Rapid Review Of English

RAMMAR

Chapter 5

An Elaboration
Chapter 5: Uncountables And Plural Forms Quantities And Number Agreement
 Uncountables
 Number Agreement
 Double Duty Words
 Countables
 Plural Forms
 Quantity
 Of
 Quite
 Pronouns
 The
 Reflexive Pronouns
 Two Word Verbs
 Idioms With Go
 Punctuation
Uncountables
They are words that have no plural forms and are not preceded by a, an.

Abstract Material Generic Non Plurals With S

Advice Meat Fruit Economics
Help Rice Apparatus Mathematics
Information Bread Equipment Physics
Knowledge Cake Machinery Civics
Trouble Coffee Furniture Mumps
Work Ice cream Mail measles
Enjoyment Water Luggage News
Fun Oil Jewelry Tennis
Recreation Grass Clothing (And other games
Relaxation hair money E.X. billiards)

Quantity terms used only with uncountables

A little : in affirmative statements and questions

Much : negative and questions

Number Agreement
Verbs used with uncountables are always singular forms

Pronouns used to substitute for uncountable nouns are singular forms

‫األفعال المستخدمة مع االسماء الغير معدودة دائما مفردة والضمائر المستخدمة لتحل محل األسماء الغير معدودة ايضا مفردة‬

E.X.

Advice is cheap but experience is dear.

Opportunity knocks but once.

Virtue is its own reward.

My furniture is worn out.

I need to replace it.

Double Duty Words
:‫الكثير من الكلمات ممكن ان تكون معدودة او غير معدودة حسب االستخدام‬

Word Countable Uncountable

Business ‫متجر او مصنع‬ ‫التجارة بشكل عام‬
Company ‫مشروع عمل اي شركة‬ ‫الزائرين‬
Change ‫تغير‬ ‫عمالت معدنية او نقود‬
Glass ‫وعاء الشرب اي الكوب‬ ‫المادة الشفافة اي الزجاج‬
‫كل ما يشبه النظارة‬
Iron )‫اوتي (كاوية‬ ‫المعدن اي معدن الجديد‬
Paper ‫جريدة او انشاء مكتوب او هوية رسمية‬ ‫المادة التي تستخدم لصنع الكتب‬
‫والكراتين اي الورق‬
Room ‫غرفة‬ ‫مساحة‬
Tea ‫المشروب اي الشاي‬ ‫حفلة بعد الظهيرة‬
Work ‫عمل فني‬ ‫العمل او المجهود‬
Youth ‫شخص يافع‬ ‫الشباب اي الحالة العمرية او ميزة‬
‫الشباب‬

Countables
Must be preceded by a/an for a single instance.

Plural forms are used for more than one instance.

Most plural nouns regularly end in s.

Regular plural nouns

A. Rules:
 Add es…

 1.when the simple form ends in s, z, ch, sh, x.

 2.when the simple form ends in o preceded by a consonant.

 Change y to i and add es when it ends in y preceded by a consonant.

 Change fe and f to v and add es when it ends in fe or f.

 B. Exceptions:
When ch is pronounced like k as in stomachs epochs

When the o has to do with music and some other cases as in pianos and sopranos

These three f words only chiefs roofs handkerchiefs

Irregular

foot > feet

Tooth > teeth

mouse > mice

man > men

woman > women

child > children

ox > oxen

Foreign Plural Forms Greek Or Latin

analysis analyses datum data

basis bases phenomenon phenomena
crisis crises stimulus stimuli

Singular Latin Plural (formal) English Plural

formula formulae formulas
medium media mediums
memorandum memoranda memorandums
No Special Form For Plural
a. Deer, fish, and Sheep don’t have a special form we say two deer, three fish, four
sheep.

b. Series and Means look and sound like plurals but can be used as singulars

Plural Only Words

a. Clothes and People
b. Things composed of two similar parts:
scissors

trousers

glasses

tweezers

pants

spectacles

tongs

pajamas

binoculars

Quantity Terms Used Only With Plurals

A few used before plurals in affirmative statements and questions.

Many is used Before Plurals in all sentence patterns, affirmative and negative statements, and
questions.

Of
Follows many, much, a few, and a little when the nouns they quantify are identified.

.‫تسبق الكلمات الملونة باالحمر عندما تكون االسماء التي تشير لها هذه الكلمات محددة‬
Many of betty’s friends / Much of their time / Does Jane have many clothes?
Quantity Terms Used With Both Countables And Uncountables
1.Some
Used with affirmative statements and questions (+, ?).

2.Any
Used with questions and negative statements but does not make a statement negative (-, ?).

3.Alot of/Lots of (+, -, ?)

They look and sound different but have the same meaning.

4.No (-)
Indicates the absence of something. It is used to modify singulars, plurals and uncountables.

Quite
Reverses the meaning of some of the terms:

Quite a little = a rather large amount.

Quite a few = a large number.

Quite a lot <(is less than) a lot.

Few < A few < Quite a few

Little < A little < Quite a little

Pronouns
A little, A few, A lot, Much, Many, Any, Some, lots of can be used as pronouns.

The of is dropped after a lot and lots of.

No can’t be used as a pronoun. The pronoun for it is none.

E.x. The Allens don’t have much money but the bakers have a lot.

We need some paper do you have any?

‫‪The‬‬

‫ال تستخدم عند ذكر شخص غير معرف الول مرة و تستخدم لتعريف شخص ذكر للتو‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ال تستخدم قبل اسم معرفة مفرد وتستخدم قبل اسم شائع يشير الى اشخاص محددين معروفين‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ال تستخدم قبل اسماء اغلب الدول وتستخدم بعد اسماء الدول التي تبداء ب ‪Union, United‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ال تستخدم قبل اسماء الواليات والمدن والقرى عدا مدينة واحدة ‪The Hague‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ال تستخدم قبل اسماء الشوارع وتستخدم قبل كلمة ‪ street‬عندما المشار اليه قد تم تحديده‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ال تستخدم قبل اسماء اللغات اال اذا تبعتهم كلمة ‪language‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ال تستخدم قبل اسماء االلعاب وتستخدم قبل اسماء اآلالت الموسيقية‬ ‫‪‬‬
Reflexive pronouns
Person Singular Plural
1 myself ourselves
2 yourself yourselves
3 himself
herself Themselves
itself

‫تستخدم مع عدد محدود من االفعال لتظهر ان الفاعل والمفعول به هم نفس الشخص‬

‫تستخدم للتأكيد انا الفاعل هو المشير اليه الضمير وليس شخص اخر‬

.all ‫ عادة ما تسبق هذه الصيغة ب‬.‫ احيانا تحمل معنى بدون مساعدة للتوكيد‬.‫ تعني بمفرده‬by ‫عندما تسبق ب‬

Two-word verbs
Used in reference to clothing:

Put on ‫يرتدي‬

Take off ‫يخلع‬

Wear out ‫يرتدي المالبس حتى تتمزق‬

Try on ‫يرتدي لوقت قصير ليرى ان المالبس تليق به‬

Idioms with go
Go + ing ‫نمط يستخدم للتعبير عن المشاركة في نشاط معين لغرض الترفيه‬
go boating / go hiking

go riding / go fishing

go climbing / go driving

go wading go / skating

go dancing go / shopping

go swimming / go skiing

We also use the expressions: go for a walk, go for a picnic, go to the beach,
go to a party.
‫‪Punctuation‬‬
‫‪ :‬تفصل بين المتحدث وحديثه بدون ""‬
‫وال واحدة من كلمات المتحدث تكتب تحت اسمه في الحوار‬