FUNCTIONS & RELATIONS

GRADE - 11

Success is sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.

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Functions & Relations

Table of Contents
Set notation and sets of numbers .......................................................... 2

Practice Questions ............................................................................ 3

Relations, domain and range ................................................................. 6

Practice Questions ............................................................................ 7

Functions ..........................................................................................11

Practice Questions ...........................................................................12

One-to-one functions and implied domains.............................................17

Practice Questions ...........................................................................18

Piecewise-defined functions .................................................................19

Practice Questions ...........................................................................20

Inverse functions................................................................................23

Practice Questions ...........................................................................24

Functions and modelling exercises ........................................................27

Practice Questions ...........................................................................28

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Set notation and sets of numbers

• If 𝑥 is an element of a set 𝐴, we write 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴.

• If 𝑥 is not an element of a set 𝐴, we write 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴.

• If every element of 𝐵 is an element of 𝐴, we say 𝐵 is a subset of 𝐴

and write 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴.

• The set 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 is the intersection of 𝐴 and 𝐵, where 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 if and

only if 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵.

• The set 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 is the union of 𝐴 and 𝐵, where 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 if and only

if 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 or 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵.

• The set 𝐴 \ 𝐵 is the set difference of 𝐴 and 𝐵, where 𝐴 \ 𝐵 = { 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ∈

𝐴, 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵 }.

• If the sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 have no elements in common, we say 𝐴 and 𝐵

are disjoint and write 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅. The set ∅ is called the empty set.

Sets of numbers

Real numbers: ℝ Rational numbers: ℚ

Integers: ℤ Natural numbers: ℕ

For real numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏 with 𝑎 < 𝑏, we can consider the following intervals:
(𝑎, 𝑏) = { 𝑥 ∶ 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 } [𝑎, 𝑏] = { 𝑥 ∶ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 }
(𝑎 , 𝑏 ] = { 𝑥 ∶ 𝑎 < 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 } [ 𝑎, 𝑏 ) = { 𝑥 ∶ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏 }
(𝑎, ∞) = { 𝑥 ∶ 𝑎 < 𝑥 } [𝑎, ∞) = { 𝑥 ∶ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 }
(−∞, 𝑏) = { 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 < 𝑏 } (−∞, 𝑏] = { 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏}
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Practice Questions
For A = { 1, 2, 3, 7 } and B = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }, find:

a. A∩B b. A∪B

For A = { 1, 2, 3, 7 } and B = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 } , find:

a. A \B b. B \A
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Illustrate each of the following intervals of real numbers:

a. [−2, 3]

b. (−3, 4]

c. (− ∞_, 5]
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d. (−2, 4)

e. (−3, ∞)
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Relations, domain and range

An ordered pair denoted (𝑥, 𝑦), is a pair of elements 𝑥 and 𝑦 in which 𝑥 is
considered to be the first coordinate and 𝑦 the second coordinate.

A relation is a set of ordered pairs.

• The set of all the first coordinates of the ordered pairs is called the
domain.
• The set of all the second coordinates of the ordered pairs is called the
range.

Some relations may be defined by a rule relating the elements in the domain
to their corresponding elements in the range. In order to define the relation
fully, we need to specify both the rule and the domain. For example:

(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ+ ∪ {0}

For a relation described by a rule with 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥, the domain is the 𝑥 −

values and the range is the 𝑦 -values.

The maximal or implied domain is the largest domain for which the rule of
the relation has meaning.
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Practice Questions
Sketch a graph of each of the following relations and state its domain and
range:

a. {(−2, −1), (−1, −1), (−1, 1), (0, 1), (1, −1)}

b. { (𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 1] }
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c. { (𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6, 𝑥 ≥ 0 }

d. { (𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 2] }
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For each of the following, complete the square, sketch the graph and state
the range. The domain is ℝ.

a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5

b. 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5
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Sketch the graph of the relation 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2 for 𝑥 ∈ [−2, 1] and state the
range.

For each of the following relations, state the implied domain and the range:

a. (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 = 9

b. √9 − 𝑥 2 + 1
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Functions
• A function is a relation such that for each 𝑥-value there is only one
corresponding 𝑦-value.

• Vertical-line test: If a vertical line can be drawn anywhere on the

graph and it only ever intersects the graph a maximum of once, then
the relation is a function.

• Functions are usually denoted with lowercase letters such as 𝑓 , 𝑔 , ℎ.

• For an ordered pair (𝑥, 𝑦) of a function 𝑓 , we say that y is the image of 𝑥

under 𝑓 or that 𝑦 is the value of 𝑓 at 𝑥, and we say that 𝑥 is a pre-image
of 𝑦.

• Since the 𝑦-value obtained is a function of the 𝑥-value, we use the

notation 𝑓 (𝑥), read as "𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑥", in place of 𝑦.

• Notation for defining functions: For example, we write

𝑓: [0, 4] → ℝ, 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 to define a function f with domain [0, 4]
and rule 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1.

• A restriction of a function has the same rule but a ‘smaller’ domain.

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Practice Questions

Which of the following sets of ordered pairs defines a function?

a. {(−3, −4), (−1, −1), (−6, 7), (1, 5)}

b. {(−4, 1), (−4, −1), (−6, 7), (−6, 8)}

a. Is 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 a function? State the maximal domain and range of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .

b. Is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 a function? State the maximal domain and range of

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4.
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Rewrite each of the following using the 𝑓 ∶ 𝑥 → 𝑦 notation:

a. {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 2 } b. { (𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5, 𝑥 ≥ 0}

c. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 2 + 6, −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
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If 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥, find:

𝑓 (3) 𝑓 (−2)

𝑓 (𝑥 − 1) 1
𝑓 (𝑎 ) 𝑎≠0

Consider the function defined by 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4 for all x ∈ ℝ.

Find the value of 𝑓 (2) and 𝑓 (𝑡). For what values of x is 𝑓 (𝑥) ≥ 𝑥?
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Find the value of x for which 𝑓 (𝑥) = For what values of t is 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑡?
6

For what values of x is 𝑓 (𝑥) ≤ 3𝑥? Find the value of x for which 𝑓 (𝑥) =
0.

Sketch the graph of each of the following functions and state its range:

𝑓 ∶ [−1, 2] → ℝ, 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓 ∶ [−1, 1] → ℝ, 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥

1 𝑓 ∶ ℝ→ ℝ , 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8
𝑓 ∶ (0, 2] → ℝ , 𝑓 (𝑥) =
𝑥
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One-to-one functions and implied domains

• A function 𝑓 is one-to-one if different 𝑥-values map to different 𝑦-
values, that is, if a ≠ b implies 𝑓 (𝑎) ≠ 𝑓 (𝑏), for all 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑓 .

• Horizontal-line test: If a horizontal line can be drawn anywhere on

the graph of a function and it only ever intersects the graph a
maximum of once, then the function is one-to-one.

• When the domain of a function is not explicitly stated, it is assumed to

consist of all real numbers for which the rule has meaning. We refer to
the implied (maximal) domain of a function, because the domain is
implied by the rule.
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Practice Questions
Which of the following functions is one-to-one?

a. {(1, 4), (2, 2), (3, 4), (4, 6)} b. {(1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1)}

State the implied domain, sketch the graph and find the corresponding range
of each of the following:

𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓 𝟏
𝒈(𝒙) =
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓
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Piecewise-defined functions
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Practice Questions

a. Sketch the graph of the function f given by:

−𝑥 − 1 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 0
2𝑥 − 1, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 1
𝑥+ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 1
2 2
{

b. State the range of f .

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The volume of a sphere of radius r is determined by the function with rule

4
𝑉(𝑟) = 𝜋𝑟 3 . State the practical domain of the function V and find V (10).
3
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If 𝑓 ∶ 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 such that 𝑓 (1) = 7 and 𝑓 (5) = 19, find a and b and
sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥).

Find the quadratic function f such that 𝑓 (4) = 𝑓 (−2) = 0 and 𝑓 (0) = 16.
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Inverse functions
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑦 if 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥, for 𝑥 ∈ 𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝑓 and 𝑦 ∈ 𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑓
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Practice Questions
The set of ordered pairs {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, −1), (6, −7), (0, 6)} is a function 𝑓
Describe the inverse function 𝑓 −1 of this function as a set of ordered pairs.
Give the domain and range of both 𝑓 and 𝑓 −1 .

Find the inverse function 𝑓 −1 of the function 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3 and sketch the
graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) on the one set of axes.
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Find the inverse function 𝑔−1 of the function 𝑔: [2, 6] → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3 and
state the domain and range of 𝑔−1.

𝑥 2
Let 𝑓 ∶ [3, 6] → 𝑅, 𝑓 (𝑥) = ( ) . Find 𝑓 −1 and state its domain and range.
3
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Find the inverse of the function 𝑓 ∶ [1, ∞) _ 𝑅, 𝑓 (𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 4.

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Functions and modelling exercises

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Practice Questions
A book club has a membership fee of $60.00 and each book purchased is
$10.00. Construct a cost function that can be used to determine the cost of
different numbers of books, then sketch its graph.
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The following table shows the Younanistan Post rates for sending letters.

Sketch a graph of the cost function, C, giving its domain and range and the
rules that define it.
 30

A householder has six laying hens and wishes to construct a rectangular

enclosure to provide a maximum area for the hens, using a 12 m length of
fencing wire. Construct a function that will give the area of the enclosure, A,
in terms of its length, _. By sketching a graph, find the maximum area that
can be fenced.
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