CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Assignment II

WASTE WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY IV.

OCTOBER 2019

Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Name: None Lehlohonolo Thabo Thomas
Name: Mr JPJ Pietersen
Stud Number: 214027791
Call: 0780917464
E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 051 507 3693

E-mail: [email protected]

Experiential Training Report

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction. 3
1.1. Question (2.1) 3
1.1.1. ACHIMEDES SCREW PUMPS 4
1.1.2. SCREENING 4
1.1.3. GRIT CHANNELS 4
1.1.4. FLOW MEASUREMENT 4
1.1.5. PRIMARY TREATMENT 4
1.1.6. BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION 4
1.1.7. SECONDARY TREATMENT 5
1.1.8. TERTIARY TREATMENT 5
1.2. Question (2.2) 6
1.3. Question (2.3) 8
1.4. Question (2.4) 10
1.5. Question (2.5) 11
1.6. Question (2.6) 13
1.7. Question (2.7) 14
1.8. Question (2.8) 15
2. Conclution Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. References. 16

Assignment II 2 November 2019

1. Introduction.

The main objective of this assignment is to analyse and identify Procedures that are
most suitable to treat the domestic waste in the waste water treatment plant
operation and it’s also based on the requirements and recommendations to consider
when designing for specific Waste water plant. Waste water treatment plant is a very
critical area since the waste is treated up until the water is drinkable based on the
recommended parameters or specifications required. . However due to high
concentration of pathogens, which origins from domestic waste, methods of
improving the sludge quality needs to be applied. Therefore technology performance
will be taken into consideration as to what degree each option achieves the desired
reduction of pollution levels to acceptable standards as well as the sustainability and
environmental friendliness of our option.

1.1. Question (2.1)

Assignment II 3 November 2019

1.1.1. ACHIMEDES SCREW PUMPS

Pumps used to pump wastewater to the treatment plant from the lower elevation to
the higher elevation. These comprise a rotating torque tube, carrying one or more
sets of spiral flights, located in a concrete or steel trough and supported by a
combined thrust and radial bearing at the top and a sealed radial bearing at the
bottom Pockets formed between the spiral flights and the trough, trap the liquid and
move it up the incline in a continuous manner. Screw pumps can handle large solids
and high grit content and also have the facility of being able to pump the exact
quantity entering the pump, from zero flow to full design flow, without any problems.
The pump can be left running dry for an indefinite period. The screw pump is rather
restricted in terms of head, being limited to about 8.5 m in the larger sizes and
reduced as the diameter decreases.

1.1.2. SCREENING

Before the wastewater enters the treatment plant the first process is to remove the
larger objects such as rags, plastics, paper etc. from blocking the pipelines and
pumps and the materials removed are called screening.

1.1.3. GRIT CHANNELS

Grit channels used to remove the grit materials such as sand, silt, glass etc, from
entering the treatment plant by regulated weirs or fumes of velocity of about 0.3m/s.

1.1.4. FLOW MEASUREMENT

Before the wastewater entering the primary treatment the amount of flow entering
the plant is calculated in other to know how much the plant is taking per day and
measuring its performance.

1.1.5. PRIMARY TREATMENT

It is the process which remove the settleable organic matter and scum that float to
the surface. The tanks are used to settle sludge while grease and oils rise to the
surface and are skimmed off to optimize the treatment plant.

1.1.6. BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION

There are underdrains on the floor which fulfil two requirements:

• To collect effluent from the bottom of the filter and discharge it into a main drain

Assignment II 4 November 2019

• To allow the free passage of air through the filter –important because micro-
organisms require oxygen to live

1.1.7. SECONDARY TREATMENT

It is the process where air is infused in the wastewater, the air is used by micro-
organisms to stay alive in order to eat on the organic matters in the waste, the
micro-organic eats on the organic matter of the wastewater and too much oxygen
suffocates the bacteria .Secondary treatment is by aeration in open basins with
return activated sludge, it involves the eating of the organics matter by the micro-
organisms to the smallest particles, the filament bacteria interlock together to form
flocks which becomes bigger enough to settle down the clarifiers to form sludge.

1.1.8. TERTIARY TREATMENT

Filtration: it is done under the bio-filters where the effluent passes through the filter
media of crushed stone of about 25 to 100mm size with average depth of 1800mm.
Chlorination: the final effluent is disinfected by the chlorine to kill all the pathogens
that might be in the wastewater. And the final effluent sometimes will be disposed to
the river.

Assignment II 5 November 2019

1.2. Question (2.2)

Section (Trapezoidal)
Longitudinal Slope 0,0004

Manning’s Roughness 0,017

Design Period (Years) 10
Min Velocity (m/s) 0,25
Max Velocity (m/s) 0,3
Grit Flow Below Channel (mm) 150
Side Slopes (1: z) 1:2
Upstream Sewer Outlet Pipe (mm) 350

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Third Iteration Re-estimated breadth b (m) 0,26

Discharge Goal Cross-

Per Flow Side seek Sectional Weted Hydraulic Flow Top Froude
Flow Q Channels Channel Depth Slopes Iteration Area Perimeter Radius Velocity Width Number
(l/s) (m3/s) (No) Q (m3/s) Y (m) (1: z) (m3/s) A (m2) P (m) R (m) V (m/s) B (m) FR
Current 25 0,025 1,000 0,025 0,172 2,000 0,027 0,092 0,960 0,096 0,272 0,879 0,268
ADWF Future 40 0,040 1,000 0,040 0,226 2,000 0,048 0,145 1,199 0,121 0,276 1,093 0,242
Current 48 0,048 2,000 0,024 0,172 2,000 0,027 0,092 0,960 0,096 0,261 0,879 0,257
PDWF Future 76,8 0,077 2,000 0,038 0,226 2,000 0,048 0,145 1,199 0,121 0,265 1,093 0,233
Current 72 0,072 2,000 0,036 0,213 2,000 0,042 0,131 1,142 0,115 0,274 1,042 0,247
PWWF Future 115,2 0,115 3,000 0,038 0,226 2,000 0,048 0,145 1,199 0,121 0,265 1,093 0,233

0.25 m/s < V < 0.3 therefore OK

It is clearly indicated that ADWF current and future there will be only 1 channel that will be in operation.
For PDWF current and future there will be 2 channels that will be in operation
For PWWF current and future there will be only 2 channels that will be in operation Channel number 2 and 3 the main
purpose for channel 2 to operate in the future is to assist channel 3 for the flow resistance in order to avoid or reduce the
high risks of maintenance of the plant

Assignment II 7 November 2019

1.3. Question (2.3)

Wastewater flow rate: 1650m3/h, 39600m3/d, 39,6 Ml/d

 Dia of tank: 28.5m
 Height of tank: 4.2m
 Influent suspended solids: 295mg/l, 0,295Kg/m3
 Underflow sludge concentrate: 5% total solids
 Density of sludge: mass sludge(kg) / Volume of sludge (m3)
 Density of liquid: 1150 kg/m3
Area of PST: = r2
= (28,5/2)2
= 637,940m2
Volume = Area x Height
= 637,940 x 4.2
= 2679, 347m3
Weir length = 2r
= 2(28,5/2)
= 89,535m
Detention Time = Volume of PST(m3) / Flow (m3/h)

= 1.628 hours
Surface Overflow Rate = Flow (m3/d) / Area of PST (m2)

= 62,075m3.m-2.d-1
Upflow Velocity = Flow (m3/h) / Area of PST (m2)

= 2,586m/h
Weir Overflow Rate = Flow (m3/d) / Weir length (m)

= 442,285m2/d

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Solids loading Rate = Solids Applied (kg/d) / Area of PST (m2)

= 18, 312 kg/m2/d

Suspended Solids Removal Efficiency = SS removed (mg/l) / Influent SS (mg/l) x
100

= x 100

= 50, 847 %
Suspended Solids Removal = Influent SS (mg/l) – Effluent SS (mg/l)
= 295 – 145
= 150 mg/l
= 0.15kg/m3
Mass SS Removed per day = SS Removed (kg/m3) x Flow (m3/d)
= 0.15 x 39600
= 5940 kg/d
Mass of Sludge Removal per day =(Mass (kg/d) /underflow sludge
concentration)x 100

= 118800 kg/d
Volume of Sludge Removal per day = Mass of sludge removed per day (kg/d) /
Density of sludge

= 103.304 m3/d

Assignment II 9 November 2019

1.4. Question (2.4)

H20 = 0,68 /day

Q = 1,047
α= 0,9
β=0,8
 Detention time = volume / flow
= 4960 / 760
= 6,5 days therefore its 7 days

 Desired minimum BOD = BOD x BOD Reduction

=
= 418 kg/d x 0,75 = 313,3 kg/d

 Rate of oxygen =
= 13,1 kg of oxygen

 From table 2 – 5, Cs at 10°C = 11,3 mg/c (chapter 2)

0xygen transfer by two 11kW per hour at 10°C is

R10°C = 2 x 11 x 1.1 x x 1.0230-20 x 0.9

= 11.77 kg/kWh it is ok.

Assignment II 10 November 2019

1.5. Question (2.5)

Area = r2
= 2(45/2)2
Total area = 3108.863m2

Volume =2 (45/2)2×2.5
= 7952.156m3

Flow rate = ( Ratio ×Q) +Q

= (50% × 30000) +30000
= 45000m3/day

BOD applied in filter = BOD – (BOD × primary clarifiers BOD removal %)

= (200-(200 × 28%))
= 144mg/l

Filter One

Hydraulic loading =

= 14.475m3/m2/day

BOD Loading = Qinfluent ×

=30000*

= 543.249g/m3/d
Efficiency BOD = 144-(144×78%)
= 31.68mg/L

Assignment II 11 November 2019

Removal efficiency (E) @20= 76% (from graph)

Effluent BOD = BOD applied – (BOD applied × efficiency)

= 144 – (144× 76%)
= 34.560 mg/L

Removal Efficiency @ 18 oC = efficiency × 1.035 (T-20)

= 96% × 1.035 (16-20)

= 70.95% ≈ 71%

Effluent BOD @ 18 oC = Applied BOD – (Applied BOD ×

efficiency)
= 144 – (144 × 71%)
= 41,76mg/L

Second stage

BOD loading =Q×(

= 30000 × (

= 130,38 g/m3/d

Adjusted BOD load =

=2263,54 g/m3.d

Removal / efficiency @ 20 oC =

= 63,65%
Effluent BOD = effluent BOD – (effluent BOD × efficiency)
= 39560 – (34,560 × 64%)
Assignment II 12 November 2019
 = 1244 mg/L

Removal efficiency @ 18 oC = 64% × 1.035(18-20)

= 59,74%
Effluent BOD @ 15 oC = 41,760 -(41,760 × 59%)
= 16,88 mg/L

Overall =100 – 100(1 - )(1 - (1 - )

= 92,4%

1.6. Question (2.6)

Affluent Period = x 24

= 4,6hrs

BOD Load =

= 1173, 387

F/M =

= 0,443 g

Suspended Solids =

= 75%

Efficiency =

= 80%

Assignment II 13 November 2019

Suspended Solids in effluent = 48500 x 55
= 1687,5 kg.m3
Suspended Solids in water activated = 215 x 9650
= 20 747 50 ≈ 2074, 75 kg/day

Return Sludge flow = x 100

= 24%

Sludge age =

= 11,2 days

1.7. Question (2.7)

Long Rectangular Settling Basin

 Long rectangular basins are hydraulically more stable, and flow control for
large volumes is easier with this configuration.
 A typical long rectangular tank have length ranging from 2 to 4 times their
width. The bottom is slightly sloped to facilitate sludge scraping. A slow
moving mechanical sludge scraper continuously pulls the settled material into
a sludge hopper from where it is pumped out periodically.

Circular Basins

 Circular settling basins have the same functional zones as the long
rectangular basin, but the flow regime is different. When the flow enters at the
centre and is baffled to flow radially towards the perimeter, the horizontal
velocity of the water is continuously decreasing as the distance from the
centre increases. Thus, the particle path in a circular basin is a parabola as
opposed to the straight line path in the long rectangular tank.
 Sludge removal mechanisms in circular tanks are simpler and require less
maintenance.

Assignment II 14 November 2019

1.8. Question (2.8)

BOD =

= 2826,62 mg/d/m2
= 2, 83 g/d/m2
Storage available (0,6m and 1,5m)

Volume storage = (6 x 10000)(0,6-1,5)

= 54 000 m3

Water loss: =( 2,8 m/d ÷ 1000 mm/m) x 6 x 10 000

= 168 m3/d

Storage Time available =

=149,171 days ≈ 150 days

2. Conclusion

Since pathogens or disease causing organisms are present in sewage bacteria are
used as an indicator of disease causing organisms. Sewage contains nutrients such
as ammonia and phosphorus minerals and metals. Thus to avoid disease causing
organisms this is done by controlling the amount of the BOD that is going to be
applied. This needs to be done sufficiently in order not to pollinate the environment
and health of living organisms that might be affected by the Waste water plant. It is
concluded that the procedures and operations of Waste water treatment plant should
be well known with regards to the specifications.

Assignment II 15 November 2019

3. References.
1. Wastewater Treatment Technology IV Lecture Notes – Dr DK Das
2. A Guide to the Design of Sewage Purification Works, November 1973,
Institute for Water Pollution Control.
3. Water treatment handbook, Lavoisier, 6th edition 1991 Volume 1 and 2
4. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, by Metcalf and Eddy
5. Design Criteria for Sewage Works; State of Tennessee Department of Health
and Environmental Division of Water Pollution Control; April 1989
6. Guidelines for sewage works; Ontario ministry of the environment; 2008
7. Code of practice for small wastewater treatment plants; State government of
Victoria; June 1997.
8. Small Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant Guideline March 2011 Page
9. WRC Report TT1869/09. Guideline Document for Package Treatment Plants.
First Edition. May 2009.
Frick Schutte. March 2006. Handbook for the operation of water treatment
works. Water Research Commission

Assignment II 16 November 2019