assesses oe SESSION | ‘A Communication Process and Elements : : Methods and TYPES 4 type of Communication of Communication AA Pros and Cons of various Types of Communicaion {A Impact of Body Language | { f | I t I k i [EY Introduction You already know what cor again in a formal way where we sh smmunication means. In this session, we shall discuss communication hall talk about elements and methods of communication, [EE] Communication Process and Elements SS OE ‘A communication process (see Fig. 1.1) = is the one where a message or idea originates at the end of the person sending it (the sender) and travels to the receiver via a communication channel, The receiver decodes the received message and tells if he understood the message (feedback). eas! feaings ae Figure 1.1 The communication process. 1.2.1. Elements of Communication Referring to Fig. 1.1, let us quickly talk about various elements of communication. ig to Fig. quickly 1. Sender. A sender is the person who wants to share their ideas or feelings in the form of a message. 2. Ideas/message. The ideas to be shared form the message ; Using the ideas, a message is formed. A message can be in the form of verbal cues (such as speech) ot non-verbal cues (such as attitude, voice-tone, body-language etc.) or written form (a letter or article or email etc.) or in the form of a picture/graphic. 3. Encoding. It is the process of converting the ideas into a message form by using words, symbols, voice-tone or gestures, 4, Communication channel. This refers to the carrier or medium which transfers the message, ¢.g., in case of a verbal message, the air is doing this job ; i Y " the air is ; in case of an email, the Internet is doing this job. eee 5. Receiver. A receiver is the person for wh hom ihe messa i a 10 eve thee message is intended and wh Aa Scanned with CamScanner_— 6, Decoding. It is the processing to interpret the received message to get to the jidea/feeling shared by the sender. 7, Feedback. It is a cue by the receiver which tells the sender that the message has been understood or not. The purpose of communication is complete only when the receiver has understood the message. Session 1 METHODS AND TYPES OF COMMUNICATION A. 1.22 Methods of Communication Communication can be done through various methods, as listed below : 4, Face to Face Communication (Interpersonal communication). Here two people communicate when in close proximity. Here the sender's verbal and non-verbal cues, both play an important role in making the communication effective. Letters / memos / Emails. Here, the message is delivered in a specific, written structure/format. This method is a flexible, low-cost and convenient method. Posters / Infographs / Charts. These methods harness the power of pictures and images along with text. Using this method, an important information is conveyed using much text with the help of images and pictures. 4. Meetings / seminars, This is a method of communication wherein discussion among 2 group of people with similar interests is to be carried out. Here, people address the aidience, Jeam important things, take important decisions, and so forth. Print / Analog / Digital Media, This method includes conveying information using social media or through phone calls, newsletters, newspapers, blogs etc. depending upon various 3. 5 One can choose the most appropriate method of communication factors : the target audience, the setup, priority, the type of information, and so on. Types of Communication ‘There are different ways or forms or types of communication : (Verbal form ie., communicating orally, (i) Non-verbal form, ie,, communicating using body language, gestures or tone, and pitch, ie., communicating via handwritten or printed information, (ii) Written form, ters, maps or charts etc. (io) Visual form, ie., communicating via pictures, logos, post | | ‘Types of Communication Verbal Non-Verbal written |_ Communication ‘Communication ‘Communication Communication Figure 1.2 FEI Pros and Cons of Various Types of Communication Let us discuss the pros and cons of each type of communication. 1.4.1 Pros and Cons of Verbal/Oral Communication Verbal/oral communication is that style of communication where through spoken words and mostly, (not always), itis an interactive form o! UN en(eciMieeh Icaull ins mostly you interact with others f communication, > _ Scanned with CamScannerA.6 sariFiciat | Pros @ (i) (i) @ It is straightforward to express the feeling, explain the meaning and convey ih, intended message. The communication is mostly interactive and interpersonal no connection without needing some other medium, It is speedy form of communication. There are the sender and receiver are in front of one another, You get instant feedback as the speaker can see or judge the feedback of the audience or may even ask them. : This helps in maintaining relationships as verbal communication along with effective non-verbal communication makes the professional and personal bonds. It is not possible to communicate to people in a different setup, ¢g., a person in Japan cannot communicate to a person in another part of the world at a time where the time zones are so different that it is difficult to connect (i) It requires proximity, ie., the sender and receiver must be at the same place (or connected via some means), same time to communicate. (i I often feels incomplete to keep records. There are no permanent records for oral (a) (®) It isnot a complete form of communication as (CHA @i) conversations. It is not possible to represent things officially, legally and for another purpose that requires recorded information. it requires other forms of communication for its, completion, such as non-verbal, visual and written communication. The verbal communication can take place in the forms of :a face-to-face or interpersonal communication (between 2 people), small groups (e.g., Press conference, Board Team Group meetings), public address (eg. Election campaign, Public speeches), digital address There are emotional barriers, e.g., a speaker has to speak about something refreshing while he may be feeling super tired or may not be well physically. Then despite all his efforts some emotion may creep in his message affecting his communication. 1.4.2 Pros & Cons of Non-Verbal Communication Pros As you know that the non-verbal communica communication through sending and receiving w : 8 Wordless me: cues like gestures, body language, and voice-tone ete. @ (i) Very useful for conveying tion is usually understood as the process of ssages between people using Very easy to demonstrate, Non-verbal communication makes demonstration Vet us sng Noticeable non-verbal cues like gestures, body language, eg., blood red cyes casily convey ‘anger’ than explaining it chrough wands. °° i message. Non-verbal cor inicatic ily conveys ies oie a pate 68» Where there is too aan sie = fie cas, just ges on the mouth conv. ‘Waaking to : % eys that the te to keeP quiet. Where words failed, this gesture easily oor eee =e asking dl Scanned with CamScannerSession 1 ; METHODS AND TYPES OF COMMUNICATION A.7 (iii) No language barrier. Non-verbal messages (e.g., body language, hand gestures, facial expression etc.) are picked by all, even if there is no common language, (jv) Very fast. The non-verbal form of communication conveys the message very fast. Cons () Not suitable for lengthy messages. Non-verbal communication suits for smaller conversations or small messages, but not for lengthy conversations. (i) An incomplete form of communication. Non-verbal communication falls short of communicating details if it is not supported by other forms of communication. (iii) Chances of misinterpretation. If the message does not get across, the receiver may misinterpret the message in the absence of details. (jo) Regional and cultural differences. Every culture Mf has different gestures and expressions that are itn. non : ‘ 7 le non-verbal communication considered good or bad. For example, in some takes place through facial western cultures, women are greeted by cheek to expressions, _gestures/body cheek touching but in eastern cultures, this is} language, touch (e.g., shaking considered offensive. Such cultural and regional hands), eye contact, proximity differences may ruin the communication and it may and so forth. completely be misinterpreted 1.4.3 Pros and Cons of Visual Communication Communicating by the use of a non-verbal medium such as visual aids, posters, logos, sign-boards, hoardings and so forth, is referred to as Visual communication. Pros ( Itreinforces other forms of communication. Visual aids when used with other forms of communication, such as oral communication or written communication, make the message more clear and more understandable, e.g., when your teacher is explaining the working of the digestive system of human body, a chart or animation explaining it makes it more clear. Also, if a magazine is talking about atrocities in some part of the world and shows pictures illustrating it, it makes the article more impactful. (ii) It can explain things in the way which are not possible through words. For example, a manager wants to know which year in the last decade, the company made the biggest profit then a graph like the one shown here is more fruitful than a lengthy text teport, Figue 1.3 (iti) It clears the barrier of qualification or language. Visual illustrations, on, easily connect with the audience and deliver the message underneath. Fuld PIS Fs” FAT FIs FD” FyIOT FALE pictures and so Cons 4 involved () Comparati A i : ively has some cost involves paratively expansive, Visual medium comparatively ha MOM ions and such as pamphlets, posters, pictures, logos etc., which require machines etc. —m Scanned with CamScanner_.: = _) A.B ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-X fal aids require 4 some cost; The visual communication take place through posters, eb sed storing, Vi em that has banners requires a long a8 (ii) Require special specific way of storing Uh associated, ¢g., storage of big specific place and specific form of storage a8 these need to be stored fal aids consumes time, While n of visu ime compared (0 i Jogo, requires much (ii) Time-consuming, Preparation words, preparing a poster or (jv) Not a complete form of commu they are not a full form of com n to precisely deliver the message. nication. Visual aids enhance communication, byt ‘munication. These require some other forms of communicatior 1.4.4 Pros and Cons of Written Communication igh written means is known as written communi. Conveying messages or information throu it also has its own share of pros and cons, cation. Like other forms of communication, red or recorded perma- ‘The written communication can be stor ication, a preferred mode of official commu ). The written communication has a legal , the documents igned documents, (i) Permanent storage. nently for later use and reference, thus, (i) Stands a legal holding (Accountability) standing than other forms of communication. For legal purpos must be in written or printed form as per legal specifications or (ii) It facilitates re-use. A written message or document can be reuse used as many time as required. (jv) Mass Circulation possible. Written communication can be produced in bulk or duplicated multiple times, which makes it possible to reach masses, ¢.g., a book written by an author can reach its readers in millions across the world. (0) Suitable for lengthy messages/information. The written communication is the most suitable for representing lengthy informal budget, reports, manuals and so on. (vi) It conveys sincerity. Written documents are seen as the representation of a company's ideology. Written pamphlets, posters etc. help build the image of a company in positive and hence aid to the goodwill of the company. (vii) Identical. Written communication when duplicated or produced in bulk maintains its identity. All its copies are identical, and hence the same message gets delivered. .d, duplicated and > [ons () Costly. Writing requires person-hours and also has other costs involved such as pen, paper or smartphone, laptop, network etc. Hence, itis a costly affair. i) Time-consuming, Writing takes time. It is not an instant form of communication, unlike oral communication. (iii) A barrier of qualification/languages, Written communication requires that the reader knows to read the document in the language it is written into, otherwise, the message will not get delivered. (io) Cost on Storage. Written documents require a specific Pe” i form of storage, which has some cost associated with The written communication at! jt, such as cost on paper, binding, cabinets, hard- ; Place, m the form of feu { disk, flash drive, Internet cloud and so on. a ee | reports, and other docum Scanned with CamScanner1) METHODS AND TYPES OF Commun VerballOral Communication Meeting, [eecenterenes, itor th, Video conference) 07! preventaion, Dscussons, elephoric oi Public speaking, Lecture, Poscast Vaual Communication Written Communication boards, Signs, Signals, Letter, Email, Fax, Magazine, Aricia, ox, i tages, Pres, oe ae = , eo tmustetes, Cartoons animations Business card, Media release, documents, Manuats Non-Verbal Communication "7ia\ e*Pressions, Tone of voice, Body language, Hand movement, Gestures, Prot Wares jn ‘pearance, Enthusiasm, Mood Figure 1.4 Fl 'mpact of Body Language You have read in your earlier class that about 93%, communication takes place without words and out of 93%, about 55% contributi Do's of Body Language 1. Always stand up with a straight back and relax: 2 Keep your arms by your sides, 4. Smile as you enter into a room. 6. Offer @ firm but gentle handshake. a i ir : BES, Greet and settle s x down calmly Make eye contact for about 23 seconds with a person and with the next . Person in the audience while speaking publically (public. speaking). ie use ‘appropriate hand 4. Actively and attentively listen to the speaker in a conversation, » Nod when engaged in a conversation as a listener. ? your shoulders relaxed down. Put even weight on both feet, i.e, Stand “solid.” ed posture. 3. Sit with a straight spine. 5. Greet others with a smile. PR Occasional FW contact Don’‘ts of Body Language Do not fig, Do not Jean on walls of your friends or objects. Smile genuinely, Po.net droop your shoulder Don't fold Do not Jea Don't fake your smile, 6, Do not slouch, Your arms over your chest, " forward or backward while sitting, aol look away while in conversation, n't keep your hands in Dont get too Zones (proxi your pocket while talking, close to your listeners, imity rule), ° NOt touch your face repeatedly, Respect their intimate Scanned with CamScannerSs: A210 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-* C2heck Point on 1. Which of the following is not a method of commu (a) Face-to-face informal communication (b) (©) social network () Moral support (CBSE SP Ten on? ication ? mail 7 mt, 221.29) 2. Which is disadvantage of Verbal Communica (@) It is an easy mode of communication in which you can exchange ideas (b) To keep changing your interaction as per the other pers (©) Quick response (2) Difficult to understand if the right words are not used [CBS 's respons # Sample Paper Term t, 29, 23 sper Term 1 2031.29) takes place between two individuals, [cosi («) Written communication (b) Public communication (6) Interpersonal communication (@ Small group communication E Sample P, = The final component in the communication process is to the sender. (@) Decoding () Request (6) Feedback (@) Response [CBSE Sample Paper Term 1, 2021 5. Which of the following is NOT an element of communication process cycle ? 1 which defines the receivers respon we (a) Channel (b) Receiver (© Sender (d) Time ICBSE Sample Paper Term 1, 202 &. Which of the following is NOT an element of communication within the communication process cycle ? [CBSE Sample Paper Term I, 20: (@) Channel () Receiver (0) Sender (@) Time . Name different forms of communication. en . Which of the following makes the most contribution in communication as a whole ? (@) Voice () voice tone (© words 9. Rohit raised his hand to greet his uncle comin communication is this ? (a) Gesture (®) Expression (@) Body language 1§ from distance. What type of non-verbal (c) Body language (d) Eye movement {CBSE Sample Paper Term L 202121 nsive form of communication ? 10. Out of the following, which one is the least exper (a) Verbal/oral communication (0) non-verbal communication (0) Written communication (@) visual communication J1. Out of the following, which one s the most durable form of communication ? (b) non-verbat communication (d) visual communication (a) Verbal/oral communication (©) Written communication 12, in___alyle of communication, spoken words or speech play the role of conveying the messis@ (a) Non-verbal ) Verbal (©) Written (@ Visual 13. In style of communication, cues lke gesturea, body language, voice-ione ete. play the conveying the message(s). dase . (a) Non-verbal (b) Verbal (©) Written (@) Visual ad Scanned with CamScanner14. 15. 16. Vv. 18. 19. 21. 2. 24. Session 1 : METHODS AND TYPES OF COMMUNICATION 1 communication is the use of body language, gestures and facial expressions to conv. \ information to other. (CBSE Sample Paper Term J 2024-2 (a) Verbal (b) Written (9 Non-Verbal (@ Visual is an example of verbal cor munication. [CBSE Sample Paper Term I, 2021-22} (@) E-mail (b) Letter (© Phone call (@) News letter In style of communication, images, graphics, posters, logo, colors, sign-boards etc. play the role of conveying the message(s) across. (@ Non-verbal (B) Verbal (Q Written (@) Visual In_ style of communication, lengthy, descriptive, printed/written information play the role of conveying the message(s). (@) Non-verbal (®) Verbal (0 Written (@) Visual Which style of communication is not suitable for conveying lengthy messages ? (a) Non-verbal () Verbal (© Written (@) Visual Which style of communication is used as a reinforcement aid for other forms of communication ? (@) Non-verbal (b) Verbal (© Written @) Visual Which style of communication is useful for instant communication ? (@) Non-verbal (b) Verbal (Q Written @) Visual Which style of communication is useful for conveying message even when language is not known ? (@) Non-verbal (b) Verbal (c) Written (d) Visual Which style of communication is the most time-consuming of all ? (@) Non-verbal © Verbal (© Written (@ Visual Rahul lives at a hostel in Goa. He calls his mother who lives in Bangalore, to get her approval for the picnic to Mumbai. However, due to a phone line outage, his mother was unable to understand and respond to him, He became enrage(d) What other means can he use to obtain his mother’s immediate approval ? (@) Fax () Letter (©) Email (d) Message through a friend [CBSE Sample Paper Term 1, 2021-22] Which of the following is not a form of written communication ? (a) Circulars (b) Reports (0) Discussion (@) SMS is [CBSE Sample Paper Term L 2021-22] Which of the following types of Communication is 1 flexible and requires proficiency of the sender ? [CBSE Sample Paper Term L 2021-22] (@) Oral communication (6) Written communication (©) Verbal communication (@) Non-verbal communication conversation. communication takes place between two individuals and is thus a one-on-one It can be formal or informal. (@) Interpersonal (b) Written (©) Small group (d) Public [CBSE Term 1, 2021-22] S Scanned with CamScannerJA. Meaning and Importonce of Feedback Feedback in AA. Choraciristics of Feedback Communication ‘A Types of Feedback I I duction EE Intro an essential component of every successful You have read earlier that feedback is communication. Feedback completes a two-way successful delivery of a message. In # feedback in communication and the types of feedback. Meaning and Importance of Feedback Recall from your previous session that communication has the following elements : (A sender or messenger (The one who initiates the communication) (i) Message/Information being sent (Information/message being conveyed/transferred) ‘communication. Feedback ensures the his session, we shall talk about the importance of (iii) Encoding. (Format or structure of the message (e.g., spoken words/pictures/text etc.)) (jo) Communication channel (Medium of communication (eg, ar for orl communication, Internet for electronic communication, paper for written/printed communication) (v) Decoding (Understanding the meaning from the message received through a certain medium) (vi) Feedback (Intimation about successful delivery of message) Feedback is very important in conveyed and the communication Communication a it roe hat the message has been successfully tn message ™, is effectively successful. \ vA In two-way communication, the a Recover" receiver receives the messages being conveyed but how does the sender or speaker know that the Cresta Feedback message has been delivered with the same intent and context ? Well, the receiver tells this in the form of Figure 2.1. Communication the feedback. i Scanned with CamScannertio” =—et—t—t— Sossion 2 FEEDBACK IM COMMUNICATION 3 ~ Forms of Feedback Feedback can be of the various forms depending, upon the type of communication, #7., © A gmileor anid can be a form of feedback in interactive pagseage in-person communication f Feedback is Important as it Tensures the success and effectiveness of communication. Without feedhack, the sender cannot find if the messag intended has been successfully } delivered with the same intent. © Similarly, a question or clarification or reiteration can also be a type of feedback in in-person communication. © A Thank you note’, ov an ‘acknowledgement note’ can be a type of feedback in written or digital communication. © Audience clapping or hooting are two types of feedback that are possible in public speaking. FEI Choracteristics of Feedback Role of feedback is to make the communication effective and successful. Only an effective feedback can do this. An effective feedback has the following, characteristics : (i) Intention. The intention of the feedback is to tell if the message is not received correctly. Feedback is the way to report this to the sender. (ii) Specific. The feedback should not be vague and should be conveyed with clarity. (iii) Fair and Non-judgmental. Useful feedback does not pass judgement on the message ; it merely expresses if the message is received in the right form. (iv) Timeliness. Effective feedback is the one that intimates the sender about the message in time, eg. in in-person communication, a prompt comment and reply will be useful. Similarly, in written communication, the feedback is not delayed. Delay kills the effectiveness of the feedback and in turn destroys the effectiveness of the communication. (0) Usefulness. Effective feedback is the one that aims to improve the overall communication. (vi) Clarity. The feedback must be clear in its form and should be in an understandable format. BZA Types of Feedback Feedback can be in various forms and of various types. Let us discuss different types of feedbacks used in communication. 1. Formal ond Informal Feedback A Formal Feedback follows a preset format or structure using which the receiver frames feedback and sends it. Formal feedback covers many predefined points and has a specific blueprint. The receiver frames the feedback as per this blueprint and sends it, Formal teedback takes times to construct and hence, is not instant. For example, 1. “Congratulations on scoring A+ in your final test performance, You are promoted to your next class.” 2. “Please accep! my apologies.” Informal Feedback, on the other hand, is spontaneously framed and does not stick to 2 Specific structure such as instant comments by the listener or audience. It does not take time to construct as it is instantly conveyed, For example, 1. “Good job! Congratulations!” 2, “Sorry” Pe Scanned with CamScanneri A.14 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-X 2. Descriptive and Non-descriptive Feedback / cific information but does not give detailed j A Non-Descriptive Feedback provides some sp 4 descriptions. The feedback conveys meaningful specific response but does not com descriptive analysis or suggestions, For example, 1. “Tonly liked your 2nd paragraph. Others need improvement.” 2. “In your article, conclusion needs rework.” A Descriptive Feedback, on the contrary, provides meaningful information in a detailed, expressive manner that also contains some analysis or suggestions ete. For example, ‘All paragraphs should cover basically one idea. Only one paragraph was as per this speci- fication, other paragraphs covered nnultiple ideas ane the information was also not cohesively linked. 2. “In your article, the conclusion did not reiterate your observation and did not support the evidences your article talks about. You need to rewrite the conclusion part keeping these things in mind.” 1. 3. Specific and Non-specific Feedback The Specific Feedback talks about a thing or a point particularly without talking about a general overview. For example, 1. “Tlike the way you described your grandpa’s character. It makes me feel like I know him too.” 2. “Tlike your portrayal of sibling rivalry especially the part where you and your sister were fighting. L fight with my brother too, soit made it sound real fo me. Your story seemed related at all points.” ‘The Non-Specific Feedback, on the other hand, talks about the entire thing while giving a general overview. It does not particularly pinpoint a specific thing/feature. For example, 1. “Llike your story. It’s good.” 2. “L liked your topic of sibling rivalry.” Each of the above discussed types of feedback can be either a Positive Feedback (ice, appreciates the action and process) or a Negative Feedback (ie,, contradicts or complains). I boosts fearing by.) fore he bag of) bringing the focus to goals. | Ithetps avoid mistakes. | ‘ Importance ss) Itpromotes personal and |__ IMPeganee Professional growth. | Feedback ~ ttmatvates (especialy wth |eonstucve and Ithels in creating accepting and ) friendly work environment, ive feedbacks). | Figure 2.2 Importance of feedback. Check Point gusset 1 plays an important role in communication as it tells both ide message was interpreted ict Baap the (a) Media (6) Source (©) Courtesy “ei ee 1-22) 2. It tells both the source and the receiver, how their messages are being i - 1B int (a). c (@) Communication (0) Feedback a s (© Active listening (0 The we of rgon Case Spl Paper Tem ah Scanned with CamScannerSession 2 + FEEDBACK IN COMMUNICATION AL15 feedback follows a preset format or structure using which the receiver frames and sends it. : et (®) Informal (0) Descriptive (@ Non-descriptive 4. A____ feedback is spontaneously framed and does not have a specific structure, (a) Formal (b) Informal (©) Descriptive (@ Non-descriptive 5. A_____ feedback provides some information without detailed analysis or conclusions. (@ Formal () Informal (©) Descriptive (@ Non-descriptive 6.A feedback provides detailed analysis, documented and expressive comments with some conclusion. (@) Formal (® Informal (0) Descriptive (@) Non-descriptive feedback is specific information, in the form of written comments or verbal conversations that help the learner understand what she or he needs to do in order to improve. (@) Descriptive (& Specific (©) General @ Sign ICBSE SP Term 1, 2021-22} 8, Feedback such as “good job” or “you did great.” Are kind of which feedback ™ (@) Descriptive feedback ( Specific Feedback (©) General feedback (@ Informal feedback [CBSE SP Term J, 2021-23] 9. A_____ feedback pinpoints a thing or issue or a point without talking about general overview. (2) Formal (@ Informal (© Specific (@) Non-specific 10, A_____ feedback talks about the whole thing while giving a general overview. (a) Formal ® Informal (0) Specific (@ Non-specific Assignment Se What is the importance of feedback in communication ? What are the characteristics of effective feedback ? What are different types of feedback ? Give example sentences to support your answer. What types of feedbacks can you use for giving instant feedback ? Why ? What type of feedback should be used when it is to be stored for some legal purpose ? Why ? ye eee ACTIVITY 1. Go through the following feedback sentences and try to categorise them as formal and informal feedback. () “Very good!”, (i) "You have made us proud.”, (iii) “You won’ (iv) “It gives me a pleasure to announce XYZ school as winner of this competition.” 2. Go through the following feedback sentences and try to categorise them as specific and non-specific feedback. phe () “Way to go! Congrats.” (i) “The way you have involved your school children to community work, that is commendable. Congratulations!” (ii) “Tike your ide: (ie) “Your idea of describing the ‘never say die’ spirit through this beautiful story is Scanned with CamScannerESSION i J Principles of Effective Communication Effective datas A Barriers in Communication Communication 3.2.1 (Principles and Barriers] Introduction Effective communication is a two-way communication process where both Parties have right and convenience to express their messages, opinions, facts, other information and so forth. Effective communication follows some principles. Also, there are some barriers to effective communication. Let us talk about these. Principles of Effective Communication In order to have effective communication, there are some principles must be followed in effective communication. These principles are : 1. GARITY ‘The message being conveyed should always be in the easily under- standable language. 2 ATTENTION The receiver should be fully attentive in a communication process. For this, the message should arouse the interest of the receiver. 3. CONSISTENCY This principle implies that communication should always be consistent ‘with the planned objective of message being conveyed. 4.” ADEQUACY ‘The information being communicated should be adequate and complete in all respects. Never convey incomplete or inadequate information. 5. TIMELINESS The message must be conveyed at the proper time. Also, the feedback must also be conveyed in time to retain its effectiveness. 6. FEEDBACK The communication must have feedback confirmation from the recipient whether the messages have been understood by the recipient in the same sense in which the sender takes it for. 7. ECONO ‘The communication should take place in a way that costs optimally. Always less cost methods should be preferred, (Note. This principle hold for communication taking place in a formal set up such in ‘an organization) 7C's of Effective Communication ‘The communicator or the sender bears the. A sender must follow some rules. for communication, which are ; 4 Scanned with CamScannerSession 3 : EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION A.17 ciear D Becearnseurmesg Dovey gus yur neong Se ary aN {Be specitic—do not waste valuable time. Say what you have to say and ask what you need ont } concise (>) Jour seer tn sng sole wore en ghrg sees, aan or ec, | ive them with appropriate details delivered ina short and concise way ave tt pprop u SSS Hf aeamms emsonmanantied tenensnmtmtyoncs al] FT and exact facts and having solid, clear focus. ‘Avoid mistakes, erors and use audionce-(rendly language. Correct communication is an eror- ree correct (3) ) Communication having no grammatical oF speting mistakos and is as per the level of the target ‘audience, eg, for speaking fo middle schoo! students, a scientist should use terms and language they ean understand and relate to. canerene fy, C2herertears pal onnuncaten, 2; nite come and oat {5° the main opi, and the tone and flow of the text is consistent. Do not miss anything about what is being conveyed. A complete message delivers everything Complete fy EA) tothe audience as intended so that they can understand and take action. Courteous , fP2,,, Always be courteous. Courteous communication uses tiendly, een, and honest language with ‘respectful, decent tone and emphatic body language. Figure 3.1 7C’s of effective communication. EB Barriers in Communication Sometimes, you are saying one thing, but people perceive it in another way. There are several factors orbarriers, which are responsible for the way people view our messages. These factors include: (i) Linguistic Barrier (Lingual factors). Language can be a barrier to effective communication. For example, a Spanish man who only speaks and understands Spanish, would not be able to interact with an Indian woman who is only familiar with Hindi. (ii) Physical Barrier (Environmental Distractions). If your surroundings can also act as a barrier to appropriate interaction. You would not be able to understand what your friend is saying if you both are at a rock concert due to the noise coming from the surroundings. (iii) Cultural Barrier, Sometimes, our cultural differences are the barrier. For instance, in North America, thumbs up gesture is considered good while in Africa, it is considered offensive and is not accepted at all. (iv) Interpersonal Barriers. It refers to the situations when the intended message is received incorrectly because of many personal reasons such as : © Prejudice. Waving, preconceptions, ¢.g., thinking all teachers are strict, can strain the chances of having conversations with teachers. © Feelings. Sometimes, our feelings (such as bad mood or anger or feeling disappointed) stop us from effective communication, © Altitude of superiors, The attitude of superiors (such as egoistic/ egotistic / narcissi: nature) may affect effective communication in an organization. | (®) Organisational Barriers (Problems in System or Organisation). If in an organisation, there is larity about the roles, structures, responsibilities, it will hinder effective communication among the members of the organisation, istic isno a Scanned with CamScannerA.18 —AptiriCiAL INTELLIGENCE ication muri Barriers of Com 3.3.1 Measures to Overcome es : : : vou can apply £0 overcome the barrier {ferent measures that you can app! Ae ae Let us now discuss di communication, ( Overcoming Ling about the language is barrier, you should first ors. To overcome this carefully lor ceiver(sy/audience, Then you may use yk laly (photographs, drawings, language barriers ; Fe ye ae Oo” nication. also use non-verbal commun : i : acceptable in one culture may be offensive i However, you should be aware what inact in enh pal communication. So carefully use non-verbal com : : actorshysical Distractions. To overcome the barriers of nig toes, to hot or too cold and so forth, the communi” delivered in a distraction-free environment, al Fact needs of your re diagrams and so on) fo overcome (ii) Overcoming Environmental F mental factors like noise, mosquil should ensure that the message is —— iii) Overcoming Barricr of Cultural Influence. To overcome this barrier, you should kno, fe ae on of the people you are addressing, what things may be misunderst ow what things are perceived differently in their culture. And then you should then §; your message ensuring that no part of it offends anyone as per their cultural beliefs, Overcoming Interpersonal Barriers of Communication. To overcome these barriers, one shoyig "use some tips such as : using simple words to comoey the message ; have good listening skills; rove constructive criticism; leave prejudice and keep composure while communicating and so forth, Overcoming Organisational Barriers of Communication. To overcome these barriers, ong should use some tips such as : have proper orientation for employees; Clearly define roles, respons. Dilitics and accountability of employees; encourage interpersonal relation with inclusive event ang work-culture; provide and encourage feedback; ensure fair and just work-environment and so fort, Unicato, Lor ame 3.3.2. Why Effective Communication is Important Effective communication is avery important skill. It ensures that the exact message is transferred with clarity and right intent. In fact, Eecniercl poe effective communication is essential for success. The importance of effective communication is clear from Fig. 32. Check Point ae eoacon 1, Ahana has been chosen for school exchange program for Korea. However, she only knows a very little about the Korean language. Thus, she often misinterprets things. This is an example of ___- (a) Organisational barrier (b) Interpersonal barrier (¢) Linguistic barrier (d) Cultural barrier 2. Alaya has come from another country with her husband and children. She comes from a society where talking about husband is not considered good. tn a mental wellness conclave organised by her company, she finds it difficult to talk about her husband's issues, This is an example of (a) Organisational barrier (b) Interpersonal barrier (ec) Linguistic barrier (@) Cultural barrier 3. Rudy went to a music concert with his friend Ady. They met another friend Ishan at the concert. Since Ishan lived near Rudy's place, he asked him to drop him at the end of the concert. Howevet, when Rudy was leaving the concert was still on, Ishan sereamed that he'd manage ancl they may lea. Rudy could not hear anything because of the loud music around him. bans 4m>y Scanned with CamScannerion 3: EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION A.19 This is an example of (a) Interpersonal barrier (b) Environmental barrier (c) Linguistic barrier (4) Psychological barrier 4, Remya traveled to Sweden from India to pursue her higher education. But she doesn’t know how t peak Swedish (language of Sweden). Because of this, she was unable to find a parttime job. This is an example of (CBSE Semple Paper, 2120-24) (a) Interpersonal barrier (b) Physical barrier (c) Organisational barrier (d) Linguistic barrier Some American and Israeli managers were on a conference call. The tapic of the call was transitioning from an on-premise product to a cloud-native product. In the middle of the discussion, one Israeli manager said that the R&D staff in Israel ‘don’t care’ about some of the changes. An American manager, although usually polite, couldn't restrain himself when he heard that statement. “What's that supposed to mean, they DON’T CARE?” he thundered. This is an example of : (a) Organisational barrier (®) Interpersonal barrier (0) Linguistic barrier (@) Cultural barrier [CBSE Sample Paper Term 1, 2021-22] 6, Rohan has gone to UK for higher studies. His grandfather asked him to meet Mr. Frank in UK, whom he met around 30 years ago. While visiting Mr. Frank's house, Rohan touched the feet of Mrs. Frank to greet her. Mrs. Frank later complained to Mr. Frank that Rohan did not greet her as he hadn't shaken hands with her. This is an example of (@) Interpersonal barrier (b) Environmental barrier (c) Linguistic barrier (4) Cultural barrier 7. When the sender’s message is received differently from how it was intended, is known as. : (@) Organisational barrier (®) Interpersonal barrier (0) Physical barrier (@ Language barrier [CBSE Sample Paper Term I, 2021-2] 8. Which of the following is a barrier in effective communication ? [CBSE SP Tenn | 2021-27} (a) Linguistic clarity _(#) Concreteness (© Precision (@ Personal differences Assignment erssigomen 1, What are the principles of effective communication ? 2. Discuss the 7Cs of effective communication. 3. Which rules should be followed by a communicator while constructing a message ? Discuss different barriers of effective communication, What are the measures to overcome different barriers to communication ? ACTIVITY 1, Guess the emotions : This activity involves the guessing of emotions by just looking at the facial expressions, (i) For this activity, divide the class into two teams. (ii) Place a box having a packet of cards, each of which has a particular emotion typed on it such as disgust, affection, fear, anxiety, embarrassment, anger, determination. (ii) Now a participant from a group comes. The teacher picks a card and gives it to the participant. The participant now enacts the emotion within one minute. (iv) The group members of the participants have to guess the emotion portrayed. (2) If the emotion is guessed correctly by the group members, they receive ten points. (vi) Now it is the turn of group 2 to perform in the same way. (vii) Rotate the acting opportunities between the two groups. (ili) At the end of the period, the teacher announces the winning team based on its point total. 2 This is the extension of previous activity. The teacher discusses with the class, how would they ‘overcome this barrier if such an emotion is exhibited by the listener(s) while they are communicating ? 4. 5. evict eon Scanned with CamScanner NP A R T A SESSION Basic Writing Skills I- Parts of Speech | Introduction You have leamt about basic parts of speech in your previous class. Here, we shall first quickly revise them and then discuss two more things, which are important while writing sentences, Parts of Speech ‘You already know that different types of words combined in some form, to form a sentence are called Parts of Speech. These are 9 in number, including Articles. You have read about these in class 9 already. J Parts of Speech A Capitalisation and Punctuation ‘A pronoun is used in placo ‘of noun in @ sentence, Aprenoun may take place of the name ‘ofa person, place or ting Roshan Isnt at work this week ; he's gone on holiday. “Aninterection expresses strong {feeling oF emotion. An ntaection ‘can be a single word ora phrase, ‘Hooray t's the ast day of school, ‘conjunction jons together single words 0 groups of words In @ sentence. | was tred 60 I went to sleep, ‘A verb ca tell what action someone ‘or something is doing. A verb can also ‘xpress a sale of being Lets sing th last vorse again, ‘Anoun is the name of a person, ‘place, thing (and animal) or ide, ‘The teacher told the chléren to slop chattering In clase, ‘A propostion combines with a noun (‘pronoun to form a phrase that tells something about another word in a sentence, ‘There sa pen onthe abl, Figure 4.1. Parts of Speech, There are following parts of the speech : 1. Noun. A word for a person, place or thing, e.g, HL, Pronoun. A word that stands in for a noun, eg, he in ‘young git!’ V. Article. A word that introduces a noun, e.¢, a box, the Taj Mahal ‘An adjective describes a noun "have three colourtulerayons Im my bive pencil case. ‘An adverb describes a ver, ‘an adjactive or another adverb. 11am often forgetful. Yestonday Haft my backpack outside, “The words “et “ant and “the" belong toa spacial group of adjectives called articles. An aticle can be used befoce Slow and stoasy wins the race. Rema, Chennai, Box » she, I, We, they, me, her, us, him, then II, Verb, A doing word, e.g. cried, jumped, is, was, will, p JV. Adjective. A word that describes a noun or pronoun, e.g, green in ‘green pole’ or Young, Scanned with CamScanner! a al Session 4 : Basic Writing Skills I - PARTS OF SPEECH A.21 \ VI. Adverb. A word that describes an adjective, adverb or verb, &.g., quickly in ‘he jumped quickly’ VII. Preposition. A word that shows the position in time or space, e.g., dig in VII. Conjunction. A word that connects two sentences together (sometimes called a connective), ¢.g., and, but, (After my fall in the stairs, I cried and my brother laughted.) IX. Interjection. An outburst or word people say when they're playing for time, eg. hey, well, now, so Copitalisation and Punctuation Once you create a grammatically correct sentence using different parts of speech, it is important to write sentence in a way so that it conveys the message clearly. Capitalisation and Punctuation are important while writing sentences as they help readers understand and interpret the message. Capitalisation nai Capitalization means converting the first letter in a word in a s4ar4s of punctuation and { upper case letter, ¢.g., the first word in this sentence contains the} capitalization help readers first letter as the Capital letter. Not only the beginning of the {understand and_ interpre sentences, capitalisation is used for many things, such as for sentences better. nouns, historical events, Quotations and many others. ‘ Figure 4.2 lists various Capitalisation rules. Capitalisation Rules “Period ()Porentheses Comma Use a period at the end of a sentence: ) (5) I live in the north-eastem part of the state, where the climate is colder. Explanation. Capitzlize points of the compass only when they refer to specific geographical sentence, “north-eastem” is an adjective describing “part,” not a region. (4) The Vighrabha, especially Nagpur, is famous for oranges and cotton. Explanation. “The Vidharbha” refers to a specific geographical region of India, (A) Have you read All the King’s Men ? Explanation. With composition titles, do not capitalize a, an, or the unless it is first or last in @) Lenjoy summer more than any other season. Explanation. Do not capitalize names of seasons. (&) (©) Employees of the company were laid off with little hope of returning to work Explanation. Do not capitalize company, department, bureau, office, etc. if used in a general y dear Mr. Sinha : | Explanation. in correspondence, capitalize only the first word of a salutation and the frst word of 2 complimentary close. (zi) (A) Sincerely yours, Explanation. Seme as Explanation 10. Aesignment — 1 Carefully go through the following sentences and identify the parts of speech of highlighted words eee (ii) Don’t talk like that. (iii) Raina and Sara are coming back soon. (v) Let's do it (oii) Ob I didn’t know that fix) New Delhi is a big city (ci) We finished it yesterday. eee (aif) He will come. Gay Wen Gala gear y (zz) We have pens, pencils, notebooks and markers, (iv) This is a pretty vase. ’) The cat is on the table. (vii) Do you want to go out or stay home? (2) L want the blue ball, Scanned with CamScannera Session 4 : Basic Writing Skills I - PARTS OF SPEECH A.25 2, Use Capitalisation in the sentences given below : ‘\ (@) can your mother speak good English ? () she asked, “do you like spicy food 2" (0) “pirates of the Caribbean”, he “is my favourite film.” (@ “my friend was born on 21 June 1999. She doesn’t like having her birthday in summer vacations.” (©) “ido like chinese food,” mary said, “but i prefer indian or italian.” (A “you would have passed the test,” my teacher said, “if you had studied harder.” (g) “how many people”, she wondered, “have ever ri 3. Punctuation exercise : Choose the correct punctuation. () To Ryna did not falter while reading news on stage. Iden a horse.” (@) everybody's surprise (0) every body's surprise (0 everybodys surprise (@ everybodys’ surprise (i Billboards are considered an important part of advertising for big business, __by their critics. (a) but, an eyesore; (0) but an eyesore (ii) This is absolutely incredible () but, “an eyesore,” (@ but-an eyesore @! ®. ©: @; (io) Watch out for the broken glass @. @? ©, @! @® studying about world war Il in history now (@) We're (&) we re (© were (@) weare (vi) He shouted, happening 2” (@ “What's @), “What's (©, “What's” (@ What's (ii) My dog hates dog food __ loves eating my dinner, @, O; (c)zhe @) ‘he’ (iit) There are two things about him that drive me crazy __his music and his cooking. @: O; ©, @. (2) Three countries are involved in the discussions ___ however, only India and Japan will sign the treaty immediately. @: On ©, @. (®) Which one of these is correct ? (@) The potion contained: fruit, biscuits and glue. (6) The potion contained fruit, biscuits and glue. (©) The potion : contained fruit, biscuits and glue, (4) The potion contained fruit;, biscuits and glue, Scanned with CamScanner" i Ai weer: | Basic Writing A Sentence Construction . Phi Skills II - aes A Kind of Sentences Sentences | A Parts of a Sentence ESE Introduction So you have been through the basic introduction of communication skills, its components, ig importance, its types, and so on. You have also read in your previous class about how to form and speak basic sentences, punctuation rules, pronunciation rules and talking about basic things in English. In this session, we shall talk further about communicating in English but this time we shall talk about written English. | For this session, I recommend that you go through all the sessions of Class IX in Unit Tof Part a, ie, ‘Communication Skills’. EEE Sentence Construction Recall that a sentence is a group of words that are complete, meaningful and together make Sense and convey specific meaningyfact/message/information,e.. Sheena works in an Office, Recall that © a sentence always has a subject and a verb, eg, in the above example sentence, the subject is ‘Sheena’ and the verb is ‘works’. ‘in the office’ is not a sentence because : itis not complete as it is not conveying enough information. ‘with “in the office’, you still need to know : who (eubject) did what (verb) © Punctuation wise, a sentence must be Punctuation signs : a full stop (. ), ‘The bird picked the worm, Where did you go ? What a tall sculpture it is : Important! Before we proceed, it ls recommended that you revisa these sessions from byus You > byyou WD TOYSAR Will represent our school, ud = oN ‘Sho — by her Let Ved Odject. t — bylt — = Thoy by them Our SHON willbe ha, , represented by Tonis ee Wem ‘of verb SF PE table summarises the mules (V3 means 3rd form of the verb) : : Tenses Single Continuous Perfect “ to bes V3 to be + being V3 To be + have been V3 ; Jan) an have sf 8 is being V3 been V3 ae are ras | was | ws | had | 3 8 ees were fPeing VB been V: aT ri a ill have b | eal \ a will have been V3 SEE D ‘Your message has been sent, Subject Verb Rita writes A letter is written Rita wrote A letter was written \ Scanned with CamScannerA.32 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-X Subject Object Rita ee — “Aletter has been written by Rita. Future 1 jRita____—| wll wrt _ cea A letter will be written by Rita, Rita can write | a letter. A letter can be written by Rita, Present Progressive Rita __| is writing a letter. Passive : A letter is being written by Rita. Past Progressive | Active Rita was writing a letter. | Passive : A letter was being written by Rita. Past Perfect Active = Rita had written a letter, Passive + A letter had been written by Rita. Future 11 Act Rita will have written a letter. Passive A letter will have been written | by Rita, Conditional I Active : Rita would write a letter. Passive : A letter would be written by Rita. Conditional 11 Active: Rita would have written | a letter. Passive ¢ A letter would have been written | by Rita, Solution Time —— 1. Given below are some sentences in Active/Passive voices. (i) Identify the tense, voice type (activelpassive) of the sentence. (i) Write the sentence in opposite voice, ie, passive voice for a sentence given in active voice and vice-versa Gi) Using all the above given guidelines fill in the table given below : Tense Active Voice Passive Voice write tense type here> write sentence here if the sentence is ‘in active voice and in the column on the right, write this sentence in passive voice.> ‘write sentence here if the sentence is in passive voice and in the column on the left, write this sentence in active voice.> Consider the sentences given below : (i) News reports are written by reporters, (ii) Manu is baking a brownie, (ii) New workers were hired by the company last year (io) The salesman was helping the customer when the thief eame into the store Scanned with CamScanner| Sossion 6 : Waiting Skills UL (0) The book tas already been discussed tl delivered the etter, workers sei be hired by the company, has to deliver the letters (ix) The letters: must be detiverea ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE A33 Active Voice (9 | Present simple Reporters wtite news reports. (2 | Present continuous | Manu is baking a brownie, | Ga | Past simple The company hired new workers last year. (ie) | Psst Continuous | The salesman was helping the customer | when the thief came into the store, Present perfect They have already discussed the book. He had detivered the letters. (ci) | Past perfect (ci) | Future simple The company will hire new workers. | infinitive Passive Voice News reports are written by reporters. A brownie is being baked by Manu. New workers were hired by the company last year. The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. The book has already been discussed. The letters had been delivered. ‘New workers will be hired by the company. ‘She has to deliver the letters. The letters have to be delivered, (ix) | Modals She must deliver the letters. The letters must be delivered. C4sia nment | nn Chonge the active voice to passive voice and vice versa : Once a week, Chintan cleans his room. The car was repaired by the mechanic. The fort has been visited by many tourists. Someone will complete the work before 5 pm. My mom is going to cook a delicious meal tonight. 6. Radha plays sitar beautifully. 7. Arun cooked food yesterday. 8. Rudy will send the gift tomorrow. 9. Football is being played by Aadi. 10. The bridge had been made by the workers. Scanned with CamScanner ‘N »A Significance of Paragraphs JA Writing Good Paragraphs i Introduction In this session, we shall briefly describe what makes a good paragraph in English and what ay things one should keep in mind while constructing paragraphs. Significance of Paragraphs It is always a good idea to write your text in paragraphs. A paragraph is a group of sentences that desrty one idea. The paragraphs present an idea at a time and prevent text from becoming overwhelming. | “Writing Good Paragraphs A paragraph represents one idea; if you have to write about a different idea, start a new paragraph. In order to construct a good paragraph, you can follow the rules given below. Step 1 : Write an Outline for the Paragraph First thing you should do while constructing a paragraph i The outline of the paragraph should include : ® the topic (on which the paragraph is to be written) ® supporting information of the topic write an outline of the paragraphs Example Topic Impact of Population Explosion Outline Rate of mortality has decreased Increased requirement of land Leads to cutting of forests Increased Carbon dioxide production More need of trees to absorb increased C0, Deadlock Step 2 : Write the Topic Sentence Write a sentence that describes the topic, Example The ever-increasing popu and ecosystem impa Scanned with CamScannereS’ P Session 7 : CONSTRUCTION OF A PARAGRAPH A.35, \ Step 3 : Write Supporting Sentences for Each Outline In the next step, you have to write at least one supporting sentence for each point in the outline. You can use facts or examples to support your points. Example The reason for this population explosion is the decrease of mortality rates because of advancement in medical technology. With the increase in population, more land is requied for living purposes. The increased land requirement is the reason behind cutting of forests to create habitable land. Also, the increased population means more production of carbon dioxide (CO,) as the result of people's breathing, Increased amount of CO, means we should have more trees that can absorb increased quantities of C0,. However, the increased population also leads to cutting of trees and forest and thus it has become like a deadlock situation. Step 4 : Write the Concluding Sentence Finally write a concluding sentence to sum up the idea of the paragraph. Example This way the ever-increasing population is leading us to a condition where we shall not be left with either space to live or air to breathe. Step 5 : Combine all the Lines to get Your Final Paragroph ‘Now combine all the lines of steps 2, 3, and 4 to get your final combined paragraph. Impact of Population Explosion ecosystem impacting us in a great way. The reason for this population explosion is the decrease of mortality rates because of advancement in medical technology. With the increase in population, more land is required for living purposes. The increased land requirement is the reason behind cutting of forests to create habitable land. Also, the increased population means more production of carbon dioxide (CO,)as the result of people's breathing. Increased amount of COs means we should have more trees that can absorb increased quantities of CO,. However, the increased population also leads to cutting of trees and forest and thus it has become like a deadlock situation. This way the ever-increasing population is leading us to a condition where we shall not be leit with, either space to live or air to breathe. The ever-increasing population of our planetis causing immense pressure on our environment and — T C2heck Point neck ton 1. Develop and write paragraphs for the following topics : (i) Sports Culture in India (ii) Positive Thinking (iii) Country-side Living (iv) Modern definition of Patriotism. UNIT I: COMMUNICATION SKILLS A | Scanned with CamScannerpip! Directions Pp g MUNICATION: SKILLS: ‘Assertion & Reasoning Questions In the following question, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason Mark the correct choice as : (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation ic A (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) Ais true but R is false (or partly truc). (4) Ais false (or partly true) but R is true. (6) Both A and R are false or not fully true. Assertion (A). Non-verbal communication carries more effect than just the words carry, Reason (R). 93% contribution to the communication is through body-language and voice-tone Assertion (A). Giving general overview is a type of non-specific feedback. Reason (R). Non-specific feedback has to be descriptive. Assertion (4). It is important to know about the culture and cultural preferences of an audience before communication. Reason (R). Knowing about a culture is useful in overcoming cultural barriers, Competency Based Questions Meenu’s younger brother Sonu, is a curious learner. Meenu also keeps encouraging him to learn and understand new things. To make him understand the components of communication, Meenu. told him the following : “Peja wanted to give birthday wishes to his sister in a Shimla hostel. So, he used his telephone 86 dialled her number. When she picked the phone, he said, “Happy Birthday my dear ter”. His sister was very happy and said, “Thank you so much’. ‘cenit asked Sonu to identify various components of communication from the above ‘example. Pick best option from the choices given below. (2) Sender : Raja; Receiver : His sister ; Message : ‘Happy Birthday’. (2) Sender : Raja ; Receiver : His sister ; Message : “Happy Birthday’ ; Feedback : “Thank you so much” (©) Sender: Raja; Receiver ; His sister; Message : ‘Happy Birthday’; Feedback : “Thank you so much” ; Communication channel : Telephone (2) Sender: Raja; Receiver: His sister ; Message : “Happy Birthday’; Feedback : “Thank you so much” ; Communication é Encoding : Conversion of voice to telephone signal ;2. Milall has got a scholarship an She is missing her family as it is her brother's birthday and she is not home, However, she wants to wish her brother through a self-composed poem, which he would cherish forever. Which of the following is the best way to communicate poem to her brother, so that he is able to feel the love of his sister everytime and it is stored with him for lifetime ? () Through Oral communication ~ recite poem over phone () Through Wri now studying in the Great school, which is a residential school. len communication ~ write poem on a letter or email (©) Through Visual communication ~ draw a picture/poster (Any of these. 3. The Great school has invited its old student Zoe, who has become a famous scientist, to the school fo encourage students about sciences. However, while addressing the school students, Zoe used highly scientific terms and jargons and thus students could not get what exactly she wanted to say. What type of communication barrier is thi (a) Physical Barrier (b) Cultural Barrier (0) Linguistic Barrier (@) Interpersonal Barrier 1. XYZ classes is a popular dance coaching institute. It runs various batches. Attendance of students is marked, as 75% or more attendance is compulsory. One of its students, Ria, met with a small accident while going back home, Ria claimed insurance for this incident. The insurance company agent came to verify if Ria was present that day or not. However, no one at XYZ classes knew who will interact with the insurance agent and in what form should this be communicated. What type of communication barrier is this ? istic Barrier ()) Interpersonal Barrier (0) Environmental Barrier (@) Organisational Barrier Reet attended a function organised in the ‘President's House’ representing her school. The President said in his address to students, “The government has inaugurated 25 new world class institutes all across India. ‘The government has also launched about 100 different scholarship schemes" While sharing this with her teachers and friends, Reet paraphrased it as : 25 new world class institutes have been inaugurated by the government all across India. About 100 different scholarship schemes have also been launched by the Government”, What did Reet (a) Chan ww ch (©) Told the information in summary form, ctually do while paraphrasing ? {the voice from active to passive, ged the voice from passive to active, (d) Changed the tense of the address, Scanned with CamScannera ea Foundational Concepts of 1.1 INTRODUCTION ‘A baby can feel and understand start understanding many more music and so on. One thing whic cession, we shall briefly discuss what intelligence an important aspect of intelligence, will also touch upon ‘Another discussion point of this you better understanding of the 1.2 WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE ? Intelligence re! Imowledge and skills in various domains. h intelligence is the : © faculty of understanding © ability to interact with the real world © capacity of learning, reasoning and underst objects and images ¢ ® mental alertness © A What is Intelligence ? A What Al Is 2 JA. Role of Intelligence in Our Lives JX What Al Is Not 2 J\ How Machines J Types of Intelligence become Intelligany 2 JA. What is Decision-Making # ‘JA Role of Intelligence in Decision-Making cold, warmth, light, darkness etc. When they grow, they things such as sounds, moods, colours, pictures, objec, ‘his responsible for this is known as intelligence, In this js and how it impacts us. This session the decision-making. session would be ‘What AI is’ and ‘What it is not’ to gie term Artificial Intelligence. Tnteltigence Intelligence refers tothe ability to understand, dis- fers to the ability to acquire and apply tinguish, question things) in other words, objects/feelings/situations! people along with acquiing and applying knowledge and skills in various domains. anding e.g., recognising speech, recognising application of acquired knowledge e.g., ability to take action: to have an effect aptitude in grasping truths, feels, meaning etc. ie,, continuous learning and adapting graph using mental capacity and knowledge for decisions, such as : « Modelling the external world, given input «= Solving new problems, planning and making decisions = Ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties wh 5 ai ks ee the ete mentioned qualities, would be termed intelligent - be it hus a machine. These days you see even machines are getting intetigent- P can lear from facts, increase th eir knowledge and perform intricate decision-™ Scanned with CamScannerwy 1: FOUNDATIONAL Cone 5 gouf OF INTELLIGENCE IN OUR LIVES ~ tugence plays an important role in our tives, Even animals have chown to use sn rgance to solve some problems or to improve their lives, For instance, consider some in “rples about the use of intelligence by humans and animals. exal na school fest, «stall rewarded the ones who would catch the flower ball coming out ofa Inanch pad. The Iewch pad was rotating and could shoot the flower ballin any direction. peter noticed that the launch pad shot the flower ball after every @ seconds and in anti-clockwise direction at a distance of about 240°. using this information, Peter positioned himself at the correct position from the last launch of "bail and caught it to win the prize. Great use of Mathematical Intelligence to solve a problem. aust have read the story of @ shere the rabbit saves its by taking the lion to a pond or well. His intelligence won over right, and saved its life. Great use of cleverness, a form of intelligence, to save own and others’ lives. Another story of animal intelligence is cleverness of a crow where a crow used pebbles to increase the level of water to quench its thirst. ox we I~ Great use of smartness (another form of intelligence) to Useful in a specific situation. Scanned with CamScannerWuisrsy 6 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-X 14 ound you that hh as solving problems situations, ©! Likewise, you will see ar lives for everything, such as sol tools, paths or people in specific practices, and so forth. f anyone — hua’ i be of a quality o! : Intelligence can be of a ql Tearing to aco nowadays. Modem machines are Following section talks about various form: TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE Intelligence can be of various forms, understanding own and others’ feelings and so the intelligence plays a very importé , making decisions, eating ne’ ant role in our choosing the correct ww things, innovating existing rns, animals, birds and even machines, various forms of intelligence. is of intelligence. such as intelligence with numbers or music or on, In 1983, an American developmental psychologist Howard Gardener described nine types of intelligence : 1, Naturalist Intelligence identify and categorise among living things (plants, (Environmental Skils). It refers to the human ability to animals etc.) as well as understanding other features of the natural world (clouds, rock configurations etc.). 2. Musical Intelligence (Music Skills). It refers to the ability to differentiate between pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone. This type of intelligence enables to recognize, create, reproduce, and reflect on music. The music composers, conductors, musicians, vocalists, and sensitive listeners exhibit this intelligence. 3. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (tumerical and Logical Skills). Tt refers to the ability to calculate, quantify, use propositions and hypotheses, and carry out complete mathematical operations. It also includes reasoning skills, inductive and deductive thinking patterns, logical intelligence etc. _ 4. Existential Intelligence (Religious and Spiritual Skills). Tt refers to that form of inteligence which people use to ponder over deep questions such as reason of human existence, meaning of life, why we di feat bere(and st ec oe cue Ravi Shankar (celebrated Sitar player), A.R. Rehman (great music composer), Ustad Zakir Hussain (celebrated Tabla Player) are some great Indians to possess musical intelligence. Dr. Neena Gupta was awarded the prestigious Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize in 2019, at the age of 35, for having solved a 70-year-old mathe- matics puzzle called the Zariski Cancellation Problem. She possesses great logical-mathematical intelligence. India is a land of Sufis and Saints who Possess existential intelligence I" abundance. 5. 5, ne and sy iterPetsonal Intelligence (People Skil). It refers to the ability to understand eract effectively with others. It includes effective communication (verbal and non-verbal), sensitivity to the moods and temperaments of others, understand multiple perspectives. Scanned with CamScanner¥ Session 1: FOUNDATIONAL CONCERTS OF AL 7 4 iM ntelligent i vills involving ~~ It refers to the ills, such as, esthetic Intelligence (Mind Hody + Kin 6, Bodily and use a variety of phy: i pjects ‘alps manipulate o} 1 tat ng with mind-body union. AMMletes, i aatden boy Meera) Chopra has ee ys, surgeons, and crafts people exhibit coltent bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence, aancers: ‘gevcloped bodily kinesthetic intelligence. well gence (Language Processing Sills). This is the ability to think in Poets, novelists, istic Intelli if Hl 7, ting ve to express and appreciate complex meanings. to use languag : " . . 1 efetive public speakers are said to have this form of intelligence. This journalists, A yequired for activities like writing, reading, telling stories or doing jntelligence fqossword puzzles. , intracpersonal Intelligence (sel/:avareness Skills. It refers to the ability to ndertand oneself and one’s thoughts and feclings, and to use such knowledge in tanning and directing one's life, This form of intelligence is evident in psychologists, spiritual leaders, and philosophers. 9, Spatial Intelligence, (Visual World Perceiving Skills). This form of intelligence makes good use of three dimensions, mental imagery, 3-D reasoning, image manipulation, graphic and artistic skills, and an active imagination. Sailors, pilots, sculptors, painters, and architects all exhibit spatial intelligence. | Bodlly-Kinesthotic | | Coordination between | Linguistic \ mind and bod; Using language in the form ly Interpersonal of writing and speaking Communicating with others. ‘and ‘reading them’ Intra-personal The ablity to understand Existentiol ‘your inner self Introspective questions of life, death and existence Natural Is about connecting and understanding the nature Mothematical-Logical Exceliing in math and logical thinking Spatial euskal Exporioncing tho world Recognizing sound, pitch, In.g cimensiens tone, rhythm and timbre Figure 1.1. Different types of Intelligence Noe "Son can Possess multiple types of intelligence simultaneously. UNIT I: INTRODUCTION To Al ba Scanned with CamScannersy x 8 apririciay inTewiGeNnce 1 life where you have to pig, Me 0 \AKING ? 1.5 wnaris DEcIsi 7 uations in youl wt ance scountered many situate! For example, ve encaual possible choices: sever waters, you have to PICK ONE OF tO fp eaters, You must hal two options from the to buy your sturts shop. | * hota io eo ites fom the available st °F Options lable 0) shortlisted availab! : in cou have to pick one or tw you thy © Inarestaurant, ¥° have to pick one from a set of Chega i school, © While opting for a sport in your s available to you. and many more. i i made a In each of the above given situations, you mate Gecision. Decision-making means selection of nite 8 action or belief out of several possible alternate op' item/belief for a need from n informati intelligence plays Available data, information and our intelligence pla : an important role in decision-making. Following section Seal Saree : nnth aval talks about the same, ie., how intelligence plays a role Str le in decision-making, re Maki {Decision-Making Decision-Making js, process of identitying i picking a final choice/aciin 1.6 ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE IN DECISION-MAKING As you know that decision-making is about making a final choice about a action /item/belief for a need/problem from a set of available altemate choices/solutions In the process of decision-making, at each step, intelligence plays an important role - I whether while picking alternate solutions, comparing them, implementing the final choice and evaluating the consequences of the final decision. Our intelligence is the result of many things, such as : ® Data/Information available © Relationships among data/information © Past experience of handling similar situations or data/information © Understanding and knowledge © Our intuition and self-awareness Damrsy Intelligence gathered this way influences our decision-making through: © Insights of a situation Scanned with CamScanner iKe Session 1: FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS OF A igure 1:2 depicts this, Ze, the role of intelligence in decision-making process. Evaluate each Take required choice and ‘action to put Review your weigh if the chosen, decision and io Gather relevant itsalisfies solution in check its wnat, information ihe aod actos, Boks be EAs ies Seuear) Sausaue) (auch voentty the ESD) | aiternative alternatives» [ey tha chosen [aaa Nyour’ ede ohiensieuels 88 your Soliltion. solution decision A t required, repeat the procoss ] Figure 1.2 Role of Intelligence in Decision-Making consider the scenarios in the following activity, where intelligence played an important role in decision-making. The boy in the centre is not a real person as it does not have a shadow while other twos have. UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO Al Scanned with CamScannerOe 4 10 ARTIFICIAL INTELUGENCEX ive watch on the beach. He decideg a dan expensive pe _ (I One day asafety er ike owner. After the announcem Peoples n the loudspeaker to fit the watch on the beach, w."% ne and said that they had lost # 7 ACh. Whose Justin, and Kevin ca 05 ‘watch is this ? aa ey 2Justin 3Kevin A = Sevini Dind, he doesn't need a watch, Only Justin has a tan line, He is the tne F owner. 363 exts inthe house each having a tap * Door 1 has invisible venomous spiders behind it, * Door 2 has a dozen disease infected beetles, % Door 3 has 100s of furious homets, Which door would you pick to escape ? Door 2 as a dozen beetles can be easily crushed, deneath You Scanned with CamScanner18 Sossion 1 JOUNDATIONAL ConceENS oF A 4 WHAT ALIS > You Know that the Intelligence is basically the Kuowledao, Artiticiat Intelligones is intelligenco, "culty o€ reasoning and integration of something which is Not natural yet mimics i *Artiffesa) patent [Atitictaltncettigonce Lets make it conven, “Artificial intelligence" refers toa pefaickiee te Trunanemade intertace: (a machine or framework or teletsto the ability ofaheee apptication) having the power to Yeason and integrate made interface (machine or Krowtodge and behave in the same Way a naturally MP atlon) to mimic human. ‘ntetigont entity (humau/animat ete.) would behave inthe i Fasoning and integration of knowledge. Some examples of what AP is and can do, are : © Like humans, At base and attempt to make higher average te accordingly, «systems cam discover pattems from the avaiable information estinates for futur, e.g, farmers have discovered the pattem of “peratures leading to higher rainfall and thus they make estimates ® Like humans, AT can make decisions ‘pon falling a robot may decide to g # Like hinmans, AT based setfdriven ear animal or an object in front of it to in case of the rain, by picking up from the available options, jet up or turn direction or even cravil, S can make decisions like if there is a human or Stop at red-signals; to activate windshield wiper eg., © Uke humans, AL based technologies can recognise and read from images, e.g., AT based cameras can identify the traffic violators and initiate the process of challan, AL based cameras can identify human faces from live pictures of photos. Like Thomas, AL based systems can converse in natural language. Sin, Alexa, Google Assistant, Cortana ete, are all examples, and many more, ° WHAT ALIS NOT While it i somewhat clear to you what AT is and what it can do, let us discuss about what ALis not, In order to better understand AI, you should also understand what AI is not and what it cannot do, Consider the following points : intelli just the (i) AL is not just automation, AT means the use of intelligence and Pata eid automation, e.g., modem day automated factories do not mean qe aaa used there, AT is only when intelligence plays some role, Repeated fa: work does not mean AT. i i iti rk smartly Yor example, a smart washing machine can perfor its: ee Funnies and automatically but itis not artificially intelligent as it a ener or learn from past mistakes, Also, it needs human intervent on its own, WiThete sts uucelsltlauley coal AN Scanned with CamScani nerpO we TELUGENCE nology to learn, ve pt heavy vee of @ Artificial invetligent systems train and think, process and perform intelligent tasks A smart TV or smart AC can perform repetitive but unless it involves decision-making Not att smart deve based on some data (fed or collected over time) artificially intelligent and leaming, and improving with experience, these are smart appliances not intelligent ones. (i) AT not a single entity. AT is not one entity like a human or animal. tt is synchronous use of multiple programs, data and continuous feedback any improvisation 85 ate Al is not emotions. Humans have emotional intelligence. AI so far does not have any, Aévanced robots although mimic human behaviour yet they can't empathize like humans. (vy) Al as not magic. It is math and algorithm. AI is not just some digital magic happening. It is the play of math, algorithms, lots of data and continuous use of feedback mechanism. Without data and feedback, AI won't survive. EN Sees clones Understand natural language robustly (eg, rend and understand articles in a newspaper) * Surf the web * Learn a natural language * Play well * Construct plans in dynamic real-time domains Refocus attention in complex environments Pertorm life-long, leaming 1.9 HOW MACHINES BECOME INTELLIGENT ? Jn oider to understand how machines become (artificially) intelligent, it is important fr you to know about various Al domains and branches, AI mainly has the following domaits and branches ; © Machine Learning, The branch of AI that teaches a machine how to make inferences and decisions based on past experience. The learning of a machine can take place it supervised /unsupervised/semi-supervised or reinforced manner. © Deep Learning, The branch of Al that teaches a machine to process inputs through layers in order to classify, infer and predict the outcome. Scanned with CamScannerSession 1 : FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS OF AL 13, works similar to human neural networks ty Networks. The branch of AI that uitiple layers capture the relationships among data and process them as per » Neural where ™ the need. ‘AI that teaches a machine to read, nguage Processing. The branch of i and provide a response in a natural Natural La ° and interpret a natural language, understand language. . . AI that helps machines recognise an image by ‘9 computer Vision. The branch : preaking down an image and studying different parts of the objects. Artificial Intelligence Deep Natural Language Machine Neural Computer Leaning Processing Learning Networks Vision supervised Unsupervised Reinforcement Semi-superised Leaming Leaming Learning Learning XK as @) \ BS Figure 1.3 AI Domains and Branches Let us now discuss how machines become artificially intelligent. Human intelligence grows and develops with age, more experience and exposure to things, information and situations (e.g., how a person starts learning in nursery and goes on to become an expert in a subject with age and practice; how a sportsperson keeps improving their ability with continuous practice and feedback and so on) machines also learn with data/information, algorithms and feedback. Same way, Algorithms help machines understand data/information and make use of feedback to in order to train a machine to pick continuously improve their performance. For example, the faulty designs from printed packages, they are repeatedly trained with the images of correct and acceptable designs. Machines undergo the phases of training, validation and then testing with data and output evaluation in every phase. These phases keep repeating until the machines become intelligent (Fig. 1.4). With more and more data and feedback about their performance, machines learn what they are being taught and hence start behaving intelligently. Note era becomes artificially intelligent (i.e. Al-based) when it | owing intelligence in actions or decisions. | eins beep updating and learning from more data and pas ee tough training, validation and testing and thereby lligent. | Uistnnsetistasterstereulonstarerc. Scanned with CamScanner. “ ARTIFICIAL NTETIGENCE-X A "Test one Output Data tbat Training 1 Vkdation aad oon Date” Output ec; genta i ‘, generated H ; | | Ts | alae lag | fi Machine. Evan | ; Machine Output ; a ' ' y D Satisfied, Not ts salsfed Salisfieg Salisted ‘Add New variables VANDI OM Figure 1.4 How Machines become Intelligent Variables HE Check Point eee i 1. Which of the following clearly define intelligence ? (@) tis the ability to understand things (©) Wis the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills in various domains (0) Itis the ability to describe things (d) tis the ability to understand objects/feelings/situations along with acquiring and Knowledge and skis in various domains 2. How many types of intelligences are there ? (a8 os (2 @10 3. Who introduced the Theory (a) Howard Gardner (©) Howard Johnson applying Wawry of Multiple Intelligences to larger audiences ? ©) Steve Howie (@ Jackie Robinson Howard Gardner ? (2) Intra-personal Intelligence (H) Linguistic Intelligence (©) Naturalist Intelligence (4) Jovial Intelligence 5. A person can possess types of intelligence simultaneously. 8 3 (© multiple @2 6 The Accountant of your school who does all th, intelligence. (a) mathematical ©) spatial (6) linguistic (d) musical | 7. The Belle dancers are said to have intelligence, (0) bodily-kinesthetic (0) spatial | (c) linguistic (@ fundamental Scanned with CamScannerSession 1s FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS OF AL 15. ve ane saint to have intelligence. tre ti (1) spatiat ont s (@) fundamental tg tit i wr atists of AiRRENAE S _ intelligence. 3 Tatil (8) spat c . (d) musical Hgts School prineipal & great orator, has intelligence. _ Yom them atical (®) spatial (0 lingui (@) musical wana player displays ama intelligence, ee (8) musical (©) naturalist (d) interpersonal er cgqate Masters display’ great intelligence. 2 @ existential (0) interpersonal (0) muasical (id bodily-kinesthetic . istic intelligence. She | “Gy loves driving cars (b) isa good interior decorator working with plants i) works well with children. ig with p anya is evistentially intelligent, She keeps asking questions about : (¢) shapes, patterns and equations () the purpose of life (nature and plants (@) music, rhythm, pitch 5 Mr has high interpersonal intelligence. He read books very fast (8) makes friends quickly () can interact with animals (d) isa good cook Js Lam intra-personally intelligent. It means 5 P ly ig («) Lam an extremely outgoing person ly outgoing p (@) Lam really good at sports ly gi P (©) Lam really good at arts (2) Lam able to understand myself well 1. The chief guest of our annual function spoke expressively, He displayed great __ intelligence. (2) bodily kinesthetic (© evistential 'S Process of deciding about an option/choi (intelligence (0 execution 1. Which of the (Past experience (9 Intuition (a) Intelligence (0 Execution © from an available set of choices is called —___ - following contribute to the intelligence ? an outcome of past experience, knowledge, data/information available, y (#) spatial (@) linguistic (¥) decision-making (none of these (#) Data/Information (i) All of these your intuition ete. (#) Decision-making, (a) None of these Scanned with CamScannerOO WW Ay 6 © antici INTEIIGINCL 2 AL domain? a Whieh SE the tottoaeing, is not an A (H) Machine Learning, {) Deep Learn (a) Computer Aided Design We SM puter Vision Mi ° Whiety ot the following is an esample of AL? (2) Automatic production line in factories ) Onder (racking system wa given set of images: (9 Mentitying images: of eorteet objects from ay (2) Replying in human tike language | inc inenee me I play an important role in making @ machine intelligent Whieh of the following will p (0) Algorithny/Program ©) Data f these (9) Feedback about the output generated (d) All of Competency Based Questions 7% Rautikatyer has great yt knack fo creating, singing or Playing meto at 3 YOU has created many compositions and won many awards, She possesses —— inteligence, () logical () musical (0) linguistic @) bodily-kinesthetic 25. Raunak can notice small dis ions in plant life, enjoys be Ng Outdoors, can tell YOu which cloug Fe Sirus and which are stratus, He pe cs _ intelligence, Ee () explorer (H) logical (©) musical (@) naturalistic R P (0) logi T 26. James Bond can talk to anyone, anywhere, at any time. He is so good with understanding othey ‘one feelings, mood ele, He possesses B —— intelligence, () interpersonal (H) intrapersonal (©) personal (@ linguistic Mf augthing and starts feeling anxious, i} Views and opinions, feelings and intelligence, Whenever Naved faces. a problem abon Nuced clearly understands his own dreams. He pos he likes to play time with hins anxieties, and even goals ani (9) interpersonal (©) intrapersonal (6) naturalistic (@) social 28. Kripa’s younger siste where the the parking is so bi shops they visited (®) space cat is parked in the mall’s parking (even whet ‘multiple floors), th . vhich he mall entrance they came in and wh deffloor of the mall, She Possesses intelligence. ©) logical (©) spatial W) bodily kinesthetic 29. Indian great Srinioy ns Ramanujan ad exceptional und Continuous Fractions a and Pe anaing of Theory. of, Numbers nd other Mathemati al equations, Hie possessed intelligence (0) fi () naturalistic (© intrapersonal "ase ‘ é 90. Rabindra Nath Tagore was 50 800d with the yee found and meaning of words, He pe complex issues and emotiong eautifully through his ‘writings, He possessed ——— intellg (@) linguistic (b) oral logical © musical om Scanned with CamScannerSession 1: FOUNDATIONAL CON naaya loves toslve putes and unsolved problems she hoes scrling thou ibrany fr ings She can com things type of intelligence ? (@) spatial {@) Interpersonal hecsv oe v2 ous cruise liner was going to Hawaii. One d BBED THE MAN?. A Iunurios cruise Hiner was going 2, WHO ROBBED am. When the storm was already over, a maid found a man lying up with a hypothesis on the spot and even goes on to prove them. This is what (&) Logical mathematical (@ Linguistic into a terrible Iain The maid woke him up and the man told her what had happened 7 his cabin. The ma ted. Suddenly a man broke op : right, my seal! ‘the maid called a security guard. The guard identified three suspects and questioned them security Guard, What were you doing during the storm ? Dara. I was sick and spent all the time in the bathroom. Lalit. Lwas listening to music in my cabin. Rustom. Iwas doing barbell squats in the gym. Who robbed the man ? | (@) Lalit () Dara (9) Rustom (a) Maid (Explanation, Rustom is the robber. It’s impos ible to do barbell squats during a storm.) 33 Vicky is visiting, a metro city for the first time. His unele has taken him to various plac Sty Heis amused by the application of science and technology. Help hint identity the applications that use Al. () His uncle asked Siri to search of the national nyuseum is open todtay, And Sic respooded, “yes, itis open until 6 pm today”. (©) They boarded a metro which took them from one end of city te another in just NY minutes Which earlier used to take about 3 hours as per his uncle, (0 Uncle took him to a restaurant which was revelving. ( Uncle's factory used a robot that picks the packaging with faulty designs from 100s Packages with the help of camera installed in it, Scanned with CamScannerbi . Cu bs bes Mee “115 OU! > Met y MWteligenee (ability ta understand, distinguish, ques wequiring and applying bavaledge and shi ian things/op Aninals na hiectsffea, Gnd humans py eee Peychalogic ° multiple types of intelligence ! Howard Garden, The nine 1 ies of intel fittetigence ok intel er dereribed 4 Nypes of intelligence igence are Naturalistic intelligence, Musical intelligence, Legical-motren, ential intelligence, Lr Migenee, Inn Decision Hari aking from Interpersonal intelligence, Linguistic intelligence, Pebity Hirano person i it weraanel intelligence and Spatial inte gence. is the proc 4 available Of identifying and picking a final chiee/action/ ite belies fay» YS choices, after carefully ozzessing the available options, 24, and Chat ithe 900d decicions, we need proper information obout the sitvotion, needs, available fy, 4 challenges, Feet, In order ty Intelligence j i ie itellige on outcome of the data/informotion avilable, past experience, knowledge, many other factors, intuition ong Artificial Intelligence refers to human-like intelligence, i % Al means the ability of a human-made interface (mackine or application) to ms... -, reasoning and integration of knonledge, - mimicking human intelligence. AI dots not mean just the automotion, * ALis nat a single entity or some digital magic. © ALis the result of dota, ‘moth, algorithm ond continuous improvement. Machines beep updating and learning from more data and past experiences through taining, vai ‘ond testing and thereby became intelligent. Splution Time a. —— Lick nine different types of intelligence. fis, The nine types of intelligence are + Naturalistic intelligence, Musical int Vijal-matheratical intelligence, Existential intelligence, Interpersonal intelligence, nielligence, Bodily -Finesthetic intelligence, Intra-personal intelligence and Spatial intelligence. Wak is the difference between inter-personal intelligence and intra-personal intelligence ? 4 Ax, The inter-personal intelligence is about knowing and understanding the moods, fling gectares of other people and acting, accordingly where intra-personal intelligence is about kro* and understanding the moods, feelings, reasons of self. List some of the domains of Al. 2 Ans, Deep Learning, Machine Learning, Computer Vision, Neural Networks, Natural Leng? Provsexiong, How do machines become intelligent ? = Ans, Machines are taught with the help of data and algorithms and about the oe ad Machines keep updating and learning from more data and past experiences throu validation and testing and thereby become intelligent. ti Scanned with CamScannerN FOUNDATIONAL CONEEETS OF AL 19" Session TF ~\ GLOSSARY making Process of picking up a cholce from a set of alternatives ability to understand! and Interact In after assessment! jor np Natural Language Processiag Ay AI branch that gives machines 3M patural FanNRUaee fy computer Vision An AI branch that helps machines recagise and understand Images and videos. csignment — Define intelligence. 1 3. Who proposed the theory of multiple intelligence 2 5. Name different types of intelligence as per multiple theory of intelligence. 3 this isa foet that all human beings have al nine types of intelligences, but at different levels. Name [CBSE D 2023] any two such intelligences, 5, What is decision-making ? 4, What all factors contribute to intelligence ? 7, How does intelligence play a role in the decision-making process ? , What is AL? 9, What are different domains of AL? 10, What is not AI? 11, How do machines become intelligent ? 42, Will it be valid to say that not all the devices which are termed art” are AL-enabled ? Justify: this statement. Explain any two examples from the daily life which are commonly misunderstood as Al. [CBSE D 2023] PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT Inthis activity, we shall try to mimic how a computer figures out emotions in images (Computer Vi x Divide the class in some groups. x Each group has the following, props : OG = RTF Wide eye Narrow oye Eyo brows Mouth (mado from (2 pieces) (2 pleces) four tubos on a wire) x Ask each group to use above props to depict an emotion, which other geoups identify, (No one is allowed to discuss or speak, except for the one who is answering) % Emotions could be any of the UNIT Ls INTRODUCTION To Al Y Scanned with CamScanner