International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 14, No. 4, December 2023, pp. 2032~2043

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i4.pp2032-2043  2032

Advanced dynamic stability system developed for nonlinear load

Tadjeddine Ali Abderrazak1,2, Bendjillali Ridha Ilyas2, Bendelhoum Mohammed Sofiane2,

Hamiani Hichem2, Arbaoui Iliace3,4
1
SCAMRE Laboratory, National Polytechnic School of Oran-Maurice Audin, Oran, Algeria
2
LSETER Laboratory, Technological Institute, Nour Bachir University El-Bayadh, El-Bayadh, Algeria
3
Science and Technology Faculty, University of Adrar, Adrar, Algeria
4
LESEM Laboratory, Oran 1 University, Oran, Algeria

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The conventional production of electrical energy gives rise to environmental
problems and involves high production costs. To cope with the increasing
Received Mar 10, 2023 demand for electrical loads and to optimize power transmission on the grid,
Revised Apr 30, 2023 it is imperative to shift towards renewable energies and their hybrid
Accepted May 11, 2023 utilization. This planning study assesses the impact of fluctuating electric
loads on bus voltages and frequency, with the objective of distributing
energy in a more efficient and dynamic manner. Moreover, we delve into the
Keywords: implementation of artificial intelligence (IAPS) to curtail operations,
minimize losses (GED), optimize production plans (EMSO), and
Dynamic ZIP models load synchronize decentralized multi-machine power systems (MMSA). Our
Fault-induced delayed voltage study scrutinizes power dispatching on dynamic models of purely
recovery consuming loads, which are subject to dynamic constraints, by utilizing
Power quality educational software that encompasses 13 cycles for 24 hours of frequency
Power system stabilizer studies for multisource production in a standardized electrical
Power system transient stability system (EPSS). The control outcomes obtained through validation on an
IEEE30 bus network display a resilient model for planned productions.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Tadjeddine Ali Abderrazak
Department of Technology, Technological Institute, Nour Bachir University El-Bayadh,
Avlo Road, El-Beidh-32000, Algeria
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Dispatchers face a problem of voltage stability and frequency fluctuations, especially during high
load periods. Models of nonlinear electrical loads under critical transient conditions play a large role in the
modeling and operating control equations of an electrical system [1]–[3]. Smart grid management or machine
learning inelegance all depend on the consumption load pattern [2], [4], [5], which in turn directly affects the
quality of use of the power system. On the latter, we can clearly model that the overall energy produced in
normal cases is the sum of all consumption with transit losses [6].
In practice, there are two ways to optimize the control of electrical energy, either by controlling the
consuming loads, which can therefore be difficult to envisage, or by optimally managing electricity
production on the electrical networks [6], [7]. By modeling the evolution of electrical loads with respect to
time, we can study the distribution and distribution of energy in a more efficient way, we can also exploit
artificial intelligence to reduce operations, reduce losses, optimize production plans and synchronize
decentralized multi-machine feed systems [7]. The characteristics of modern loads change over the course of
a day, weeks and seasons, which makes estimating a suitable load model a very complicated
operation [8], [9], especially with emerging smart grid technologies such as generators (DG), electric

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2033

vehicles (EV) and demand side management (DSM) [10]. However, the variation and increase of the
electrical loads demanded requires system operators and academic researchers to develop reliable optimal
solutions to the problems related to nonlinear models through the management on the autotransformers
(LTC) [11], the adaptation and the decentralize generation planning, reactive compensation devices FACTS
[12], [13], transmission with HVDC, to ensure power distribution (OPF) on critically loaded distribution
networks [14].
Then, the uncertainty in load modeling stems from the large number of diverse load components,
time-varying and weather-dependent compositions [14], and the lack of detailed measurements and
information on the load. load [15], [16]. Otherwise, the electric load pattern is classified into two main
categories which are static or dynamic. The main types of load models are [5], [15]: i) static load models,
ii) dynamic load models, iii) composite load models (CLM), iv) artificial neural network-based modeling,
v) low-voltage (lv) load models, and vi) active distribution networks (ADNs) and MGs.
The static load model does not accurately reflect the shape of the load, as it only covers the static
time behavior of the system; constant voltages, constant powers, and constant impedances. [17], [18]. When
the traditional static load models are not sufficient to represent the load behavior, the alternative dynamic
load models are needed [19], [20]. The study of this model allows to have a very detailed idea on the network
in real time [21]. In this axis, we aim at the load model depending on the variation of the frequency [5], [20].
ZIP model is commonly used in both steady state and dynamic studies [21]. This model represents
the relationship between the voltage magnitudes and power in a polynomial equation that combines constant
impedance (Z), current (I), and power (P) components [22]–[24].

𝑉 2 𝑉
𝑃 = 𝑃0 [𝑎𝑝 ( ) + 𝑏𝑝 ( ) + 𝑐𝑝 ] [1 − 𝑘𝑝𝑓 𝛥𝑓]
𝑉0 𝑉0
{ (1)
𝑉 2 𝑉
𝑄 = 𝑄0 [𝑎𝑞 ( ) + 𝑏𝑞 ( ) + 𝑐𝑞 ] [1 − 𝑘𝑞𝑓 𝛥𝑓]
𝑉0 𝑉0

Where 𝑃 𝑒𝑡 𝑄 are the active and reactive powers of the load for the operating voltage V; 𝑃0 𝑒𝑡 𝑄0 are the
active and reactive powers of the load for the nominal voltage V_0; 𝑎𝑝 , 𝑏𝑝 , 𝑐𝑝 , 𝑎𝑞 , 𝑏𝑞 , 𝑐𝑞 are the coefficients
of the model; 𝑘𝑝𝑓 is the active power sensitivity parameter, this constant typically 𝑘𝑝𝑓 ∈ [0,3]; 𝑘𝑞𝑓 is the
reactive power sensitivity parameter, this constant typically 𝑘𝑝𝑓 ∈ [−2,0]; Δ𝑓 The frequency deviation.
The static model of electrical charges is very limited [23]–[28], hence the need to present the
charges in the form of other dynamic models for the analysis of electrical networks. In this context, several
research studies have been carried out based on the consumer load model for grid control, cited [29]–[39]. In
Table 1 we present the main load models with the parameters, advantages and disadvantages of each
model [27], [28].

Table 1. Loads types models with advantages and disadvantages

Type Model Parameters Advantages (+), disadvantages (-)
Static Impedance (Z), current (I), 6 + Clear physical meaning
Load power (P), ZIP + Simple
Models Exponential 2 + Easy to apply
ZIP w/frequency 8 + Can be combined with dynamic models easily to from composite models
Exponential w/frequency 4 - Fails to represent dynamic loads accurately
EPRI LOADSYN model 9
Dynamic Induction motor (IM) 8 + Represent multiple dynamic loads with the same model
Load Exponential recovery 6 - The models are based on response to the voltage disturbance which
Models changes under different conditions

The dynamic load model is based on the variation of voltage and frequency [21], [40]. We need the
instantaneous values of the voltages and the frequencies so that we can have the new values of the active and
reactive powers of demand [29]–[31]. The new voltage and frequency values are obtained through power
flow calculations [28]–[35]. The proposed model is characterized by the coefficients, which play a very
important role in the controllability of electrical networks. The production generators provide the necessary
active and reactive powers according to demand while respecting the limitations of the reactive power
generated [36]–[40].
Figure 1 presents the evolution of the global loads in all the PQ buses during 13 cycles with the
initial case. Figure 2 presents the evolutions of the partial loads in certain buses during 13 cycles. Figure 3
shows the overall cycle power factors for all loads.

Advanced dynamic stability system developed for nonlinear load … (Tadjeddine Ali Abderrazak)
2034  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 1. Global evolution of loads in all PQ buses for 220 minutes

Figure 2. Loads evolutions in some buses for 13 cycles

Figure 3. Global power factors per cycles for all loads

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2. MATERIALS AND MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION

The production generators provide the necessary active and reactive powers according to demand
while respecting the limitations of the reactive power generated.

𝑆𝑖̅ = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = (𝑃𝐺𝑖 − 𝑃𝐿𝑖 − 𝑃𝑇𝑖 ) + 𝑗(𝑄𝐺𝑖 − 𝑄𝐿𝑖 − 𝑄𝑇𝑖 ) (2)

Where 𝑃𝑖 , 𝑄𝑖 : active and reactive power at node I; 𝑃𝐺𝑖 , 𝑄𝐺𝑖 : generation active and reactive power at node I;
𝑃𝐿𝑖 , 𝑄𝐿𝑖 : active and reactive load power at node I; 𝑃𝑇𝑖 , 𝑄𝑇𝑖 : active and reactive power transmitted; These
powers are transmitted via the transport network.

̅ = |𝑉̅𝑖 |2 . 𝑌̅𝑖𝑗∗ − 𝑉̅𝑖 . 𝑉̅𝑗∗ . 𝑌̅𝑖𝑗∗ + |𝑉̅𝑖 |2 . 𝑌̅𝑖0∗

𝑆𝑖𝑗 (3)

2
𝑆𝑗𝑖̅ = |𝑉̅𝑗 |2 . 𝑌̅𝑖𝑗∗ − 𝑉̅𝑗 . 𝑉̅𝑖∗ . 𝑌̅𝑖𝑗∗ + |𝑉̅𝑗 | . 𝑌̅𝑗0∗ (4)

Where 𝑆𝑖𝑗̅ : apparent power transited from node i to node j; 𝑆𝑗𝑖̅ : apparent power transited from node j to
node i. Active and reactive losses are involved during power transmission.

̅
𝑆𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑗 ̅ + 𝑆𝑗𝑖̅
= 𝑆𝑖𝑗
̅ ̅
𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑗 = 𝑅{𝑆𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑗 }
𝑄̅𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑗 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔{𝑆𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑗
̅ }

̅
Where 𝑆𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑗 is apparent power lost in the branch (i-j), 𝑃̅𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑗 is active power lost in the branch (i-j), and
̅
𝑄𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑗 is reactive power lost in the branch (i-j).

̅
𝑆𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 ̅
= ∑ 𝑆𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑗
̅
𝑃̅𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅{∑ 𝑆𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑗 }
̅ ̅
𝑄𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔{∑ 𝑆𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑗 }

̅
Where, 𝑆𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 is total apparent power lost in the network, 𝑃̅𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 is total active power lost in the network and
𝑄̅𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 is total reactive power lost in the network.
The controllers of the production generators adapt to the variations of the loads at every moment in
order to ensure the continuity of service in the best conditions while maintaining the stability of the electrical
grid, they follow a model of nature identical to that of the model of global load [29], [30]. This work reveals
a dynamic study covering 13 cycles on the control of the models of the generators basing on the influence of
the variations of the electric charges, the fluctuations of the tensions on the behavior of the distribution of the
powers while controlling the parameters of the stability brought into play in the standard electrical system.
The power flow calculations are used as basic data to carry out this study with two iterative calculation
methods Fast Decoupled and Gauss Seidel.
The voltage equation in the buses expressed using the polar coordinate system, the complex
voltage and the active and reactive powers can be written as follows:

𝑉̅𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 (cos θ𝑖 + jsin 𝜃𝑖 )

𝑃𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 ∑nj=1 𝑉𝑗 (G𝑖𝑗 cos θ𝑖𝑗 + jB𝑖𝑗 sin 𝜃𝑖𝑗 )
{ (5)
𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 ∑nj=1 𝑉𝑗 (G𝑖𝑗 sin θ𝑖𝑗 − jB𝑖𝑗 cos 𝜃𝑖𝑗 )

where 𝜃𝑖𝑗 = 𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑗 , the angle difference between buses i and j.

Assuming that the buses [1, 2, … m] are PQ buses, the buses [(m + 1), (m + 1), … (n-1)] are PV
buses, and the nth bus is the balance bus. 𝑉𝑛 𝑒𝑡 𝜃𝑛 are given, and the amplitudes of the PV buses
[𝑉𝑚+1 , 𝑉𝑚+2 , … 𝑉𝑛−1 ] are also given. Then the bus voltage angles (n-1) are unknown and the voltage
magnitudes are unknown. For each PV bus and PQ bus, we have in (6):

∆𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖𝑠 − 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖𝑠 − 𝑉𝑖 ∑nj=1 𝑉𝑗 (G𝑖𝑗 cos θ𝑖𝑗 + jB𝑖𝑗 sin 𝜃𝑖𝑗 ) = 0
{ (6)
∆𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄𝑖𝑠 − 𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄𝑖𝑠 − 𝑉𝑖 ∑nj=1 𝑉𝑗 (G𝑖𝑗 sin θ𝑖𝑗 − jB𝑖𝑗 cos 𝜃𝑖𝑗 ) = 0

Figure 4 presents the flowchart of the dynamic loads with the evaluation methods.

Advanced dynamic stability system developed for nonlinear load … (Tadjeddine Ali Abderrazak)
2036  ISSN: 2088-8694

The production generators are controlled synchronously with load variations, taking into account all
the constraints and limits of the subsystems. The main control lines per cycle are summarized in the Figure 4.
Traditional and effective ways to reduce these problems are to derive additional signals for generator
excitation systems and to compensate for fluctuations in power flow through transmission grids.

Figure 4. Flowchart of dynamic loads with evaluation methods

2.1. System description

The Figure 5 present the standardized IEEE 30 bus system is a well-known benchmark for power
system analysis and research. This system grid is consisting of 30 buses, including generators, transmission
lines, transformers, and loads. It provides a simplified representation of the system's electrical connectivity
and helps in analyzing power flow, fault analysis, and other system studies. The standardized system (IEEE
30 bus) studied is composed as indicated in Table 2.

Figure 5. IEEE 30 bus standardized grid [27]

Table 2. Description of the study system

System characteristics Number Buses
Control Buses SLACK BUS 01 1
PV BUS 05 2, 5, 8, 11 and 13
PQ BUS 24 -
branches 41 -
Generators Thermal Generators 06 1, 2, 5, 8, 11 and 13
Wind generators 0 0
Solar PV system 0 0
Autotransformers 04 6-9, 6-10, 4-12 ,28-27
Shunts 02 10 and 24

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2.2. Voltage control and transit limits

In Table 3, the lower and upper limits for voltage levels in a power system are typically defined to
ensure the proper operation and stability of the system. These limits are specified to maintain voltage within a
safe and acceptable range. Power transit limits for lines and autotransformers in a normal situation are 80%
of the maximum.

Table 3. Marginal and critical voltage limits for voltage levels

Nominal voltage [kV] Critical voltages situation
Lower [p.u.] Upper [p.u.]
132, 33, and 11 0.9 1.1

3. RESULTS
The simulation results were studied and represented using the analysis of the values of the stability
of small signals, dynamic voltages in the time domain and the methods of resolution (GS and FD load flow
recursive) of the electrical system IEEE 30 bus on the MATLAB environment. The basic models of the loads
as well as the production machines and the synchronism are applied by a recurrence to the previous state of
the electrical system the flowchart of Figure 4 clearly presents our study approach.

3.1. Voltage angles evolution

Figure 6 presents the voltages in each bus for the 13 cycles with the initial case for the fast
decoupled method. Figure 7 presents the angles in each bus for the 13 cycles with the initial case for the fast
decoupled method. Figure 8 presents the voltages in each bus for the 13 cycles with the initial case for the
Gauss-seidel method. Figure 9 presents the angles in each bus for the 13 cycles with the initial case for the
Gauss-seidel method.

Figure 6. Voltage evolution (p.u.) for 13 cycles with the initial case (fast decoupled)

Figure 7. Angles evolution for 13 cycles with the initial case (fast decoupled)

Advanced dynamic stability system developed for nonlinear load … (Tadjeddine Ali Abderrazak)
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Figure 8. Voltage evolution (p.u.) for 13 cycles with the initial case (Gauss-seidel)

Figure 9. Angles evolution for 13 cycles with the initial case (Gauss-seidel)

4. DISCUSSIONS
According to the results of the tensions/angles that we found for the two methods, we notice that
there is a decrease in the voltage planned for the two PV_bus 11 and 13, to therefore keep the reactive power
within these limits, the controller degraded the voltage to values close to the planned voltages (1.07 and 1.08)
compared to the initial case, for the 03 generators (Gen. 2, 5, and 08) the planned voltages remain in the
initial value of the controller, so it does not there is no overshoot. We note that there are always two buses
which have voltage drops but it does not exceed the lower limit. For the evolution of the angles, thanks to the
decentralized productions and the stabilization of the small angles, there are remarkable improvements for
the FD method compared to the GS, these results show that the controller kept the parameters of the system
within the acceptable limits.

4.1. System frequency

During the course of 13 cycles, Figure 10 illustrates how the frequency and voltages in a power
system can fluctuate in response to changes in the demand for electricity and the available supply. These
variations are influenced by factors such as the system's load, generation capacity, and the way control
mechanisms respond to these conditions. We note that the evolution of each load presents the same pace with
deferent voltage values; it depends on the frequency of the system, which presents a variation of 0.02% of the
initial value 𝑓0 .

4.2. Generator productions

In Figure 11 presents, the active power produced by each generator is carefully coordinated to meet
the overall demand of the system while maintaining stability and reliability. Control mechanisms, such as
automatic generation control (AGC) and economic dispatch, are employed to regulate the active power

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outputs of generators based on real-time demand and system conditions. The models of the total production
plans of the six generators as well as the model of the dynamic loads with the production errors by the two
Gauss-Seidel and Rapid Decoupled methods are presented in Figure 12. It can be seen that the total
production entirely follows the variation of the total load demanded.

4.3. Iterations
The Figure 13 presents the iterations number for the both methods, Gauss-seidel and fast decoupled,
are widely used for solving power flow problems in electrical power systems. They help determine the
steady-state operating conditions, such as voltage magnitudes, angles, and power flows, under different load
and generation scenarios.

4.4. Active losses of the system

Figure 14 presents the results of the total active losses of the system during the 13 cycles for the two
methods. The calculation of total active losses involves analyzing the power flow and considering the
resistance and impedance values of the various system components. Power flow analysis methods, such as
the Gauss-seidel or fast decoupled method, can be used to determine the active losses in a power system.
The results obtained show that after each cycle the model of the losses follows the same model of the
generator, the global active and reactive losses are reduced. By the control of the productions on the PV_buses
(2, 5, 8, 11, and 13), the generators played an important role in the reduction of the total active losses
compared to the initial case, this property is one of the advantages of decentralized production. According to
the results of Figures 12, 13, and 14 it has been confirmed that the fast decoupled method is more efficient
than Gauss-seidel for dynamic systems as well as the error between the productions and the loads is almost
zero i.e., the system in the dynamic interval specified follows the load model fully taking into account the total
losses, this dynamic robustness is interesting for the dispatching of complicated electrical systems in real time.

Figure 10. Actives powers evolution in PV buses generators for 13 cycles

Figure 11. Actives powers evolution in PV buses generators for 13 cycles

Advanced dynamic stability system developed for nonlinear load … (Tadjeddine Ali Abderrazak)
2040  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 12. Power Active generations in GS and FD methods with global loads model and errors

Figure 13. Number of iterations by fast decoupled and Gauss Seidel methods

Figure 14. Global active power losses for 13 cycles of both methods

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5. CONCLUSION
Our undertaking involves the development of a program that can compute and juxtapose the
dynamic efficiency of generators based on different load conditions observed over 13 real-time monitoring
cycles. Our findings imply that building a model of the electricity production system is indispensable for
efficacious power dispatching, regardless of whether the controls used are conventional or intelligent. This
study furnishes valuable insights for dispatchers as it empowers them to prophesize the network's state and
devise electrical production plans based on technical and economic factors, chiefly in the context of dynamic
loads, which provide innumerable opportunities for power gratification. The outcomes we have procured
proffer a persuasive opportunity for us to apply this study on a genuine network with greater complexity.
Hence, we are prompted to embark on other dynamic studies that utilize artificial intelligence. We
acknowledge that whilst some dynamic strains of electrical loads can be modeled in a linear manner, others
necessitate more intricate methods to extract the model from the control.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Tadjeddine Ali Abderrazak is a lecturer in Electrical Engineering Department at

the University Nour Bachir, El-Bayadh, Algeria. He received a master's and a PhD degree in
Electrical Engineering at the National Polytechnic School of Oran (ENPO-MA, Oran,
Algeria). His main field area of research is in the control of power systems engineering,
electrical power engineering, power systems analysis, power transmission, voltage regulation,
electrical energy conservation, optimizations in distribution system, energy conversion, and
renewable energy, where he is the author/co-author of over 80 research publications. He can
be contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 14, No. 4, December 2023: 2032-2043
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2043

Bendjillali Ridha Ilyas was born in Bechar, Algeria. he received a Master degree
in digital communication systems from Tahri Mohammed University of Bechar, Algeria, in
2016, And a PhD degree in information processing and telecommunications at Tahri
Mohammed University of Bechar, Algeria, in 2020. His main research areas are image and
video processing, pattern recognition, computer vision, and machine learning. He can be
contacted at email: [email protected]

Bendelhoum Mohammed Sofiane obtained his Engineering degree in

Biomedical Electronics and M.Sc. in Signals and Systems from Tlemcen University, Algeria.
He also received his Ph.D. from Sidi Bel Abbes University, Algeria. Since 2014, he has been
an Associate Professor at the University of El-Bayadh and performs his research at the
Instrumentation Laboratory and Advanced Materials University Center. His research interests
are primarily in the area of image processing, medical image compression, wavelets transform
turbo-encoding, turbo equalization, wireless communications and networks as well as
biomedical engineering, where he is the author/co-author of over 65 research publications. He
can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Hamiani Hichem received the Engineer degree in electrical Engineering from the
Ecole Normal Superior of Technical Education (ENSET), Oran, and the Magister's degree in
Electrical Engineering from the National Polytechnic School Maurice Audin of Oran, (ENPO-
MA). He received the doctoral degree in science in Electrical Engineering from the National
Polytechnic School Maurice Audin of Oran, (ENPO-MA). Currently He is Researcher in
Laboratory of LAAS Department of electrical Engineering, ENPO-MA, Algeria. His research
interests include non-linear control strategies and control by artificial intelligence techniques for
electrical drives, & renewable energy. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Arbaoui Iliace is an Associate Professor at the Department of Electrical

Engineering, Adrar University - Algeria. received He received a master's and a PhD degree in
physic at University Oran1, Ahmed ben Bella, Algeria. He is a professor at Adrar University,
Algeria. His research activities include physics problems, and renewable energy. He can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Advanced dynamic stability system developed for nonlinear load … (Tadjeddine Ali Abderrazak)