DEVELOPMENT

* What is development ?
•

Development is a vast term which includes

economic development ,
good governance ,
reducing poverty ,
illiteracy ,
etc .

Meaning of development is different for

different people .

Development

For landless labours For rich

farmers For Big Businessman

It means ,
more days
-

It means , assured high

-

It means , high
and better his
of work family income through profit from
wage .
higher support police business .

for their crops .

* Conclusion :

*
Different people can have different development goals .

*
People have
can also
conflicting goals .

* Income and other

goals :

People
fave
mixed

ygoals
Materialistic Goals Non Materialistic
-
Goals

→ Income →
Respect → Education

→
Money →
Safety
* National Development :

* It is the ability of the nation to improve the

lives of its citizens .

It can be in the field of agriculture ,

industries ,

education ,
health ,
etc .

*
Singapore is a rich
country and North Korea
is poor . . . . . !
* But how can we compare two countries . . . . . ?

* Countries classified the basis Income

are on
of :

* What is a
Country 's Income ?
•
It is the total earning of the people who
are earning .

*
Classification of Countries on the Basis of
Income :

→
Role of World Bank :

Gives the classification of countries on the basis

of :

* Average Income of Per capita Income :

It will be calculated based on

money
earned per person in the specific area

of a certain year .

Total income of the Country

Total Population
On the basis of Income

" Developed 2.
Underdeveloped 3.
Developing
country country country
 •
India comes under
developing countries .

* World Bank States that :

•
Countries with per capita income of US$92,056
per annum and Above in 2097 ,
are called rich
countries .

•
Countries with per capita income of US $955 per
annum or less in 2097 ,
are called low-income
countries .

•
India belongs to the category of low middle
income as its income in 2097 was US $9820
annum
per .

* World Bank Development Report :

* Pros :

4 It gives clear understanding of income of the

countries .

It set specific parameters of comparison such as

national income and per capita income .

* Cons :

4 It considers only single aspect and not other

important aspects such as literacy ,
health , life expectancy ,

etc .

" Income distribution between the people is not visible .

* Other aspects which are important for

development of a
country :

* Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) :

a Indicates the number of children that die
before the age of one year as a

proportion of 9000 live children born in that

particular year .
* When we think of a nation ,
we think
of two basic components :

•
Average Income
•
Other equally important attributes

* Human Development Index ( HDI) :

It used to
4 is measure how development has

improved human life .

* Parameters of HDI :

Life Expectancy
•
IMR

•
Maternal Mortality Rate
•
Adult Literacy Rate
•
%
of Below Poverty Line Population
•
Per Capita GDP ,
etc .

* Life Expectancy .
:

4 It is the age which a person is expected

to live .

Indian Males 67.34

'

Indian Females 69.64

'

* Maternal Mortality Rate :

4 It is the total number of dying mothers

out of 9000 mothers while giving birth to
babies in a
year .
* Adult Literacy .
Ratio :

4 Literacy rate measures the proportion of the

literate population in the 7 years and above age
group .

*
Poverty Line :

4 The estimated minimum level of income needed

to secure the necessities of Life .

4
According to calories consumed per day ,
it is
2400 in rural areas and 2900 in urban .

State Per Capita Income for 2095-96 ( in Rs )

Haryana 9,62 ,
034

Kerala 9,40 ,
990

Bihar 39,454

Net Attendance Ratio

Infant Mortality Literacy Rate %
Rate pen 9,000 ( per 900 persons ) secondary
live births (2096) 2097 Stage (age 94 and 95
years) 2093 -

94

33 82 61

10 94 83

38 62 43

* Conclusion :

1 .

→ Per Capita Income is highest in Haryana and

lowest in Bihar which indicates employment status
and scope of earning is better in
Haryana .
2 .

→
IMR is lowest in Kerala and highest in Bihar .

This indicates poor healthcare

facilities in Bihar .

High Per Capita Income does not guarantee

for better healthcare facilities .

3 .

→
Literacy rare is highest in Kerala and lowest
in Bihar .

*
→ Net attendance ratio is highest in Kerala and
lowest in Bihar .

4 All these aspects indicate that Per Capita Income

is not the best criteria to decide development but ,

other basic facilities and quality of life also matter

much and must be
properly counted for development .

J We see that people in Haryana have more money

(Income) but still they lack some basic facilities . . . .

f Money can 't buy all the goods and services

that you may need to live well .

F This is due to lack of Public Facilities .

* Government provides us the Public Facilities :

BMI
B.
Find Nourishment level in adults :

BMI weight status

BMI =
Weight ( kg) Below 98.5 Underweight
height ( )
'
m
98.5 to 24.9 Normal
Above 25 Overweight
* Public Distribution System RDS :

B. It is improving health and nutrition status of

people .

B. States with well functioning PDS are likely to

have good nutrition status .

* Sustainable Development :

•
Development in consideration with future and nature .

•
Such development meets the needs of present
without ability future generation to
compromising of
meet their needs .

*
Ways to achieve Sustainable Development :

I>
Scientific and proper use of natural resources .

4 No increase in pollution on environmental degradation .

4 Protection of flora and fauna from human

exploitation .

A Moral use even of inexhaustible resources .

4
Maintaining fertility of cultivable land .

* Sources of Energy :

Renewable Resources Non -

Renewable Resources

9) They can replenish themselves They cannot replenish themselves

by quick recycling within a by recycling and replacement .

reasonable time .

2) They are not likely to be They may be exhausted ,

e. go ,

exhausted ,
e.
go ,
soil , forest ,
wild life ,
minerals ,
fossil fuels like coal
underground water . and
petroleum .
 1 Mark Questions

1. Define Infant mortality rate.

[1M, 2020]
A1. Infant mortality rate - It indicates the number of children that
. . die before the age of 1 year as a proportion of 1000 live .
. children born in that particular year.

2. What may be a goal of landless rural labourers regarding their

income?
[1M, 2019]
A2. More days of work and better wages
Local school is able to provide quality education for their .
. children. (Anyone).

3. What may be a goal of the prosperous farmer of Punjab?

 [1M, 2019]
A3. Assured high family income.
Easy availability of cheap labourers. (Anyone)

4. State any two goals of development other than income

[1M, 2018]
A4. I) Equal treatment, security and dignity for all citizens.
II) Safe and secured environment for women to make
. progress in every walk of their life.

5. What may be development for one may not be development for

the other.” Explain with a suitable example.
[1M, 2015]
A5. Different persons have different notions of development
. because life situations of persons are different. For example,
. Construction of dams leads to generation of hydroelectricity,
. thus development. However many people have to be
. displaced from their villages, hence it may not be
. development for them.
6. Why is sustainable development essential? Give one reason.
[1M, 2015]
A6. Sustained development aims at economic development .
. without damaging the environment and at the same time
. conserving for the future. Resources are to be used in such
. a way that they are not overexploited.

7. What do final goods and services mean?

[1M, 2014]
A7. The various production activities in the primary, secondary
. and tertiary sector produce large number of goods and
. services for consumption and investment are final goods and
. services.

8. What is the advantage of per capita income? Mention any one.

[1M, 2014]
 A8. It helps to compare the development of countries as per
. capita income tells us whether people in one country are . .
. better off than others in a different country.

9. What term is used to describe the ‘average number of years a

person is expected to live at birth’?
[1M, 2013]
A9. Life Expectancy

10. What is Human Development Index ?

[1M, 2013]
A10. Human Development Index is a composite index of .
. achievements of a nation in terms of three important
. variables, namely—longevity, knowledge and standard of
. living, that determine the quality of life.
11. Why is the total income of countries not used to make
comparisons between them?
[1M, 2012]
A11. The total income of countries is not used to make
. comparisons between them, because the population of
. different countries is different and does not give a clear
. picture if comparisons are made on this basis.

3 Mark Questions

12. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their

use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
[3M, 2018]
A12.
1. Total income is not a useful measure for comparison between
countries. Since countries have different populations,
comparing total income does not tell what an average person
is likely to earn. Hence, we use average income which is total
income of the country divided by total population.
2. The defect of average as a measure is that it does not show
the distribution (dispersion) of income between the rich and
the poor.
3. Two countries may have the same average income but in one
country almost every family may enjoy more or less the same
kind of income, whereas in the other, some may be very rich
 and others very poor. The disparity between rich and poor is
an important feature that the average measure (per capita
income) does not consider.

Example: In terms of development, we can take the example

of India, where the metro towns are full of high-rise buildings
and shopping malls while some villages have not yet been
provided with a basic necessity like electricity.

13. Why do people look at a mix of goals for development ?

[3M, 2018]
A13. Though income is one of the most important components of
. development, but there are other important goals which people
. look at for development—
1. People also seek things like equal treatment, freedom,
security and respect.
2. Women need a safe and secure environment to take up a
variety of jobs or to run businesses as entrepreneurs.
3. People seek a pollution free environment.
4. Students seek better education and equal opportunities to
learn.
 14. One what basis the rich and low income countries have been
categorized in the world? What are the limitations of this
approach? According to the World Development Report, 2006,
India comes in which category? Give reason for the same.
[3M, 2015]
A14. The World Bank uses average income or per capita income as
. a criterion for classifying different countries. Countries with per
. capita income of ?4,53,000 per annum and above (in the year
. 2004) are called rich countries and those with per capita
. income of ?37,000 or less are called low income countries
. (India comes under low income countries; the per capita
. income in India is ?28,000 per annum). Those falling in
. between ₹37,000 – ₹4,53,000 are placed in the middle
. category.

Limitations of this criterion.

1. While averages are useful for comparison, they also hide

disparities. Two countries may have identical average
income, but one country may have equitable distribution
where people are neither very rich nor very poor, while in
the other country most citizens are very poor and very few
are extremely rich,
2. Better income cannot ensure a good quality life. Criterion
set by the World Bank has ignored certain attributes of a
good life which do not depend on income or cannot be .
bought with money.
Example, freedom, equal treatment, equal opportunities,
free atmosphere, provision of unadulterated medicines,
etc.
15. “Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs
to live well” Do you agree with this statement? Justify your
answer with any three suitable arguments.
[3M, 2015]
A15. Yes, I agree with the statement because money income and
. material goods alone are not an adequate indicator of a good
. quality of life. Money cannot buy all the goods and services
. one needs to live well.
• Money cannot buy a pollution free and dean environment
with fresh air.
• It cannot protect us from infectious diseases and guarantee
good health for us.
• Money cannot assure that medicines available in the
market are not adulterated.
To live well one needs non-material factors such as equal
treatment, freedom, security, equal opportunity to learn, a
pollution free environment, good and safe working
conditions etc.

16. What are common developmental goals? Give any two

suitable examples of common developmental goals.
[3M, 2015]
A16.
 • There are certain goals which are the same or common
for all. These are common developmental goals. The
developmental goals that people have are not only
about better income but also about other important
things in life. More income or more material goods do
not always give us a good quality life.

• There are other aspects such as equal treatment,

freedom, security, opportunity to learn, good working
conditions, pollution-free atmosphere, job security and
good social life which are very important for a good
quality life. Money or material things that one can buy
with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But
quality of our life also depends on non-material things,
for example, the role of our friends in our life which
cannot be measured but mean a lot to us.

17. On the basis of which three indicators of HDI 2004 Sri Lanka
has better rank than India?
[3M, 2014]
A14. Three indicators of HDI 2004 in which Sri Lanka has better
. rank than India:
1. Per capita income—The per capita income of Sri Lanka in
US dollars was 4,390 US dollars while that of India was
3,139 US dollars.
2. Life expectancy at birth—The life expectancy at birth for Sri
Lanka was 74, higher than that of India at 64.
 3. Gross enrolment ratio for three levels—Sri Lanka had
Gross Enrolment ratio of 69 while that of India was 60.

18. ‘Conflicting goals can also be developmental goals’. Elaborate

with examples.
[3M, 2014]
A18.
• All persons do not have the same notion of development or
progress. Each one of them seeks different things. The seek
things that are most important for them, i.e., that which can
fulfil their aspirations or desires. In fact at times two persons
or groups of persons may seek things which are conflicting.

• A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her

brother and that he also shares in the household work. Her
brother may not like this.

• To get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams.

But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of
people who are displaced, such as tribals. They might resent
this and may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate
their land.
19. Explain with examples that there are other important
development goals also besides income.
[3M, 2014]
A19.
• More income or more material goods do not always give us a
good quality life. There are other aspects such as equal
treatment, freedom, security, opportunity to learn, good
working conditions, pollution-free atmosphere, job security
and good social life which are very important for a good
quality life.

• Money or material things that one can buy with it, is one
factor on which our life depends. But quality of our life also
depends on non-material things, for example, the role of our
friends in our life which cannot be measured but mean a lot
to us. Another example, if we get a job in a far off place,
before accepting it we would try consider many factors apart
from income such as facilities for our family, working
atmosphere, or opportunity to learn. Similarly, for
development, people look at a mix of goals. It is true that if
women are engaged in paid work, their dignity increases.
However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women
there would be more sharing of house work and greater
acceptance of women.

• The developmental goals that people have are not only about
better income but also about other important things in life.
 5 Mark Questions

20. Explain any five fields other than income where development
is needed.
[5M, 2018]
A20. Fields other than income where development is needed:
1. Education:- The government must provide adequate education
facilities in all rural and urban areas. The government must
necessarily focus on education for girls so that all girls are
able to acquire atleast secondary level schooling. Running
proper schools and providing quality education, particularly
elementary education, is the duty of the Government.
2. Health :-Basic health care facilities are a must for all.
Establishment of government hospitals, clinics and
dispensaries, especially in rural areas, to provide subsidized
and unadulterated medicines to the poorer sections of society.
3. Nutrition :- An effective Public Distribution System—proper
functioning of ration shops and equitable distribution of food
grains is very essential.
4. Transportation :- A well developed public transport system to
make it easy for general public to commute.
5. Electricity :- It is the duty of the government to provide
electricity and water at reasonable rates to the common man
and prevent him from exploitation by private companies.
21. Explain with reasons why state of Punjab with a very high per
capita income has a low literacy rate.
[5M, 2017]
A21. Per capita income is not a useful criterion at all to measure
. the human development ranking of a state. High per capita
. income is not the only attribute to a good quality life. Money
. cannot buy all the essential things required for a good life.
This can be seen in the case of Punjab which has a very high
per capita income but a low literacy rate. Having money in
one’s pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that we
need to live well. Money cannot ensure education and
literacy. Another reason for low literacy rate in Punjab could
be the lack of free and compulsory educational facilities. The
government needs to open more schools and provide other
facilities so that all children have a chance to study.

Pollution-free atmosphere to ensure good health, protection

from infectious diseases, lowering of mortality rate, promotion
of literacy, etc. are essential for a good standard of living. In
order to achieve these, joint efforts have to be made by all
members of a community, be it rich or poor.

22. One what basis the rich and low income countries have been
categorized in the world? What are the limitations of this
approach? According to the World Development Report, 2006,
India comes in which category? Give reason for the same.
[5M, 2015]
A22.
 • The World Bank uses average income or per capita income
as a criterion for classifying different countries. Countries with
per capita income of ₹ 4,53,000 per annum and above (in the
year 2004) are called rich countries and those with per capita
income of ₹37,000 or less are called low income countries
(India comes under low income countries; the per capita
income in India is ₹28,000 per annum). Those falling in
between ₹37,000 – ₹4,53,000 are placed in the middle
category.

Limitations of this criterion.

1. While averages are useful for comparison, they also hide

disparities. Two countries may have identical average
income, but one country may have equitable distribution
where people are neither very rich nor very poor, while in
the other country most citizens are very poor and very few
are extremely rich.

2. Better income cannot ensure a good quality life. Criterion

set by the World Bank has ignored certain attributes of a
good life which do not depend on income or cannot be .
bought with money.
Example, freedom, equal treatment, equal opportunities,
free atmosphere, provision of unadulterated medicines,
etc.

23. What does HDI stand for? Explain the main criteria of
measuring HDI according to UNDP Report of 1990.
[5M, 2015]
A23. HDI Stand for Human Development Index.

Main criteria of measuring HDI:

1. HDI published by UNDP compares countries based on the

educational levels of the people, their health status and per
capita income.
2. HDI determines the rank of a country by its overall
achievement in three areas, i.e., life expectancy, educational
level and per capita income.
3. Many improvements have been suggested in calculating HDI
and many new components have been added to Human
Development Report.
4. Pre-fixing Human to Development, it has made it clear that
what is important in development is what is happening to
citizens of a country, i.e., the health and well being of the
people is most important.

24. Explain with examples that there are other important

development goals also besides income.
[5M, 2014]
A24.
More income or more material goods do not always give us a
good quality life. There are other aspects such as equal
treatment, freedom, security, opportunity to learn, good
working conditions, pollution-free atmosphere, job security
and good social life which are very important for a good
quality life.

Money or material things that one can buy with it, is one
factor on which our life depends. But quality of our life also
depends on non-material things, for example, the role of our
friends in our life which cannot be measured but mean a lot
to us. Another example, if we get a job in a far off place,
before accepting it we would try consider many factors apart
from income such as facilities for our family, working
atmosphere, or opportunity to learn. Similarly, for
development, people look at a mix of goals. It is true that if
women are engaged in paid work, their dignity increases.
However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women
there would be more sharing of house work and greater
acceptance of women.

The developmental goals that people have are not only about
better income but also about other important things in life.