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John Ellq-339680004-Interactive Quiz - Cardiovascular System

Hdbsj### Urine Chemistry: Sodium, Creatinine, and Osmolality - **Urine Sodium (Na+):** - Urine sodium levels can vary depending on dietary intake, but in the context of kidney function evaluation, it provides insights into how the kidneys are handling sodium. - In prerenal conditions, the kidneys reabsorb more sodium to conserve blood volume, resulting in low urine sodium. - In intrinsic renal conditions, like acute tubular necrosis (ATN), the damaged tubules cannot reabsorb sodium effec

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21 views

John Ellq-339680004-Interactive Quiz - Cardiovascular System

Hdbsj### Urine Chemistry: Sodium, Creatinine, and Osmolality - **Urine Sodium (Na+):** - Urine sodium levels can vary depending on dietary intake, but in the context of kidney function evaluation, it provides insights into how the kidneys are handling sodium. - In prerenal conditions, the kidneys reabsorb more sodium to conserve blood volume, resulting in low urine sodium. - In intrinsic renal conditions, like acute tubular necrosis (ATN), the damaged tubules cannot reabsorb sodium effec

Uploaded by

Knmu Student
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Interactive quiz: Cardiovascular System

John Ellq's Certificate

Report Summary
Name : John Ellq
Your Score : 100 out of 100 (100%)
Correct Answers : 9 Questions
Incorrect Answers : 0 Questions
Unanswered : 0 Questions
Required Passing Grade (%) : 50%
Time Taken : 12 mins 44 secs
Date : Aug 17, 2024
Your Answers

Correct

Q1) What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Myocardial Infarction (Your Answer)(Correct)


B. Aortic Dissection
C. Atrial Fibrillation
D. Angina Pectoris
Explanation:The symptoms of central chest pain with radiation to the arm and neck together with
ECG findings of ST elevation in the anterior leads are diagnostic findings of acute myocardial
infarction. The symptoms he experienced prior to this current episode are symptoms of stable
and unstable angina. “ST elevation myocardial infarct (STEMI)” is a term sometimes used to refer
to a transmural infarction ie. necrosis involving virtually the full thickness of the ventricular wall
(seen in the figure). In this case, the ST elevation is present in the anterior leads, hence, it is very
likely that the coronary vascular occlusion occurred in the left anterior descending branch. Blood
tests will also show raised cardiac enzymes from the damaged muscle.

Correct

Q2) What are the predisposing factors to his symptoms?


I - Hypertension
II - Hyperlipidemia
III - Smoking
IV - Myocarditis
A. All of the above
B. I, II
C. I, II, III (Your Answer)(Correct)
D. I, III
Explanation:Hypertension, hyperlipidemia and smoking are all risk factors which are modifiable.
Optimal control of high blood pressure and cholesterolaemia with lifestyle modification and
medication can significantly lower the risks of an acute coronary event. Refer to your notes and
texts on the other modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors.

Correct

Q3) Based on the diagnosis from the history and gross picture, which is NOT a direct
complication of the disease ?
A. Myocardial rupture
B. Arrhythmia
C. Pericarditis
D. Infective endocarditis (Your Answer)(Correct)
Explanation:The gross pathology figure shows myocardial rupture which is a potential
complication of acute myocardial infarction. Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the
heart valves and mural endocardium and is NOT a direct complication of acute myocardial
infarction.

Correct

Q4) A 64 year old woman complained of progressive shortness of breath, especially


when lying flat, and fatigue. Physical examination revealed an increase in
respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure and low oxygen saturation. Lung
auscultation revealed crepitations bilaterally. Abdominal exam revealed an
enlarged liver. There was accompanying swelling of the lower limbs.
She was diagnosed with congestive cardiac failure.

The following are related to cardiac failure, EXCEPT?


A. The heart is unable to meet metabolic demands of the body
B. Heart failure involves both right and left ventricles
C. It can lead to cardiogenic shock
D. The most common cause of cardiac failure is rheumatic heart disease (Your Answer)(Correct)
Explanation:Congestive cardiac failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood at a rate
sufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the tissues. Heart failure often involves both the right
and left heart. While rheumatic heart disease causes cumulative damages leading to cardiac
failure in the long run, it is NOT the most common cause of cardiac failure. The most common
cause is coronary artery disease.
Correct

Q5) What are the possible precipitants of congestive cardiac failure?


I - Chronic interstitial lung disease
II - Myocardial infarction
III - Hypertension
IV - Pulmonary hypertension
A. II, III, IV
B. I, II, III
C. All of the above (Your Answer)(Correct)
D. II, III
Explanation:Chronic interstitial lung disease and pulmonary hypertension are causes of right
heart failure while myocardial infarction and hypertension are causes of left heart failure. The
cardiovascular system is a closed circuit. Although left and right sided heart failure can occur
independently, failure of one side often causes strain on the other, resulting in global (congestive)
heart failure.

Correct

Q6) What best describes the finding in the picture?

A. Emphysema
B. "Nutmeg" liver (Your Answer)(Correct)
C. Left ventricular hypertrophy
D. "Fatty"liver
Explanation:The gross pathology figure shows the cut surface of a liver with chronic passive
venous congestion. It resembles the surface of a “nutmeg”. Histologically, there is centrilobular
necrosis with degenerating hepatocytes and haemorrhage.
Correct

Q7) What is the main pathological finding?


A. Myocarditis
B. Myocardial infarction
C. Valvular heart disease (Your Answer)(Correct)
D. Dilated cardiomyopathy

Correct

Q8) The gross pathology shows large, irregular deposits on the valve cusps. What is
the most likely diagnosis?
A. Rheumatic Heart Disease
B. Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis
C. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
D. Infective endocarditis (Your Answer)(Correct)
Explanation:The vegetations in rheumatic heart disease are marked by small, warty vegetations
along the lines of closure of the valve leaflets. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE)
exhibits small, bland vegetations, attached at the line of closure while in SLE, the vegetations are
small/medium sized on either or both sides of the valve leaflets. The vegetations seen in intective
endocarditis are usually relatively large.

Correct

Q9) What is the most likely risk factor of this disease?


A. IV drug abuse (Your Answer)(Correct)
B. Group A streptococcal pharyngitis
C. Raised dsDNA and ANA
D. Atherosclerosis
Explanation:The gross pathology figure shows the right side of the heart containing large,
irregular deposits on the tricuspid valve cusps of a 35 year old male. One of the common causes
of infective endocarditis involving the tricuspid valve is IV drug use which can be elicited from
good clinical history taking.

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