EBS 2313: FLUID MECHANICS

CHAPTER 2- FLUID STATICS

PART – 3 ( Final)

Dr. Nandika Miguntanna

[email protected] 1
 Content
• Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface
• Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability

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Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface
• The equations developed for the magnitude and location of the
resultant force acting on a submerged surface only apply to plane
surfaces.

• However, many surfaces of interest are nonplanar.

3
Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface contd.
• Examples include dams, pipes, and tanks, domed bottom of
beverage bottle etc.

4
Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface contd.

• Although the resultant fluid force can be determined by

integration, as was done for the plane surfaces, this is
generally a rather tedious process and no simple, general
formulas can be developed.

• As an alternative approach we will consider the equilibrium of

the fluid volume enclosed by the curved surface of interest
and the horizontal and vertical projections of this surface.

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Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface contd.

• For example, consider a curved portion of the tank shown in

Fig. 1a.
• We wish to find the resultant fluid force acting on section BC
(which has a unit length perpendicular to the plane of the
paper) shown in Fig. 1b.

Figure 1: Hydrostatic force on a curved

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surface
Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface contd.

• We first isolate a volume of fluid that is bounded by the

surface of interest, in this instance section BC, the horizontal
plane surface AB, and the vertical plane surface AC. The free-
body diagram for this volume is shown in Fig. 1c.

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Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface contd.

• The magnitude and location of forces F1 and F2 can

be determined from the relationships for planar
surfaces.

• The weight, W is simply the specific weight of the

fluid times the enclosed volume and acts through the
center of gravity (CG) of the mass of fluid contained
within the volume.

• The forces FH and FV represent the components of

the force that the tank exerts on the fluid.
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Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface contd.

• In order for this force system to be in equilibrium,

1. the horizontal component FH must be equal in
magnitude and collinear with F2
2. the vertical component FV equal in magnitude and
collinear with the resultant of the vertical forces F1 and W.

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Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface contd.

• This follows since the three forces acting on the fluid

mass ;
 F2
 the resultant of F1 and W,
 the resultant force that the tank exerts on the
mass)
must form a concurrent (their lines of action intersect at
a common point) force system.

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Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface contd.

Thus,

the magnitude of the resultant

force

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Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface contd.
• The resultant FR passes
through the point O, which
can be located by summing
moments about an
appropriate axis.
• The resultant force of the fluid
acting on the curved surface
BC is equal and opposite in
direction to that obtained
from the free-body diagram.
• The desired fluid force is
shown in Fig. 1d.
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EXAMPLE 1 Hydrostatic Pressure Force on a
Curved Surface
A 1.8 m-diameter drainage conduit of the type shown in Fig. 2a is
half full of water at rest, as shown in Fig. 2b. Determine the
magnitude and line of action of the resultant force that the water
exerts on a 1 m length of the curved section BC of the conduit wall.

0.9 m

Figure 2

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 Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability
Archimedes’ Principle
When a stationary body is completely submerged in a fluid (such
as hot air balloon), or floating so that it is only partially submerged
(Such as ships), the resultant fluid force acting on the body is
called the buoyant force.

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.

Archimedes’ Principle contd.

• A net upward vertical force results because pressure

increases with depth and the pressure forces acting from
below are larger than the pressure forces acting from
above.

• This force can be determined through an approach similar

to that used in the previous section for forces on curved
surfaces.

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.

• Consider a body of arbitrary shape, having a volume V

that is immersed in a fluid as illustrated in Fig. 3a.

• We enclose the body in a parallelepiped and draw a

free-body diagram of the parallelepiped with the body
removed as shown in Fig. 3b.

• Note that the forces F1,F2,F3 and F4 are simply the forces
exerted on the plane surfaces of the parallelepiped (for
simplicity the forces in the x direction are not shown)

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.

W - weight of the
shaded fluid volume
(parallelepiped minus
body)

FB – force, the body is

exerting on the fluid.

F3 and F4 -The forces

on the vertical
surfaces (are all equal
and cancel)

Figure 3 Buoyant force on submerged

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and floating bodies.
Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.

Archimedes’ Principle contd.

• the equilibrium equation of interest is in the z direction
FB=F2-F1-W
• If the specific weight of the fluid is constant, then
F2-F1= γ(h2-h1)A
where A is the horizontal area of the upper (or lower)
surface of the parallelepiped
• Therefore we can write
FB = γ(h2-h1)A- γ[(h2-h1)A-V]
γ - specific weight of the
fluid
• the buoyant force , FB= γV V- volume of the body 18
Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.
Archimedes’ Principle contd.
• The direction of the buoyant force, which is the force
of the fluid on the body, is opposite to that shown on
the freebody diagram.

• Therefore, the buoyant force has a magnitude equal

to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body and
is directed vertically upward.

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.
• This result is commonly referred to
as Archimedes’ principle in honor of
Archimedes 1287–212 B.C.2, a
Greek mechanician and
mathematician who first enunciated
the basic ideas associated with
hydrostatics.

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.
Archimedes’ Principle contd.
• The location of the line of action of the buoyant force
can be determined by summing moments of the forces
with respect to some convenient axis.

• For example, summing moments about an axis

perpendicular to the paper through point D;
FByc=F2y1-F1y1-Wy2

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.

• on substitution for the various forces

Vyc= VTy1-(VT-V)y2
VT is the total volume (h2-h1)A

• The right-hand side of this equation is the first moment

of the displaced volume V with respect to the x–z plane so
that yc is equal to the y coordinate of the centroid of the
volume V.

• In a similar manner it can be shown that the x coordinate

of the buoyant force coincides with the x coordinate of the
centroid. 22
Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.
Archimedes’ Principle contd.
• Thus, we conclude that the buoyant force passes
through the centroid of the displaced volume as shown
in Fig. 3c.

• The point through which the buoyant force acts is

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called the center of buoyancy.
Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.
Archimedes’ Principle contd.
• These same results apply to floating bodies which are only
partially submerged, as illustrated in Fig. 3d, if the specific
weight of the fluid above the liquid surface is very small
compared with the liquid in which the body floats.
• Since the fluid above the surface is usually air, for
practical purposes this condition is satisfied.

Fig. 3

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.
Archimedes’ Principle contd.
• In the derivations presented above, the fluid is assumed
to have a constant specific weight γ.
• If a body is immersed in a fluid in which γ varies with
depth, such as in a layered fluid, the magnitude of the
buoyant force remains equal to the weight of the
displaced fluid. However, the buoyant force does not pass
through the centroid of the displaced volume, but rather,
it passes through the center of gravity of the displaced
volume.

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.

Archimedes’ principle states that

the buoyant force has a
magnitude equal to the weight
of the fluid displaced by the
body and is directed vertically
upward.

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Example 2: Buoyant force on a submerged object

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Example 2: Buoyant force on a submerged object

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Example 3 Buoyant force on a submerged
object
The 0.18kg lead fish sinker shown in Fig.4a is attached to a fishing
line as shown in Fig. 2.4 b. The specific gravity of the sinker is SGsinker
= 11.3. Determine the difference between the tension in the line
above and below the sinker.

Fig. 4
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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.

Stability
• Another interesting and important problem associated with
submerged or floating bodies is concerned with the stability
of the bodies.

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.
• A body is said to be in a stable equilibrium position if, when
displaced, it returns to its equilibrium position.

• Conversely, it is in an unstable equilibrium position if, when

displaced (even slightly), it moves to a new equilibrium position
away from its orginal equilibrium position.

• The equilibrium is neutral when displaced it reaches to the

equilibrium at that new position.

• Stability considerations are particularly important for submerged

or floating bodies since the centers of buoyancy and gravity do not
necessarily coincide.

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.: Completely
submerged bodies
Stability contd.

• A small rotation can result in either a restoring or

overturning couple.
• For example, for the completely submerged body shown
in Fig. 5, which has a center of gravity below the center
of buoyancy, a rotation from its equilibrium position will
create a restoring couple formed by the weight W, and
the buoyant force, FB , which causes the body to rotate
back to its original position.

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.: Completely
submerged bodies

For this configuration the

body is stable.
It is to be noted that as long
as the center of gravity falls
below the center of
buoyancy, this will always
be true; that is, the body is
in a stable equilibrium
position with respect to
Figure 5 Stability of a completely small rotations.
immersed
body—center of gravity below
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centroid.
Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.: Completely
submerged bodies
Stability contd.
• However, as is illustrated in Fig. 6, if the center of gravity of
the completely submerged body is above the center of
buoyancy, the resulting couple formed by the weight and the
buoyant force will cause the body to overturn and move to a
new equilibrium position.

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.: Completely
submerged bodies

Thus, a completely
submerged body with
its center of gravity
above its center of
buoyancy
is in an unstable
equilibrium position.
Figure 6 Stability of a completely
immersed
body—center of gravity above
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centroid.
Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.: Floating
bodies
Stability contd.
• For floating bodies the stability problem is more complicated,
since as the body rotates the location of the center of
buoyancy (which passes through the centroid of the displaced
volume)may change.

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.: Floating
bodies
• As is shown in Fig. 7, a floating body such as a barge
that rides low in the water can be stable even though
the center of gravity lies above the center of
buoyancy.
Figure 7
Stability of a
floating
body—stable
configuration.

This is true since as the body rotates the buoyant force, FB, shifts to pass
through the centroid of the newly formed displaced volume and, as
illustrated, combines with the weight, W to form a couple which will
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cause the body to return to its original equilibrium position.
Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.: Floating
bodies
Stability contd.
• However, for the relatively tall, slender body shown in Fig. 8, a
small rotational displacement can cause the buoyant force
and the weight to form an overturning couple as illustrated.

Figure 8 Stability of a
floating body—unstable
configuration.

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.: Floating
bodies: Terminology
• Consider a floating body given a small angular deflection. The
magnitude of the buoyancy force will stay the same, (weight
force does not change) but the location of the centre of
buoyancy changes.

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.: Floating
bodies: Terminology

Metacenter (M) : The

point of intersection
between the original line
of action
and new line of action of
the buoyancy force

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.: Floating
bodies: Terminology
• The center of gravity (G) moves as mass is added or removed, so
the metacentric height (GM) changes as mass is added or
removed.
• If [M] is above [G], the Restoring Couple acts on the body in its
displaced position and tends to turn the body to the original
position - Floating body is in stable equilibrium.
• If [M] were below [G], the couple would be an Over-turning
Couple and the body would be in Unstable Equilibrium.
• If [M] coincides with [G], the body will assume a new position
without any further movement and thus will be in Neutral
Equilibrium.

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.: Floating bodies:
Terminology: Determination of Metacentric height (GM)

BM = [Second moment of the area of the plane of flotation about

the centroidal axis perpendicular to the plane of rotation /
Immersed Volume]
 IYY is the moment of inertia of the floating
object about the longitudinal axis
 V=volume of liquid displaced by the object,
Positive Stability (GM) > 0 i.e. the metacenter lies above the center of
gravity.
Negative Stability (GM) < 0 , i.e. the metacenter lies below the center
of gravity.
Neutral stability occurs when GM = 0 , i.e. the metacenter coincides
with the center of gravity. 42
Example 4: Stability of a floating object

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Example 4: Answer

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Example 4: Answer

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.
Stability contd.
• The determination of the stability of submerged or
floating bodies can be difficult since the analysis
depends on a complicated fashion on the particular
geometry and weight distribution of the body.

• Thus, although both the relatively narrow boat and

the wide houseboat are stable, the narrow boat will
overturn much more easily than the houseboat.

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Buoyancy, Floatation and Stability contd.

• The problem can be further complicated by the

necessary inclusion of other types of external forces
such as those induced by wind gusts or currents.

• Stability considerations are obviously of great

importance in the design of ships, submarines,
bathyscaphes, and so forth, and such considerations
play a significant role in the work of naval architects.

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