Introduction to

Information and
Communication
Technologies (IICT)
Dr.-Ing Muhammad Rizwan Amirzada
My Introduction
◦Muhammad Rizwan Amirzada

◦MS and PhD in Electrical Engineering from Universität

Kassel, Germany

◦Specialization in MEMS structures (Micromirrors)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Study Material
◦Discovering Computers 2016

◦Internet Tutorials

◦These slides will be available after every lecture

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Introduction
◦ Today, we can perform so many tasks of our life with the help of
technology i.e. online shopping, gaming, navigating etc.

◦ Digital literacy is to have current knowledge and understanding of

latest technologies

◦ The main question is what is a COMPUTER ?

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Introduction (contd.)
◦ Computer is an electronic device which operates under the set of
instructions stored in its memory

Accepts Produces
data Processing information
(input) (output)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Introduction (contd.)
◦ Every computer has two different sections or parts which are
Hardware and Software
◦ Hardware are different electronic and mechanical components
such as RAM, Processor etc.
◦ Hardware perform certain tasks by using instructions

◦ A set of instructions which are stored in the memory of computer

is called Software
◦ MS Office, Windows etc.

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Data and Information
◦ Computer process DATA into INFORMATION

◦ DATA is the collection of unprocessed items such as texts, numbers

etc.

◦ INFORMATION conveys meaning to users

◦ A simple example of data and information is the generation of cash

receipt from a super market

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Data and Information (contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Data and Information (contd.)
◦ The devices which can be used to input data are known as INPUT
DEVICES

◦ The main input devices are

◦ Keyboard used to enter data and instructions
◦ Pointing devices use to control the pointer or cursor
◦ Scanner is another device use to convert some document to digital form
◦ Voice and Video used to send instruction to computer by speaking

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Data and Information (contd.)
◦ Similarly, the devices which can be used for retrieving the
information from the computer are called OUTPUT DEVICES

◦ The main output devices are:

◦ Monitor or Display visually coveys the image or text or video
◦ Speaker produces the output in a sound wave i.e. in radio, telephone call
etc.
◦ Printer actually makes a image or text on a physical medium such as paper,
3D printers are becoming popular in these days

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Data and Information (contd.)
◦ Question arises here that where all these data and instructions are
stored?

◦ The computer stores all these instruction to a storage device which

consists of MEMORY

◦ Memory is an electronic device which store the instructions

◦ A storage device record (write) and retrieve (read) the instructions

from storage media

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

The Web
◦ The Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

The Web (contd.)
◦ The web consists of a worldwide collection of electronic
documents, each of which is called a webpage

◦ A website is a collection of related webpages

◦ A web server is a computer that delivers requested webpages to

your computer

◦ For example www.numl.edu.pk consists of all related information

regarding NUML university

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

The Web (contd.)
◦ A browser is software used to access and view webpages on a
computer or mobile device
◦ Famous browsers are Google Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

The Web (contd.)
◦ A search engine is used to finds websites, webpages, images,
videos, news, maps, and other information related to a topic
◦ Famous search engines are Google, Bing etc.

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

The Web (contd.)
◦ An online social network encourages members to share their interests, ideas,
stories, photos, music, and videos with other registered users
◦ Famous Social networks sites are facebook, twitter, Instagram etc.

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Digital Safety and Security
◦ It is important that users protect their computers and mobile
devices
◦ Main issues are
◦ Viruses and other Malwares
◦ Privacy
◦ Health Concerns
◦ Environmental Issues

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Digital Safety and Security (contd.)
◦ Green computing involves reducing the electricity consumed and
environmental waste generated when using a computer
◦ Strategies include:
◦ Recycling
◦ Using energy efficient hardware and energy saving features
◦ Regulating manufacturing processes
◦ Extending the life of computers
◦ Immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Programs and Apps
◦ Software, also called a program, tells the computer what tasks to
perform and how to perform them

◦ There are two types of software

◦ System Software that includes Operating Systems and Tools
◦ Applications such as MS office etc.

◦ A software developer or programmer, is someone who develops

programs and apps or writes the instructions that direct the computer
or mobile device to process data into information

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Communications and Networks
◦ A communications device is hardware capable of transferring items
from computers and devices to transmission media and vice versa

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Communications and Networks (contd.)
◦ A network is a collection of computers and devices connected
together, often wirelessly, via communications devices and
transmission media

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

The Internet
◦ The Internet is a worldwide collection
of networks that connects millions of
businesses, government agencies,
educational institutions, and
individuals
◦ The Internet originated as ARPANET in
September 1969

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

The Internet (contd.)
◦ The Internet has two main goals

◦ Allow scientists at different physical locations to share information and work

together
◦ Function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed by a
disaster

◦ Connectivity with internet can be provided by several

communication devices

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

The Internet (contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

The Internet (contd.)
◦ Connecting can be of two types
Wired Wireless
Cable Internet Service Wireless Fidelity (Wi-fi)
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Mobile Broadband
Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) Fixed Wireless
Satellite Internet

◦ A hot spot is a wireless network that provides Internet connections

to mobile computers and devices

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

The Internet (contd.)
◦ An Internet service provider (ISP) is a business that provides
individuals and organizations access to the Internet free or for a
fee

◦ Bandwidth represents the amount of data that travels over a

network
◦ Megabyte (MB)
◦ Gigabyte (GB)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

The Internet (contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

The Internet (contd.)
◦ An IP address is a sequence of numbers that uniquely identifies
each computer or device connected to the Internet
◦ A domain name is a text-based name that corresponds to the IP
address
◦ A DNS server translates the domain name into its associated IP
address

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

The Internet (contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Digital Media
◦ A graphic is a visual representation of
non-text information
◦ Formats include BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, and
TIFF

◦ An infographic is a visual representation

of data and information, designed to
communicate quickly, simplify complex
concepts, or present patterns or trends

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Digital Media (contd.)
◦ Animation is the appearance of motion created by displaying a series of
still images in sequence

◦ Audio includes music, speech, or any other sound

◦ Compressed to reduce file size

◦ Video consists of images displayed in motion

◦ Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computers to simulate a real or

imagined environment that appears as a three-dimensional space

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Other Services
◦ VoIP (Voice over IP) enables users to speak to other users via their
Internet connection
◦ Much cheaper

◦ FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard that permits file

uploading and downloading to and from other computers on the
Internet

◦ An FTP server is a computer that allows users to upload and/or

download files using FTP

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

The System Unit
◦ The system unit is a case that contains electronic components of
the computer used to process data

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

The System Unit (contd.)
◦ The system unit includes
◦ Drive Bays
◦ Power Supply
◦ Sound Card
◦ Video Card
◦ Processor
◦ Memory

◦ All these components are

on Mother Board

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Processor
◦ The processor, also called the Central Processing Unit (CPU),
interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a
computer
◦ Contain a control unit and an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Multi-core Dual-core Quad-core

processor processor processor

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Processor (contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Processor (contd.)
◦ The control unit is the component of the processor that directs
and coordinates most of the operations in the computer

◦ The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison,

and other operations

◦ For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic

operations, which comprise a machine cycle

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Processor (contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Processor (contd.)
◦ The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and
instructions

◦ The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations

◦ The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is
measured in gigahertz (GHz)

◦ The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips

are Intel and AMD

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Processor (contd.)
◦ Most current personal computers support pipelining
◦ Processor begins fetching a second instruction before it completes the
machine cycle for the first instruction

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Processor (contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Processor (contd.)
◦ A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to burn
up, slow processing as well
◦ Require additional cooling
◦ Heat sinks
◦ Liquid cooling technology

◦ Parallel processing uses multiple processors simultaneously to

execute a single program or task
◦ Massively parallel processing involves hundreds or thousands of processors

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Processor (contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Data Representation
◦ A computer circuit represents the 0 or the 1 electronically by the
presence or absence of an electrical charge i.e. bit
◦ Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte. A byte
represents a single character in the computer

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Data Representation (contd.)
◦ ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange) is the
most widely used coding scheme
to represent data

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Data Representation (contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Numbering System
◦ Numbering system is a way to represent numbers

◦ In our daily life we use decimal numbers (base 10)

◦ Other numbering systems are Binary (base 2), Hexadecimal (base

16) and Octal (base 8)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Numbering System (contd.)
◦ In Base 8 or Octal system, number is based on digit 8 i.e. we are
limited to 8 digits, no such thing as 8 and 9
◦ Can be converted as follows

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Numbering System (contd.)
◦ Octal to Decimal converter

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Numbering System (contd.)
◦ Base 16 is Hexadecimal used in computer programming

◦ Table with all 16 digits is shown

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Numbering System (contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Numbering System (contd.)
◦ Binary number only consist of 1 and 0, used in digital circuits

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Numbering System (contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Memory
◦ Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions
waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those
instructions, and the results of processing the data

◦ Stores three basic categories of items:

◦ The operating system and other system software
◦ Application programs
◦ Data being processed and the resulting information

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Memory (contd.)
◦ Each location in memory has an address
◦ Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K), megabytes (MB),
gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Memory (contd.)
◦ There two types of memory:

Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory

Loses its contents when Does not lose contents

power is turned off when power is removed

Examples include ROM,

Example includes RAM
flash memory, and CMOS

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Memory (contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Memory (contd.)
◦ The amount of RAM necessary in a computer often depends on
the types of software you plan to use

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Memory (contd.)
◦ Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it
stores frequently used instructions and data

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Expansion Slots and Adapter cards
◦ An expansion slot is a socket
on the motherboard that
can hold an adapter card
◦ An adapter card enhances
functions of a component of
the system unit and/or
provides connections to
peripherals
◦ Sound card and video card

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Expansion Slots and Adapter cards (contd.)
◦ Removable flash memory includes:
◦ Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC Cards/Express Card modules

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Buses
◦ A bus allows the various devices
both inside and attached to the
system unit to communicate with
each other
◦ Data bus
◦ Address bus

◦ Word size is the number of bits

the processor can interpret and
execute at a given time

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Buses (contd.)
◦ The data bus is used to transfer actual data and the address bus is
used to transfer information about where the data should reside
in memory
◦ The size of a bus, called the bus width, determines the number of
bits that the computer can transmit at one time
◦ For example, a 32-bit bus can transmit 32 bits (4 bytes) at a time.
On a 64-bit bus, bits transmit from one location to another 64 bits
(8 bytes) at a time. The larger the number of bits handled by the
bus, the faster the computer transfers data

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Buses (contd.)
◦ A computer has these basic types of buses
◦ System bus
◦ Backside bus
◦ Expansion bus
◦ A system bus, also called the front side bus ( FSB), is part of the
motherboard and connects the processor to main memory
◦ A backside bus ( BSB) connects the processor to cache
◦ An expansion bus allows the processor to communicate with
peripherals

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Storage
◦ Storage holds data, instructions, and information for future use
◦ A storage medium is the physical material on which a computer
keeps data, instructions, and information

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Storage (contd.)
◦ Capacity is the number of bytes a storage medium can hold

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Storage (contd.)
◦ A storage device is the computer hardware that records and/or
retrieves items to and from storage media
Reading is the process of
transferring items from a
storage medium into
memory

Writing is the process of

transferring items from
memory to a storage
medium

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Storage (contd.)
◦ Access time is measured
as:
◦ The amount of time it takes
a storage device to locate
an item on a storage
medium
◦ The time required to
deliver an item from
memory to the processor

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Hard Disk
◦ A hard disk contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that
use magnetic particles to store data, instructions, and information

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Hard Disk (contd.)

◦ Hard disks can store data

using longitudinal recording
or perpendicular recording

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Hard Disk (contd.)
◦ Formatting is the process of dividing the disk into tracks and
sectors so that the operating system can store and locate data and
information on the disk

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Hard Disk (contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Hard Disk (contd.)
◦ A track is a narrow recording band that forms a full circle on the
surface of the disk.
◦ The disk’s storage locations consist of pie-shaped sections, which
break the tracks into small arcs called sectors. On a hard disk, a
sector typically stores up to 512 bytes of data
◦ Sometimes, a sector has a flaw and cannot store data. When you
format a disk, the operating system marks these bad sectors as
unusable

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Hard Disk (contd.)
◦ For reading and writing purposes, sectors are grouped into
clusters. A cluster is the smallest unit of disk space that stores data
and information. Each cluster, also called an allocation unit,
consists of two to eight sectors (the number varies depending on
the operating system)

◦ Even if a file consists of only a few bytes, it uses an entire cluster.

Each cluster holds data from only one file. One file, however, can
span many clusters

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Hard Disk (contd.)
◦ A head crash occurs when a read/write head touches the surface
of a platter

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Hard Disk (contd.)
◦ Hard disks improve their access time by caching, specifically using
disk cache. Disk cache, sometimes called a buffer, consists of a
memory chip(s) on a hard disk that stores frequently accessed
items such as data, instructions, and information

◦ Hard disks today contain between 2 MB and 64 MB of disk cache

◦ The greater the disk cache, the faster the hard disk.

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Hard Disk (contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Hard Disk (contd.)
◦ RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is a group of two or
more integrated hard disks
◦ A Network Attached Storage (NAS) device is a server connected to
a network with the sole purpose of providing storage

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Flash Memory Storage
◦ Flash memory chips are a type of solid state media and contain no
moving parts

◦ Solid state drives (SSDs) have several advantages over magnetic

hard disks:
◦ Faster access time
◦ Faster transfer rate
◦ Generate less heat and consume less power
◦ Last longer

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Flash Memory Storage (Contd.)
◦ A memory card is a removable flash memory device that you insert
and remove from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card
reader/writer

Secure Digital
CompactFlash Secure Digital
High Capacity microSD
(CF) (SD)
(SDHC)

xD Picture Memory Stick

microSDHC Memory Stick
Card Micro (M2)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Flash Memory Storage (Contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Flash Memory Storage (Contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Cloud Storage
◦ Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides storage to
computer users

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Cloud Storage (contd.)
◦ Users subscribe to cloud storage for a variety of reasons:
◦ Access files from any computer
◦ Store large files instantaneously
◦ Allow others to access their files
◦ View time-critical data and images immediately
◦ Store offsite backups
◦ Provide data center functions

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Optical Discs
◦ An optical disc consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of
metal or plastic that is written and read by a laser

◦ Typically store software, data, digital photos, movies, and music

◦ Read only vs. rewritable

◦ CDs(Compact Discs), DVDs (Digital Versatile Discs) and Blu-ray

Discs are examples

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Optical Discs (contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Optical Discs (contd.)
◦ Optical discs commonly store
items in a single track that spirals
from the center of the disc to the
edge

◦ Track is divided into evenly sized

sectors

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Optical Discs (contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Optical Discs (contd.)
A CD-ROM can be read from but not written to
• Read from a CD-ROM drive or CD-ROM player

A CD-R is a multisession optical disc on which

users can write, but not erase

A CD-RW is an erasable multisession disc

• Must have a CD-RW drive

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Other Types of Storage
◦ Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of storing
large amounts of data and information
◦ A tape drive reads and writes data and information on a tape

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Other Types of Storage (Contd.)
◦ A magnetic stripe card contains a magnetic stripe that stores
information
◦ A smart card stores data on a thin microprocessor embedded in
the card

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Other Types of Storage (Contd.)
◦ Microfilm store microscopic images of documents on a roll or
sheet film

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Other Types of Storage (Contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

System Software
◦ System software consists of the programs that control or maintain
the operations of the computer and its devices

Operating Utility
systems Programs

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Operating Systems
◦ An operating system (OS) is a set of programs containing
instructions that work together to coordinate all the activities
among computer hardware resources
Start and shut
Provide a user Manage Manage
down a
interface programs memory
computer

Establish an
Coordinate Configure Monitor
Internet
tasks devices performance
connection

Automatically Control a Administer

Provide utilities
update network security

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Operating Systems (Contd.)
◦ The process of starting or restarting a computer is called booting
◦ Cold Booting: Turning on a computer that has been powered off completely
◦ Warm Booting: Using the operating system to restart a computer

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Operating Systems (Contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Operating Systems (Contd.)
◦ A boot drive is the drive from which your computer starts

◦ You can boot from a boot disk

◦ A recovery disk contains a few system files that will start the
computer

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Operating Systems (Contd.)
◦ An operating system includes various shut down options

Sleep mode saves any open

documents and programs to Hibernate saves any open
RAM, turns off all unneeded documents and programs to
functions, and then places a hard disk before removing
the computer in a low- power from the computer
power state

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Operating Systems (Contd.)
◦ A user interface controls
how you enter data and
instructions and how
information is displayed on
the screen
◦ With a graphical user
interface (GUI), you interact
with menus and visual
images

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Operating Systems (Contd.)
◦ With a command-line interface, a user uses the keyboard to enter
data and instructions

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Operating Systems (Contd.)
◦ How an operating system handles programs directly affects your
productivity
Single tasking
Single user and Foreground and
and
multiuser background
multitasking

Preemptive
Multiprocessing
multitasking

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Operating Systems (Contd.)
◦ Memory management optimizes the use of RAM
◦ Virtual memory is a portion of a storage medium functioning as
additional RAM

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Operating Systems (Contd.)

A driver is a small
Plug and Play
program that tells the
automatically
operating system how
configures new devices
to communicate with a
as you install them
specific device

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Operating Systems (Contd.)

◦ Operating systems typically

provide a means to establish
Internet connections

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Operating Systems (Contd.)
◦ A performance monitor is a program that assesses and reports
information about various computer resources and devices

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Operating Systems (Contd.)
◦ Operating systems often provide users with the capability of:

Searching for Viewing Securing a

Managing files
files images computer

Uninstalling Cleaning up Defragmenting Diagnosing

programs disks disks problems

Backing up Setting up
files and disks screen savers

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Operating Systems (Contd.)
◦ Automatic update automatically provides updates to the program

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Operating Systems (Contd.)
◦ Some operating systems are designed to work with a server on a
network

◦ A server operating system organizes and coordinates how multiple

users access and share resources on a network

◦ A network administrator uses the server operating system to:

◦ Add and remove users, computers, and other devices
◦ Install software and administer network security

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Operating Systems (Contd.)
◦ Each user has a user account

◦ A user name, or user ID,

identifies a specific user

◦ A password is a private
combination of characters
associated with the user
name

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Types of Operating Systems (Contd.)
◦ A Stand-Alone Operating System is a complete operating system
that works on a desktop computer, notebook computer, or mobile
computing device

Windows
Mac OS X
7

UNIX Linux

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Types of Operating Systems (Contd.)
◦ Windows 10 is currently Microsoft’s fastest, most efficient
operating system to date and is available in multiple editions:

Windows 10 Windows 10
Home Enterprise

Windows 10 Windows 10
Pro Mobile

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Types of Operating Systems

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Types of Operating Systems (Contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Types of Operating Systems (Contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Types of Operating Systems (Contd.)
◦ The Macintosh operating system has set the standard for operating
system ease of use

◦ Latest version is Mac OS X

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Types of Operating Systems (Contd.)
◦ Server Operating System is an OS that is specifically designed to
run on servers
◦ Operates within a client server architecture
◦ It serves the requests of the clients in a network
Windows
UNIX Linux
Server 2008

Solaris

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Types of Operating Systems (Contd.)
◦ An Embedded Operating System resides on a ROM chip on a
mobile device or consumer electronic device

Windows Windows
Palm OS iPhone OS
Embedded CE Mobile

Embedded
Blackberry Symbian OS
Linux

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Utility Programs
◦ A utility program is a type of system software that allows a user to
perform maintenance-type tasks

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Utility Programs (Contd.)
◦ A file manager is a utility that
performs functions related to
file management
◦ Displaying a list of files
◦ Organizing files in folders
◦ Copying, renaming, deleting,
moving, and sorting files and
folders
◦ Creating shortcuts

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Utility Programs (Contd.)
◦ A search utility is a program that attempts to locate a file on your
computer based on criteria you specify

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Utility Programs (Contd.)
◦ An image viewer allows users
to display, copy, and print the
contents of a graphics file

◦ An uninstaller removes a
program, as well as any
associated entries in the
system files

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Utility Programs (Contd.)
◦ A disk cleanup utility searches
for and removes unnecessary files
◦ Downloaded program files
◦ Temporary Internet files
◦ Deleted files
◦ Unused program files

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Utility Programs (Contd.)
◦ A disk defragmenter reorganizes the files and unused space on a
computer’s hard disk so that the operating system accesses data
more quickly and programs run faster
◦ Defragmenting

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Utility Programs (Contd.)
◦ A backup utility allows users to
copy files to another storage
medium

◦ A restore utility reverses the

process and returns backed up
files to their original form

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Utility Programs (Contd.)
◦ A screen saver causes a display ◦ A personal firewall detects and
device’s screen to show a protects a personal computer
moving image or blank screen from unauthorized intrusions
if no activity occurs for a
specified time

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Utility Programs (Contd.)
◦ A file compression utility shrinks the size of a file(s)
◦ Compressing files frees up room on the storage media
◦ Two types of compression
◦ Lossy
◦ Lossless

◦ Compressed files sometimes are called zipped files

◦ Can be uncompressed

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Utility Programs (Contd.)

◦ A media player allows you to

view images and animation,
listen to audio, and watch video
files on your computer

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Utility Programs (Contd.)

◦ Disc burning software writes

text, graphics, audio, and video
files on a recordable or
rewritable optical disc

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Utility Programs (Contd.)
◦ A personal computer
maintenance utility identifies
and fixes operating system
problems, detects and repairs
disk problems, and includes
the capability of improving a
computer’s performance

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Application Software
◦ Application software consists of programs designed to make users
more productive and/or assist with personal tasks

To make business activities more efficient

To assist with graphics and multimedia projects

To support home, personal, and educational tasks

To facilitate communications

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Application Software (Contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Application Software (Contd.)
◦ Available in various forms

Packaged Custom Web Open source

software software application software

Public-
Shareware Freeware domain
software

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Application Software (Contd.)
◦ Packaged software is mass-produced, copyrighted retail software
that meets the needs of a wide variety of users, not just a single
user or company. Packaged software is available in retail stores or
on the Web e.g. MS office
◦ Custom software performs functions specific to a business or
industry. Sometimes a company cannot find packaged software
that meets its unique requirements. In this case, the company may
use programmers to develop tailor-made custom software, which
usually costs more than packaged software

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Application Software (Contd.)
◦ A Web application is a Web site that allows users to access and interact
with software from any computer or device that is connected to the
Internet. Many Web sites provide free access to their programs; some
charge a fee. Types of Web applications include e-mail, word processing,
tax preparation, and game programs

◦ Open source software is software provided for use, modification, and

redistribution. This software has no restrictions from the copyright
holder regarding modification of the software’s internal instructions and
its redistribution. Open source software usually can be downloaded
from the Internet, often at no cost.

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Application Software (Contd.)
◦ Shareware is copyrighted software that is distributed at no cost for
a trial period. To use a shareware program beyond that period, you
send payment to the program developer. Shareware developers
trust users to send payment if software use extends beyond the
stated trial period.

◦ In some cases, a scaled-down version of the software is distributed

free, and payment entitles the user to the fully functional product

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Application Software (Contd.)
◦ Freeware is copyrighted software provided at no cost by an
individual or a company that retains all rights to the software.
Thus, programmers typically cannot incorporate freeware in
applications they intend to sell. The word, free, in freeware
indicates the software has no charge.

◦ Public-domain software has been donated for public use and has
no copyright restrictions. Anyone can copy or distribute public-
domain software to others at no cost

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Digital Security
o A digital security risk is any event or action
that could cause a loss of or damage to a
computer or mobile device hardware,
software, data, information, or processing
capability
o Any illegal act involving the use of a
computer or related devices generally is
referred to as a computer crime
o A cybercrime is an online or Internet-based
illegal act

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Digital Security (Contd.)
A Virus describes a potentially damaging computer
program that affects a computer negatively
A Trojan horse
A worm copies An antivirus
hides within or
itself repeatedly in program protects
looks like a
memory or over a a computer
legitimate
network against viruses
program

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Digital Security (Contd.)

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Digital Security (Contd.)
Spyware is a program placed on
Adware displays an online
a computer without the user’s
advertisement in a banner or
knowledge that secretly collects
pop-up window
information about the user
• A spyware remover detects • An adware remover is a
and deletes spyware and other program that detects and
similar programs deletes adware

INTORDUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES