congestion levels for input to an in-vehicle route guidance system such as Autoguide [ 5 ] . Moreover, if traffic is diverted by AUTOGUIDE to avoid an incident, then SCOOT will adapt the signal timings automatically to the new flow patterns. One DRIVE project is investigating the dynamics of such interactions. A second example uses research on urban incident detection and congestion monitoring in a DRIVE project on the operation of variable message signs and radio data systems.

REFERENCES

CONCLUDING REMARKS

Computers were first used to study traffic problems in the 1950s, but it was not until the 1970s that computers came into widespread use for the design and control of traffic facilities. Broadly, the first applications performed traditional tasks in a more efficient manner and are typified by the use of TRANSYT to calculate signal coordination plans. Similarly, computers began to replace special purpose hardware for implementing coordination plans-this process is now well advanced. Dennis I. Robertson received the B.Sc. degree In the 1980s, the potential of computers for intelligent in mechanical engineering. real time control of traffic began to be exploited. One example of He worked for nine years on aerospace consuch control is SCOOT-its evolution from TRANSYT is detrol systems. His interest in traffic systems bescribed in this paper. gan in 1966 when he was seconded from Plessey to Transport and Road Research Laboratory, The 1990s are likely to see the development of computerCrowthorne, U.K., where he conceived, wrote, based traffic management systems that incorporate in-car driver and tested the TRANSYT program. After work information and route guidance subsystems in the control loop. with Plessey and IBM, he joined TRRL in 1972 Such systems may well make use of on-line traffic models and and started the SCOOT and other projects. He optimizers of the type built into SCOOT. There are exciting and is now Deputy Director, responsible for rechallenging theoretical and practical problems to be solved be- search by 300 scientists on problems of traffic, safety, and vehicle and fore road users benefit from this next generation of traffic highway design. management and control systems.

Results of the 1983 FETSIM program, Inst. Transport. Studies/Univ. California ITS Review, Aug. 1984. M. C. Bell and R. D. Bretherton, Ageing of fixed time signal plans, presented at Inst. Elec. Eng. 2nd Int. Conf. Road Traffic Control, 1986. N. B. Hounsell, F. N. McLeod and P. Burton, SCOOT: A traffic database, presented at Inst. Elec. Eng. 3rd Int. Conf. Road Traffic Control, London, U.K., May 1-3, 1990. P. B. Hunt, D. I. Robertson, R. D. Bretherton and R. I. Winton, SCOOT-A traffic responsive method of coordinating signals, Transport and Road Res. Lab., Crowthorne, U.K., Rep. LR1014, 1981. D. J. Jeffery, K. Russam, and D. I. Robertson, Electronic route guidance by AUTOGUIDE: The research background, Trafic Eng. Control, Oct. 1987. M. Koshi, Invited report to Roads and Traffic 2000, Theme 4A, Berlin, Sept. 1988. A. D. May, Invited report td Roads and Traffic 2000, Theme 4A, Berlin, Sept. 1988. D. I. Robertson, TRANSYT-A traffic network study tool, presented at IVth Int. Symp. Theory of Traffic Flow, Karlsruhe, Germany, 1968. D. I. Robertson and P. B. Hunt, A method of estimating the benefits of coordinating signals by TRANSYT and SCOOT, Tr&c Eng. Control, Nov. 1982.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The work described in this paper forms part of the program of the Transport and Road Research Laboratory and the paper is published by permission of the Director. Many people and organizations played important roles in the research and development of TRANSYT and SCOOT. Particular thanks are due to colleagues within the TRRL and the Departments of Transport and of Industry, to Ferranti, GEC, and Plessey and to Strathclyde Regional Council and West Midlands County Council.

R. David Bretherton received the B.Sc. degree in mathematics from the University of Manchester. He joined the Traffic Engineering Department of Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, U.K., in 1970, and in 1973 became a member of the team working on the research and development of the SCOOT system. He is currently head of the SCOOT/Urban Traffic Control Section and leads an EEC funded DRIVE project on incident detection and traffic monitoring.