Ahmed Masaferah

Rapid Review Of English

An Elaboration
Chapter 5: Uncountables And Plural Forms Quantities And Number Agreement
 Uncountables
 Number Agreement
 Double Duty Words
 Countables
 Plural Forms
 Quantity
 Of
 Quite
 Pronouns
 The
 Reflexive Pronouns
 Two Word Verbs
 Idioms With Go
 Punctuation
Chapter 6: Future Simple And Continuous, Time Clauses, Adjective Phrases
 Verb phrases for future
 Present for future time
 Continuous future
 Future time expression
 Then
 Auxiliary will
 You, indefinite
 Which
 Place
 Possessive nouns
 Adjective phrases
 Punctuation
Chapter 5
Uncountables
They are words that have no plural forms and are not preceded by a, an.

Abstract Material Generic Non Plurals With S

Advice Meat Fruit Economics
Help Rice Apparatus Mathematics
Information Bread Equipment Physics
Knowledge Cake Machinery Civics
Trouble Coffee Furniture Mumps
Work Ice cream Mail measles
Enjoyment Water Luggage News
Fun Oil Jewelry Tennis
Recreation Grass Clothing (And other games
Relaxation hair money E.X. billiards)

Quantity terms used only with uncountables

A little : in affirmative statements and questions

Much : negative and questions

Number Agreement
Verbs used with uncountables are always singular forms

Pronouns used to substitute for uncountable nouns are singular forms

‫األفعال المستخدمة مع االسماء الغير معدودة دائما مفردة والضمائر المستخدمة لتحل محل األسماء الغير معدودة ايضا مفردة‬

E.X.

Advice is cheap but experience is dear.

Opportunity knocks but once.

Virtue is its own reward.

My furniture is worn out.

I need to replace it.

Double Duty Words
:‫الكثير من الكلمات ممكن ان تكون معدودة او غير معدودة حسب االستخدام‬

Word Countable Uncountable

Business ‫متجر او مصنع‬ ‫التجارة بشكل عام‬
Company ‫مشروع عمل اي شركة‬ ‫الزائرين‬
Change ‫تغير‬ ‫عمالت معدنية او نقود‬
Glass ‫وعاء الشرب اي الكوب‬ ‫المادة الشفافة اي الزجاج‬
‫كل ما يشبه النظارة‬
Iron )‫اوتي (كاوية‬ ‫المعدن اي معدن الجديد‬
Paper ‫جريدة او انشاء مكتوب او هوية رسمية‬ ‫المادة التي تستخدم لصنع الكتب‬
‫والكراتين اي الورق‬
Room ‫غرفة‬ ‫مساحة‬
Tea ‫المشروب اي الشاي‬ ‫حفلة بعد الظهيرة‬
Work ‫عمل فني‬ ‫العمل او المجهود‬
Youth ‫شخص يافع‬ ‫الشباب اي الحالة العمرية او ميزة‬
‫الشباب‬

Countables
Must be preceded by a/an for a single instance.

Plural forms are used for more than one instance.

Most plural nouns regularly end in s.

Regular plural nouns

A. Rules:
 Add es…

 1.when the simple form ends in s, z, ch, sh, x.

 2.when the simple form ends in o preceded by a consonant.

 Change y to i and add es when it ends in y preceded by a consonant.

 Change fe and f to v and add es when it ends in fe or f.

 B. Exceptions:
When ch is pronounced like k as in stomachs epochs

When the o has to do with music and some other cases as in pianos and sopranos

These three f words only chiefs roofs handkerchiefs

Irregular

foot > feet

Tooth > teeth

mouse > mice

man > men

woman > women

child > children

ox > oxen

Foreign Plural Forms Greek Or Latin

analysis analyses datum data

basis bases phenomenon phenomena
crisis crises stimulus stimuli

Singular Latin Plural (formal) English Plural

formula formulae formulas
medium media mediums
memorandum memoranda memorandums
No Special Form For Plural
a. Deer, fish, and Sheep don’t have a special form we say two deer, three fish, four
sheep.

b. Series and Means look and sound like plurals but can be used as singulars

Plural Only Words

a. Clothes and People
b. Things composed of two similar parts:
scissors

trousers

glasses

tweezers

pants

spectacles

tongs

pajamas

binoculars

Quantity Terms Used Only With Plurals

A few used before plurals in affirmative statements and questions.

Many is used Before Plurals in all sentence patterns, affirmative and negative statements, and
questions.

Of
Follows many, much, a few, and a little when the nouns they quantify are identified.

.‫تلي الكلمات الملونة باالحمر عندما تكون االسماء التي تشير لها هذه الكلمات محددة‬
Many of betty’s friends / Much of their time / Does Jane have many clothes?
Quantity Terms Used With Both Countables And Uncountables
1.Some
Used with affirmative statements and questions (+, ?).

2.Any
Used with questions and negative statements but does not make a statement negative (-, ?).

3.Alot of/Lots of (+, -, ?)

They look and sound different but have the same meaning.

4.No (-)
Indicates the absence of something. It is used to modify singulars, plurals and uncountables.

Quite
Reverses the meaning of some of the terms:

Quite a little = a rather large amount.

Quite a few = a large number.

Quite a lot <(is less than) a lot.

Few < A few < Quite a few

Little < A little < Quite a little

Pronouns
A little, A few, A lot, Much, Many, Any, Some, lots of can be used as pronouns.

The of is dropped after a lot and lots of.

No can’t be used as a pronoun. The pronoun for it is none.

E.x. The Allens don’t have much money but the bakers have a lot.

We need some paper do you have any?

‫‪The‬‬

‫ال تستخدم عند ذكر شخص غير معرف الول مرة و تستخدم لتعريف شخص ذكر للتو‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ال تستخدم قبل اسم معرفة مفرد وتستخدم قبل اسم شائع يشير الى اشخاص محددين معروفين‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ال تستخدم قبل اسماء اغلب الدول وتستخدم بعد اسماء الدول التي تبداء ب ‪Union, United‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ال تستخدم قبل اسماء الواليات والمدن والقرى عدا مدينة واحدة ‪The Hague‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ال تستخدم قبل اسماء الشوارع وتستخدم قبل كلمة ‪ street‬عندما المشار اليه قد تم تحديده‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ال تستخدم قبل اسماء اللغات اال اذا تبعتهم كلمة ‪language‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ال تستخدم قبل اسماء االلعاب وتستخدم قبل اسماء اآلالت الموسيقية‬ ‫‪‬‬
Reflexive pronouns
Person Singular Plural
1 myself ourselves
2 yourself yourselves
3 himself
herself Themselves
itself

‫تستخدم مع عدد محدود من االفعال لتظهر ان الفاعل والمفعول به هم نفس الشخص‬

‫تستخدم للتأكيد انا الفاعل هو المشير اليه الضمير وليس شخص اخر‬

.all ‫ عادة ما تسبق هذه الصيغة ب‬.‫ احيانا تحمل معنى بدون مساعدة للتوكيد‬.‫ تعني بمفرده‬by ‫عندما تسبق ب‬

Two-word verbs
Used in reference to clothing:

Put on ‫يرتدي‬

Take off ‫يخلع‬

Wear out ‫يرتدي المالبس حتى تتمزق‬

Try on ‫يرتدي لوقت قصير ليرى ان المالبس تليق به‬

Idioms with go
Go + ing ‫نمط يستخدم للتعبير عن المشاركة في نشاط معين لغرض الترفيه‬
go boating / go hiking

go riding / go fishing

go climbing / go driving

go wading go / skating

go dancing go / shopping

go swimming / go skiing

We also use the expressions: go for a walk, go for a picnic, go to the beach,
go to a party.
‫‪Punctuation‬‬
‫‪ :‬تفصل بين المتحدث وحديثه بدون ""‬
‫وال واحدة من كلمات المتحدث تكتب تحت اسمه في الحوار‬
CHAPTER 6
Verb Phrases For Simple Future

Be = (is, are, am) + going to + V. simple

Most common, least ambiguous verb phrase, it doesn’t require a time expression but it may
have one.
Verb Phrase Compliment
Aux Subject
QW Aux
Be Noun/QW Going To Simple Object P T
Be
Mrs. Allen is going to have a party.
Is Mrs. Allen - going to have a party?
Who is going to have a party?
when is Mrs. Allen - going to have a party?

Will + V. Simple
Suggests an additional idea of promise determination or inevitability. It does not require a
time expression but it may have one.

Verb Phrase Compliment

Aux Subject
QW Aux
Will Noun/QW Simple Object P T
Will
she will write the invitations later today.
Will she - write the invitations later today?
Who will write the invitations?
When will she - write the invitations?

Be + about to + V. Simple
Is a less common pattern, it refers only to the immediate future, just after speaking. No time
expression is used with this verb phrase.

Aux Subject Verb Phrase Compliment

QW
Be Noun/QW Aux be About To Simple Object
Betty is about to introduce the guests.
is Betty - about to introduce the guests?
Who is about to introduce the guests?
Who/Whom is Betty - about to introduce?
What is Betty - about to do?
Present Tense For Future Time
The presence of a future time expression in a present sentence indicates that the statement
refers to a forthcoming event and not to a customary/ repetitive/ ongoing activity.

A. Simple and s-forms

The bakers arrive tomorrow.

Richard graduates in June.

The next meeting is a week from today.

B. Continuous present

The bakers are coming tomorrow.

Richard is graduating in June.

The conference is taking place a week from today.

Continuous Future
Emphasizes on going activity at a very specific time in the future. The time must be
expressed in the same sentence or in a previous sentence in the same conversation.

Aux Subject Verb Phrase Compliment

QW
Will Noun/QW Will Be V.Ing Object P Time
Mrs. Allen will be preparing refreshments at this time next week.
Will Mrs. Allen - be preparing refreshments at this time next week?
who will be preparing refreshments at this time next week?
When will Mrs. Allen - be preparing refreshments?
What will she - be doing at this time next week?

Future Time Expressions

Words: soon, later, tomorrow.

Phrases:

Next week, month, year, Saturday. (Not preceded by the)

In a little while, a few minutes, two years. (Only refer to the future in present or future verb phrases)

From now: a week from now, a year from now.

The … after: the day after tomorrow. The meeting after this one.

At three o’clock, at this time next week.

Clauses: are groups of words which function as units in a sentence.

Subject Verb Compliment
Time Clauses
Clause Marker Subject Verb Compliment
she is friendly when she knows you.
I will introduce you when she arrives.

 Time clauses may also be at the beginning of a sentence before the subject.

 Future verb phrases with will and going to are never used in time clauses. The verb is
present.

Then
Is a time word which refers to a time previously mentioned.

It usually comes at the end of a sentence.

It is also a sequence signal, like next. When used in this way it comes at the beginning of the
sentence. E.X. I’ll introduce the guests then I’ll present the food.

It DOESN’T connect sentences. a sentence beginning with then is often joined with a
previous sentence by a linking word. (E.X. and…)

Auxiliary will
Is a modal. (The modals have no s forms or ing forms and they are always used with other
words).

1/Contractions of will

I’ll, you’ll, he’ll, she’ll, they’ll, we’ll

*pronoun+’ll

They never come at the end.

2/ Will+ not = won’t

You, Indefinite
‫ تعني اي احد‬,‫ هنا‬.‫ال يشير في هذه الحالة الى المخاطب او اي شخص بالتحديد‬
.‫استخدام هذا التعبير غير رسمي‬

She’s friendly when she knows you.

You can’t know everybody.

Which
Asks about one or more of a certain group.

What is sometimes in place of which, but which is more precise.

E.X.

Which lab section are you in?

Which chair do you sit on?

More About Place

In > front or back

On > right or left

E.X. On my right.

In the back of the room.

Possessive Forms Of Nouns

Nouns that have possessive forms:

1.Nouns that refer to persons, animals, places, time.

2.Money followed by the word worth.

*other words don’t have possessive forms, we say The legs of the chair. College of
Languages.
They don’t always express possession, they express a number of relations between the
possessive form and the following noun.

Apostrophes:

1.when the noun ends in any letter except s, we add ‘s

2.when the noun ends in s and is plural, we add only ‘

3.when it ends in s and is singular you can add either of the above: s’/ ’

Adjective Phrases
*Preposition + noun

*They FOLLOW words they describe.

*The verb should agree in number with the subject noun not the noun that is modified.

That book of poems is mine /

Not: “That book of poems are mine”

The college of languages is beautiful. /

Not: “The college of languages are beautiful.”

‫ يعدل شيء واحد محدد من المجموعة‬,‫ معنى االسم‬adjective phrase ‫عندما يحدد ال‬

Books are very expensive.

‫ كل الكتب غالية‬:‫هنا نالحظ المعنى‬

The books for this course are very expensive.

‫ وليس كل الكتب‬.‫ الكتب لهذا الكورس فقط غالية‬:‫وهنا‬

Punctuation
Apostrophes are put between let and us.

Hyphens are placed to indicate that a word has been broken up by line
end-ings
Words are only divisible at syllable boundaries.

Commas are placed after the name of the person being addressed. Ali, I have good news.