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RTS1-K22-Transport Gas

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21 views26 pages

RTS1-K22-Transport Gas

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Uploaded by

Muhammad Fatih Ulhaq
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RTS1-K22

 Transport of Respiratory Gases by Blood


Oxygen Transport

 Molecular oxygen is carried in the blood:


 Bound to hemoglobin (Hb) within red blood
cells
 Dissolved in plasma
Oxygen Transport: Role of Hemoglobin
 Each Hb molecule binds four oxygen atoms in a
rapid and reversible process
 The hemoglobin-oxygen combination is called
oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
 Hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called
reduced hemoglobin (HHb)

Lungs
HHb + O2 HbO2 + H+
Tissues
Hemoglobin (Hb)

 Saturated hemoglobin – when all four hemes of


the molecule are bound to oxygen
 Partially saturated hemoglobin – when one to
three hemes are bound to oxygen
 The rate that hemoglobin binds and releases
oxygen is regulated by:
 PO2, temperature, blood pH, PCO2, and the
concentration of BPG (an organic chemical)
 These factors ensure adequate delivery of
oxygen to tissue cells
Influence of PO2 on Hemoglobin Saturation
 Hemoglobin saturation plotted against PO2
produces a oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation
curve
 98% saturated arterial blood contains 20 ml
oxygen per 100 ml blood (20 vol %)
 As arterial blood flows through capillaries, 5 ml
oxygen are released
 The saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood
explains why breathing deeply increases the PO2
but has little effect on oxygen saturation in
hemoglobin
Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

 Hemoglobin is almost completely saturated at a


PO2 of 70 mm Hg
 Further increases in PO2 produce only small
increases in oxygen binding
 Oxygen loading and delivery to tissue is
adequate when PO2 is below normal levels
Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

 Only 20–25% of bound oxygen is unloaded


during one systemic circulation
 If oxygen levels in tissues drop:
 More oxygen dissociates from hemoglobin and
is used by cells
 Respiratory rate or cardiac output need not
increase
Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

Figure 22.20
Other Factors Influencing Hemoglobin Saturation

 Temperature, H+, PCO2, and BPG


 Modify the structure of hemoglobin and alter
its affinity for oxygen
 Increases of these factors:
 Decrease hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen
 Enhance oxygen unloading from the blood
 Decreases act in the opposite manner
 These parameters are all high in systemic
capillaries where oxygen unloading is the goal
Other Factors Influencing Hemoglobin Saturation

Figure 22.21
Factors That Increase Release of Oxygen by
Hemoglobin

 As cells metabolize glucose, carbon dioxide is


released into the blood causing:
 Increases in PCO2 and H+ concentration in
capillary blood
 Declining pH (acidosis), which weakens the
hemoglobin-oxygen bond (Bohr effect)
 Metabolizing cells have heat as a byproduct and
the rise in temperature increases BPG synthesis
 All these factors ensure oxygen unloading in the
vicinity of working tissue cells
Hemoglobin-Nitric Oxide Partnership

 Nitric oxide (NO) is a vasodilator that plays a


role in blood pressure regulation
 Hemoglobin is a vasoconstrictor and a nitric
oxide scavenger (heme destroys NO)
 However, as oxygen binds to hemoglobin:
 Nitric oxide binds to a cysteine amino acid on
hemoglobin
 Bound nitric oxide is protected from
degradation by hemoglobin’s iron
Hemoglobin-Nitric Oxide Partnership

 The hemoglobin is released as oxygen is


unloaded, causing vasodilation
 As deoxygenated hemoglobin picks up carbon
dioxide, it also binds nitric oxide and carries
these gases to the lungs for unloading
Carbon Dioxide Transport

 Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in


three forms
 Dissolved in plasma – 7 to 10%
 Chemically bound to hemoglobin – 20% is
carried in RBCs as carbaminohemoglobin

 Bicarbonate ion in plasma – 70% is transported


as bicarbonate (HCO3–)
Transport and Exchange of Carbon Dioxide
 Carbon dioxide diffuses into RBCs and
combines with water to form carbonic acid
(H2CO3), which quickly dissociates into
hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3–


 
Carbon  Water
Carbonic Hydrogen Bicarbonate
dioxide acid ion ion

 In RBCs, carbonic anhydrase reversibly


catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and
water to carbonic acid
Transport and Exchange of Carbon Dioxide

Figure 22.22a
Transport and Exchange of Carbon Dioxide

 At the tissues:
 Bicarbonate quickly diffuses from RBCs into
the plasma
 The chloride shift – to counterbalance the
outrush of negative bicarbonate ions from the
RBCs, chloride ions (Cl–) move from the
plasma into the erythrocytes
Transport and Exchange of Carbon Dioxide

 At the lungs, these processes are reversed


 Bicarbonate ions move into the RBCs and bind
with hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid
 Carbonic acid is then split by carbonic
anhydrase to release carbon dioxide and water
 Carbon dioxide then diffuses from the blood
into the alveoli
Transport and Exchange of Carbon Dioxide

Figure 22.22b
Haldane Effect

 The amount of carbon dioxide transported is


markedly affected by the PO2
 Haldane effect – the lower the PO2 and
hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, the more
carbon dioxide can be carried in the blood
Haldane Effect

 At the tissues, as more carbon dioxide enters


the blood:
 More oxygen dissociates from hemoglobin
(Bohr effect)
 More carbon dioxide combines with
hemoglobin, and more bicarbonate ions are
formed

 This situation is reversed in pulmonary


circulation
Influence of Carbon Dioxide on Blood pH

 The carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system


resists blood pH changes
 If hydrogen ion concentrations in blood begin to
rise, excess H+ is removed by combining with
HCO3–
 If hydrogen ion concentrations begin to drop,
carbonic acid dissociates, releasing H+
Influence of Carbon Dioxide on Blood pH

 Changes in respiratory rate or depth can also:


 Alter blood pH
 Provide a fast-acting system to adjust pH
when it is disturbed by metabolic factors

InterActive Physiology®: 
PLAY
Respiratory System: Gas Transport

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