Some pronouns are always ‘subjects’: I, we, she, he, they

অিধকার, স�ক�, মািলকানা েবাঝােত = possessive case =

Sakib’s daughter
িকছ� িকছ� শে�র পের সাধারণত noun বেস।
• a/an + singular common noun (a cow)
• possessive case (my, our,) + noun (their country)
• subject/object = িহেসেব noun/pronoun বেস।
• preposition (on, in, …) + object/noun (in
Bangladesh …)
• the + noun (usually)

Noun:
এর মূল কাজ দুইটাঃ
১। subject িহেসেব বসা।
২। object িহেসেব বসা।

Adjective:
েয বা যারা subject, object, noun, pronoun স�েক� extra
কথা বেল/ extra তথ� েদয়, তার নাম adjective

Adverb: talks about three things (মূলত verb)

 • Verb: ‘কীভােব, েকাথায়, কখন, েকন’ িদেয় ��
করেল adverb পাওয়া েযেত পাের।
• Adjective
• Adverb

দুই�ট �জিনেসর object হয়।

i. Verb
ii. Preposition
• Verb েক ‘িক’ বা ‘কােক’ িদেয় �� করেল verb এর
object পাওয়া েযেত পাের।
• Preposition এর পের সাধারণত সাবেজ� বেস না।
সাবেজ� সাধারণত preposition এর আেগ বেস।
Preposition এর পের preposition এর object বেস।
Object Adverb
‘িক’ বা ‘কােক’ ‘কীভােব, েকাথায়, কখন, েকন’

Sentence: subject + verb থােক (usually)

Infinitive: to + verb (অস�ূণ verb)
� (usually)
- Sandy wants to go.
- Sandy to go.
- Sandy wants.
Noun = yellow
Pronoun = green
Verb = red front
Adjective = pink
Preposition = 25% grey
Adverb = 50% grey
Examples:
1. Jemi is from Rangpur.
2. Sanjana has nice hair.
3. Hitomi completed her graduation from IUB.
4. Rafa is from Chandpur but she currently lives in
Dhaka.
In Dhaka = adverb of place
In = preposition
5. Nusrat has a lot of knowledge and she is very studious.
6. Showrov has many sweet dreams and he is trying hard
to fulfil those dreams.
7. In Pabna, Bangladesh has a nuclear power plant.
8. Shoriful is studying Islamic History at GTC which is
affiliated with DU.
9. Faruk Hossain is preparing for IELTS – a widely
recognized English language test.
In Pabna = adverb
In = preposition
Pabna
Examples:
1. Arman works in a private company in Dhaka.
In a private company = adverb of place
In Dhaka = adverb of place
2. Tusher currently lives in Dhaka.
In Dhaka = adverb of place
3. Momin has two brothers and one sister.
4. Ratan has big hopes and he wants to go to the USA.
5. Emon is a nice person.
6. Arefin regularly eats biriyani and tehari.
7. Salman studied economics in DC.
8. Maruf is curious and he has a nice personality.
9. Yesin is wearing a nice Panjabi and he has a good hair
style.
To Dhaka = adverb of place
By bus = adverb
1. Antor looks smart and he has a nice t-shirt.
2. Ruma is studying microbiology in GU.
Examples:
1. Tanjida wants to go to Europe.
Tanjida wants.
Tanjida to go.
2. Lira is from Meherpur, which is a small district.
3. Payel completed HSC from BAFSC and she is now
preparing for IELTS.
4. Mim completed graduation from EMC in 2024 and
now she is trying to go to the UK.
5. Nipa wants a happy sweet hassle-free life.
6. Saidul Islam currently lives in Dhaka although he is
from Narsingdi.

In Dhaka = adverb of place

In = preposition
Dhaka = object of preposition/noun

Jahid wants to go abroad.

i. Jahid wants. = wants = main verb/complete verb
ii. Jahid to go. = to go = incomplete verb/infinitive
Infinitive: to + verb
Examples:
1. Nipa wants a happy sweet hassle-free life.
2. Imran hossain has a good personality.
3. Tamanna is from Narshingdi but she currently lives in
Dhaka.
In Dhaka = adverb of place
In = preposition
Dhaka = Object of preposition/noun
4. Jibon has great hopes and he is working hard to
achieve his goals.

Examples:
1. Suraiya currently lives in Farmgate.
In Farmgate = adverb of place
In = preposition
Farmgate = object of preposition/noun
2. Sharmin has a nice personality and she is very
ambitious.
3. Ajmira completed BSC engineering from APU in
2016.
 4. Evana is from Mymensingh but she currently lives in
Mohammodpur, which has a lot of historical
significance.
5. Sohani studied in DCC, which has a good reputation.
6. Farzana likes biriyani, which originated in central
Asia.
7. Shila supports neither AL nor BNP.

In DCC: adverb of place

I have much money.

I have a lot of money.
Examples:
1. Seyam currently lives in Dhaka.
In Dhaka = adverb of place
In = preposition
Dhaka = object of preposition/noun
2. Shahriar completed graduation in 2023 and now he is
doing a job.
In 2023 = adverb of time
In = preposition
2023 = object of preposition/noun
3. Marsia has some very good qualities and she regularly
uses them.
4. Enan has a lot of good dreams and he wants to go to
Canada.
5. Hamim who currently lives in Badda is from
Laxmipur, which is to the south of Bangladesh.
= in Badda = adverb of place
= in = preposition
= Badda = object of preposition
6. Robiul supports neither AL nor BNP.
7. Jack regularly comes to Dhaka, which is the capital of
Bangladesh, but he does not like the city since it is very
crowded.
To Dhaka = adverb of place
8. Sandy is a doctor but her sister is a dacoit.
9. Madam wants power and she is doing everything to
stay in power.

Examples:
1. Tanjim is a student and she wants to go to the USA.
 2. Arzu is doing a job in Bkash.
3. Munni is studying marketing in TC.
4. Babli lives in Dhaka, which is the capital of BD.
5. Tahmina completed her graduation and post-
graduation from Chandpur and now she wants to go to
Canada.
6. Nahid Hasan regularly eats biriyani although he
cannot cook the food.
7. Sohan is good at football and he defends well.
8. Amit looks smart and he has a good personality.
9. Siam became a voter in 2022 and he has already voted
on 7 January.
10. Jahid has a lot of dreams, wants to go to the USA
and is now preparing for IELTS in MC.
11. Arafat is studying at a university in Dhaka while
his younger sister goes to school.
12. Avijit has a very good style and he has a charming
face.
13. Mison supports neither AL – which is a very pro-
India party – nor BNP – a party which is currently
being groomed by the west.

Examples:
1. Bristy completed honours from BC.
 2. Shimla comes from Sonargaon and she wants to go to
France.
3. Jenifa has a very serious personality.
4. Samma currently lives in Dhaka, which is a big city.
5. Shihab is wearing a nice shirt and he looks smart.
6. Ahmmed completed HSC in 2023, is preparing for
IELTS now and wants financial success in life.
7. Ashik sometimes eats biriyani, which is his favourite
food.
8. Sunny is very energetic and he can work very hard.
9. Nirob studied management which is a very ancient
subject.
10. Rezaul supports neither AL – a pro India party –
nor BNP – which is currently supported by the USA.
11. Shova – a cute, smart young lady – is from
Kushtia, which is famous for tiler khaja.

Examples:
1. Resun completed HSC in 2023.
2. Royal wrote a sentence.
3. Zahid has a cell phone in his pocket.
 4. Mosarof has a nice heart.
5. Tanvir is smart and he is from Lakshmipur.
6. Hridoy has a very good height.
7. Ovishak wants to go to the USA, which is a very rich
country.
8. Emon wants to be a police officer in Denmark.
9. Azad is learning English because he wants a better
career.
10. Amdadul is currently living in Gulshan, which is
a rich area in Dhaka.
11. Karzon is an engineer and he is working in a
private company at Dhaka – the capital of Bangladesh.
In a private company at Dhaka = adverb of place

In Gulshan = adverb of place

In = preposition
Gulshan = object of preposition/noun

Examples:
1. Mim comes from Savar.
 2. Foysal completed diploma engineering from N. Ganj.
3. Ujjal ate one egg yesterday.
4. Rishad is very stylish and he has nice hair.
5. Junaid plays cricket and he is a good all-rounder.
6. Asif came here by rickshaw, which is very popular
transport in our country.
7. Bayzid passed HSC with a GPA of 3.83 and he wants
to go to Germany.
8. Mihon has two younger sisters who live in Cumilla –
famous for roshmalai.

Jack speaks nicely.

Speaks = কীভােব = nicely = adverb
Jack speaks in a nice way.
Speaks = কীভােব: in a nice way = adverb of manner
িক� েছাট েছাট কের
In = preposition
Examples:
1. Arif is from Mymensingh.
2. Mehedi lives in Mymensingh.
3. Abid wants success in life.
4. Voban wants to go to Australia.
5. Rohan supported India which unfortunately lost to
Australia.
6. Towhid likes travelling and he already visited many
places in Bangladesh.
7. Sobuj regularly eats biriyani.
8. Fahim currently lives in Dhaka, which is the capital of
Bangladesh.
9. Sakib’s target is a good score in IELTS.
10. Foysal’s first choice is Canada which is the
second largest country in the world.
11. Supon does not like politics and he is a good
student.
12. Nazmul has two younger brothers.
13. Anik is health conscious and eats fresh green
vegetables every day.
14. Momin is wearing a nice black hat and he seems
serious.
15. Mahbub knows money is necessary in life.
New:
1. Niaz is from Barishal.
2. A. Rashid wants happiness in life.
3. Safaayet is from Noakhali and wants to go to the USA.
4. Shahadat likes French fries and he is a nice person.
5. Shakila studied marketing which is a hybrid subject.
6. Nusrat has a nice family and she is a good homemaker.
7. Sumaiya has great hopes and she is interested to go to
the USA.
8. Nisat has two very expensive cars which were
imported from Germany.
9. Shafin is cute, smart and tall and he can speak nicely.
10. Sabbir comes from Mohammadpur to Farmgate
by bus to learn English.
11. Suny goes to university and in his free time he
learns English in Mahafuj Corporation.
12. Rafi is a young boy who is trying hard to become
expert in English.
13. Rony helps his friends.
14. Raihan can speak nicely.
15. Ashraful has a nice heart.
16. Pranta has two beautiful cars.
17. Fatema came here today by bus to learn English.
18. Joya comes from cute Cumilla which is famous
for rashmalai.
19. Nahida is trying hard to achieve success.
 20. Sadia wants to go to the USA, which is the richest
country in the world.
21. Apon completed his graduation from DIU and
now he is trying to go abroad.
22. Tamim was not given any chance to play in this
current world cup.

Passive sentence: Subject + to be verb (am, is, arepresent,

was, werepast, bemain form, beenperfect, beingcontinuous) + past
participle of verb
i. A cow
ii. A cute cow
iii. A cutie cute cow
iv. A cute Canadian cow
v.

23. Jannati has five nice cars.

24. Bashar bought a new notebook today from
Farmgate.
25. Arabi will go to Europe and start a new business.
26. Mustafiz is a nice person and wants happiness in
life.
27. Madber has a strong personality and wants to
become a different politician in Bangladesh.
 28. Isa came to Farmgate on foot to learn a foreign
language.

29. Omar studied engineering at CPI, is preparing for

IELTS and wants to go to Canada next year.
30. Abdullah works properly, listens quietly, writes
clearly and speaks softly.
31. Ajoy is from Cumilla, which is to the east of
Bangladesh.

Preposition:
i. In = এ/য়
= জাপােন = in Japan
ii. of = র/এর, অিধকার বা স�ক�
= ঢাকার = of Dhaka
iii. with = সােথ, সহ, সংেগ, িনেয়, �ারা, িদেয়
= Sandy তার পিরবােরর সােথ থােক।
= Sandy lives with her family.
iv. to = কােছ, িনকেট, �িত, িদক, final destination
= future আমার কােছ ���পূণ।�
= Future is important to me.
First class: home work

- Up to this –
Places of cohesion:
i. Within a sentence
ii. Between sentences
iii. Between paragraphs
Different cohesive devices:
i. To add ideas/to connect similar
ideas/information/thought extenders: first, (firstly,
first of all) /to begin with/ for a start, second
(secondly, second of all), third (thirdly, third of all),
in addition, in addition to, additionally, also, as well
as, next, then, afterwards, later, on top of that (often
negative), finally, lastly, and, similarly, likewise,
besides (this/these), along with it, coupled with,
incidentally, even, eventually (finally), alongside, in
association with, too = and
ii. To connect opposing/dissimilar/opposite ideas, to
give counter argument, to refute an argument/
contrasting conjunction/contradict/ (thought
reversers): but, however, on the other hand, yet,
while, whereas, although, though, even as, even if,
even though, despite, in spite of, as opposed to,
 compared to, compared with, in comparison with,
contrary to, in contrast, in contrast to, by contrast,
rather than …, instead of …, unlike, meanwhile,
alternatively, nevertheless
iii. To give reason: as, because, because of, one cause,
one factor, due to, for, since, thanks to, the reason is,
one explanation for this, part of the problem, why
…
iv. To conclude: as a consequence, as a result,
cause/causing, consequently, hence to sum up, in
conclusion, in order to + verb (purpose/final), lead
to/leading to, meaning that, resulting in, so, so as to,
so that …,thus, , , , therefore, thereby, , to+ verb, , ,
this means, , that’s why,
v. For example: say, like, such as, for instance,
particularly, in particular, especially, including, take
for example, to illustrate, as an example, one
example is that, a case in point, (… and other …),
namely, take the case, e.g.
vi. Condition বুঝােতঃ If/provided/given …, place –
where/which/that …, time – when/which/that …,
humans – who,
vii. To put emphasis on a particular idea: more
importantly, even more importantly, most
importantly, not only … but also …, among them,
the most … is …, primarily, mainly, chiefly, what’s
 more, moreover, furthermore…, the biggest
advantage, a major point …
viii. Transition cohesive devices: about, regarding, as to,
as far as … is/are concerned, with regards to, …
when it comes to …, in terms of …, moving on to,
turning to, next, then, on the other hand,
ix. To explain: in fact, in other words, to put it simply,
to illustrate

case
Subjective objective possessive Double P
I Me my Mine
We us our Ours
You you your Yours

She her her Hers

He him His his
It (singular) It Its Its
They (plural) them their Theirs

One (singular) one One’s One’s

Ones (plural) ones Ones’ Ones’
Who Whom whose Whose
Sumon sumon Sumon’s Sumon’s
A boy A boy A boy’s salary A boy’s

Boys boys Boys’ salary Boys’

অিধকার বা স�ক� েবাঝােত = possessive case = Sakib’s
daughter
Plural হেল = s এর বাইের apostrophe । boys’ school =
েছেলেদর school
Singular হেল = s এর আেগ। a boy’s phone = এক�ট েছেলর
phone
Possessive case → noun
Subject িহেসেব বসেল subjective case.
object িহেসেব বসেল objective case.
অিধকার বা স�ক� েবাঝােনার সময় possessive case
Possessive case (Sakib’s daughters) সাধারণত সাবেজ�
হয় না। double possessive case সাবেজ� িহেসেব বা
অবেজ� িহেসেব বসেত পাের।
Subject:
You and (I/me) are friends.
She loves (object = you and I/me).
Verb েক ‘িক’ বা ‘কােক’ িদেয় �� করেল verb এর object
পাওয়া েযেত পাের।
একজন হেল িভতের = a boy’s cricket bat
একািধক হেল বাইের = girls’ school, teachers’ room,
ladies’ club, tortoises’ eggs
Subject/object = noun/pronoun
How to expand sentences:

Basic class 2:
Sandy can cook jack-fruit biriyani.
এই sentence েক বড় করা।
Mainly two ways:
i. Sentence: subject + verb থােক (usually)
ii. Phrase: subject + verb থােকনা।
Main sentence এর আেগ, পের, মােঝ extra information
িদেয় sentence বড় করা।

1. Relative pronouns (who, which, that, whoever…)

2. Conjunctions (and, or, but, while, although, if, …)
 3. Sentence/phrase within a sentence (সাবেজ�1 এর
পের Verb1 এর আেগ আেরক�ট বাক� বিসেয়
েদওয়া।) (S1 + (S2 + V2) + V1)
4. Preposition
5. Phrase/ modifier: give extra info about anything
i. Active (starting with ‘ing’) [যার স�েক� অিতির�
কথা, অিতির� কথাটা (Active হেল ‘ing’ িদেয়)
বেস]
ii. Passive (starting with only ‘past participle of verb’)
iii. Neutral (starting with neither ‘ing’ nor ‘past
participle of verb’)
6. Punctuations
i. , ………., to give extra info about something
ii. - ……… - to give extra info about something
iii. : to explain or to give extra info about something or
to describe a list
iv. ; to connect sentences or phrases of similar nature
যার স�েক� অিতির� কথা, অিতির� কথাটা তার
[পের/আেগ] পােশ বেস
যার স�েক� অিতির� কথা, অিতির� কথাটা তার পের
(…িদেয়) বেস
Main sentence এর সােথ Relative pronoun িদেয় extra
sentence বানােনা: (which, whichever, that, who, whoever)
(relative pronoun acts as a subject)
যার স�েক� অিতির� কথা, অিতির� কথাটা তার
পের/পােশ (িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউন িদেয়) বেস [relative
pronoun সাবেজ� িহসােব কাজ কের]

Expanding sentence:
1. Relative pronoun (who, which, that, …)
Explanation:
1. Mim wants to go to London.
Extra info:
i. Mim: who is from Khulna
ii. London: which is the capital of England
Expanded form: Mim, who is from Khulna, wants to go to
London, which is the capital of England.
Expanded form: Mim, who is from Khulna, wants to go to
London, which is the capital of England.
2. Shova studies at a college.
Extra info:
 i. Shova: who is very ambitious
ii. Shova: who wants to study in a foreign country
Expanded form: Shova, who is very ambitious, and who
wants to study in a foreign country, studies at a college.
Expanded form: Shova, who is very ambitious, and who
wants to study in a foreign country, studies at a college.
3. Ruma sometimes eats biriyani.
Extra info:
i. Biriyani: which is a very popular food in many parts
of Asia
Expanded form: Ruma sometimes eats biriyani, which is a
very popular food in many parts of Asia.
Expanded form: Ruma sometimes eats biriyani, which is a
very popular food in many parts of Asia.
4. Labony was born in Pabna, which is to the north of
Bangladesh.
5. Rahima currently lives in Mirpur.
Extra info:
i. Rahima: who is preparing for IELTS at Mahafuj
Corporation
ii. Mirpur: which has a very old history
Expanded form: Rahima, who is preparing for IELTS at
Mahafuj Corporation, currently lives in Mirpur, which has
a very old history.

Expanded form: Rahima, who is preparing for IELTS at

Mahafuj Corporation, currently lives in Mirpur, which has
a very old history.

• েয েমেয়�ট গতকাল এখােন এেসিছল েস অেনক

smart.

6. The girl who came here yesterday is very smart.

7. Sabbir, who sells fuchaka at Farmgate, is from

Barishal, which is now the poorest division in
Bangladesh.
Examples:
1. Samaun will go to Australia.
Extra info:
i. Australia: which is a very big country
Expanded form: Samaun will go to Australia, which is a
very big country.
2. Pongkoj currently lives in Dhaka.
Extra info:
 i. Pongkoj: who is from B. Baria
ii. Dhaka: which is a very densely populated city
Expanded form: Pongkoj, who is from B. Baria, currently
lives in Dhaka, which is a very densely populated city.
Expanded form: Pongkoj, who is from B. Baria, currently
lives in Dhaka, which is a very densely populated city.

3. Sakib likes Tamim.

Extra info:
i. Sakib: who has two daughters and one son
ii. Tamim: who has one son and one daughter
Expanded form: Sakib – who has two daughters and one
son – likes Tamim – who has one son and one daughter.
Sakib – who has two daughters and one son – likes Tamim
– who has one son and one daughter.
 1. Jahid is from Cumilla.
Extra info:
i. Cumilla: which is famous for roshogolla
Extended form: Jahid is from Cumilla, which is famous for
roshogolla.

2. Imran Uddin is preparing for IELTS.

Extra info:
i. Imran Uddin: who is very studious
ii. IELTS: which is an English language test
Extended form: Imran Uddin, who is very studious, is
preparing for IELTS, which is an English language test.
3. Md Raham likes Canada and Australia.
Extra info:
i. Canada: which is a north American country
ii. Australia: which is located in the southern
hemisphere
Extended form: Md Rahman likes Canada – which is a
north American country – and Australia – which is located
in the southern hemisphere.
4. Infinix is from Chittagong.
Extra info:
i. Infinix: who has good hopes
ii. Chittagong: which is a big city
Extended form: Infinix, who has good hopes, is from
Chittagong, which is a big city.

5. Sheikh Hasina Madam likes India.

Extra info:
i. Sheikh Hasina Madam: who is the pm of
Bangladesh
ii. India: which is our big neighbour
Expanded form: Sheikh Hasina Madam – who is the pm of
Bangladesh – likes India, which is our big neighbour.

Examples:
 1. Javed wants to go to the USA.
Extra info:
i. Javed: who is from Bangladesh
ii. The USA: which is a land of opportunities

Expanded form: Javed, who is from Bangladesh, wants to

go to the USA, which is a land of opportunities.
2. Baizid likes biriyani.
Extra info:
i. Baizid: who has a good health
Expanded form: Baizid – who has a good health – likes
biriyani.
3. Dipu studies at Savar.
Extra info:
i. Dipu: who is studious
ii. Dipu: who has great hopes
Expanded form: Dipu, who is studious and who has great
hopes, studies at Savar.
= 5t + 7t
= (5+7)t
Jack is smart and he is also talented. = 2 sentences
Jack (is smart and is also talented).
Jack is (smart and also talented)
Jack is smart and also talented. = 1 sentence

4. Sajib wants to visit India, Canada and Australia.

Extra info:
i. Sajib: who is a travel vlogger
ii. India: which has many beautiful tourist attractions
iii. Canada: which is the second largest country in the
world
iv. Australia: which is located in the southern
hemisphere
Expanded form: Sajib, who is a travel vlogger, wants to
visit India – which has many beautiful tourist attractions –
Canada – which is the second largest country in the world
– and Australia – which is located in the southern
hemisphere.
Sajib has many beautiful black Bangladeshi cows.
Reading room
Classroom
Prime minister
• েয েমেয়�ট গতকাল এখােন এেসিছল েস অেনক
smart.
5. The girl is very smart.
Extra info:
i. The girl: who came here yesterday

Expanded form: The girl – who came here yesterday – is

very smart.
The girl – who came here yesterday –is very smart

Examples:
1. Enan currently lives in Dhaka.
Extra info:
i. Enan: who was born in Chandpur
 ii. Dhaka: which is a very densely populated city

Expanded form: Enan, who was born in Chandpur,

currently lives in Dhaka, which is a very densely populated
city.
In Dhaka: adverb of place
In = preposition
Dhaka: object of preposition/noun
In Chandpur: adverb of place
In = preposition
Chandpur: OoP/noun
2. Hamim says the USA is better than Canada.
Extra info:
i. Hamim: who is good at geopolitics
ii. The USA: which has more income opportunities
iii. Canada: which is a very rich country but with an
economy of $2T
Expanded form: Hamim – who is good at geopolitics – says
the USA, which has more income opportunities, is better
than Canada, which is a very rich country but with an
economy of $2T.
 3. Robiul thinks in Bangladesh summer is better than
winter.
Extra info:
i. Robiul: who studies climate change
ii. Bangladesh: which has a moderate weather
iii. Summer: that is not excessively hot
iv. Winter: not very cold
Expanded form: Robiul, who studies climate change,
thinks in Bangladesh, which has a moderate weather,
summer – which is not excessively hot – is better than
winter – not very cold.
4. Seyam prefers tea to coffee.
Extra info:
i. Tea: which has stomach-purifying properties
ii. Coffee: which has a high level of caffeine
Expanded form: Seyam prefers tea – which has stomach-
purifying properties – to coffee – which has a high level of
caffeine.
5. HPMSH … likes India …
Extra info:
i. HPMSH: who was groomed by India after 1975
 ii. India: which is the third largest economy in the
world
Expanded form: HPMSH, who was groomed by India after
1975, likes that country, which is the third largest economy
in the world.

Examples:
1. Jonaid currently lives in Mouchak.
Extra info:
i. Mouchak: which is almost in the middle of Dhaka
city

Expanded form: Jonaid currently lives in Mouchak, which

is almost in the middle of Dhaka city.
In Mouchak = adverb of place
In = preposition
Mouchak: OoP/noun
2. Turjoy regularly eats biriyani.
Extra info:
i. Turjoy: who is physically very fit
Expanded form: Turjoy, who is physically very fit,
regularly eats biriyani.
Turjoy - who is physically very fit - regularly eats biriyani.

3. Rizwan studies in a private university in Dhaka.

Extra info:
i. Rizwan: who is from Chandpur
Expanded form: Rizwan – who is from Chandpur – studies
in a private university in Dhaka.
in a private university in Dhaka = adverb of place

4. Tanvir supports neither AL nor BNP.

Extra info:
i. Tanvir: who wants to go abroad
ii. AL: which is currently in power
iii. BNP: which is desperately trying to come to power
Expanded form: Tanvir, who wants to go abroad, supports
neither AL – which is currently in power – nor BNP –
which is desperately trying to come to power.
In power = adjective
5. Royal’s favourite subject is accounting.
Extra info:
i. Accounting: which was invented in Italy

Expanded form: Royal’s favourite subject is accounting,

which was invented in Italy.
In Italy = adverb of place
6. Soup tastes yummy.
Extra info:
i. Soup: which is made by my mother
Expanded form: Soup, which is made by my mother, tastes
yummy.

New:
1. Nazrul is carefully listening to class lecture.
Extra info:
 i. Nazrul: who is preparing for IELTS
Expanded form: Nazrul, who is preparing for IELTS, is
carefully listening to class lecture.
2. Foysal, who regularly listens to Islamic lectures, is a
pious man.
3. Royal is from Kushtia.
Extra info:
i. Royal: who is currently living in Dhaka
ii. Dhaka: which is very densely populated
iii. Kushtia: which is sparsely populated
Expanded form: Royal, who is currently living in Dhaka,
which is very densely populated, is from Kushtia, which is
sparsely populated.

4. Arian is good at math.

Extra info:
i. Math: which is a study of equations

Expanded form: Arian is good at math, which is a study of

equations.
5. Nahid wants to go to Canada.
Extra info:
i. Nahid: who has great hopes
ii. Canada: which is a land of opportunities

Expanded form: Nahid, who has great hopes, wants to go

to Canada, which is a land of opportunities.
6. Ujjal, who is a smart young boy, is taking notes.

7. Shahed is a big fan of Sheikh Hasina, who is the pm of

Bangladesh and is ruling the country with an iron
hand.

8. Farukh studies and helps his parents.

New:
1. Achal wants to go to the UK.
Extra info:
i. The UK: which is a rich country in Europe
Expanded form: Achal wants to go to the UK, which is a
rich country in Europe.
2. Irin studied in Eden College.
Extra info:
i. Irin: who lives in HBG
ii. Eden College: which is not very far from her home
Expanded form: Irin, who lives in HBG, studied in Eden
College, which is not far from her home.
3. Atia currently lives in Dhaka.
Extra info:
i. Atia: who is from Munshiganj
ii. Munshiganj: which produces a lot of potatoes
Expanded form: Atia, who is from Munshiganj, which
produces a lot of potatoes, currently lives in Dhaka.
4. Sabuz was born in Cumilla.
Extra info:
i. Cumilla: which is an ancient region of Bangladesh
ii. Cumilla: which is famous for Roshogolla and Khadi
Expanded form: Sabuz was born in Cumilla, which is an
ancient region of Bangladesh and which is famous for
Roshmalai and Khadi.
 5. Tanvir supports neither AL nor BNP.
Extra info:
i. AL: which is very pro-India
ii. BNP: which is pro-America
Expanded form: Tanvir supports neither AL – which is
very pro-India – nor BNP – which is pro-America.
6. Foysal knows how to cook. He doesn’t know how to
drive a car.
Expanded form: Foysal knows how to cook but he doesn’t
know how to drive a car.
New:

1. Niaz lives in Dhaka.

Extra info:
i. Dhaka: which is the capital of Bangladesh
Expanded form: Niaz lives in Dhaka, which is the capital
of Bangladesh.
2. Mehedi wants to go to the USA.
Extra info:
i. Mehedi: who studied finance
 ii. The USA: which is still the financial capital of the
world

Expanded form: Mehedi, who studied finance, wants to go

to the USA, which is still the financial capital of the world.
3. Ifhaz visited Cox’s Bazar.
Extra info:
i. Ifhaz: who lives in Cumilla
ii. Cox’s Bazar: which has the largest sea beach in the
world
Expanded form: Ifhaz, who lives in Cumilla, visited Cox’s
Bazar, which has the largest sea beach in the world.
4. Sheikh Hasina Madam wants more power.
Extra info:
i. Sheikh Hasina Madam: who has been ruling
Bangladesh
ii. Bangladesh: which is a politically very divided
country
Expanded form: Sheikh Hasina Madam, who has been
ruling Bangladesh, which is a politically very divided
country, wants more power.
 5. The girl is very smart.
Extra info:
i. The girl: who came here yesterday
Expanded form: The girl who came here yesterday is very
smart.

• েয েমেয়�ট গতকাল এখােন এেসিছল েস অেনক

smart.

1. Fatema is from Barishal.

Extra info:
i. Fatema: who currently lives in Dhaka
ii. Barishal: which is to the south of BD.
Expanded form: Fatema, who currently lives in Dhaka, is
from Barishal, which is to the south of BD.
2. Akhi wants to go to South Korea.
Extra info:
i. Akhi: who likes travelling
 ii. South Korea: which has a lot of beautiful tourist
attractions

Expanded form: Akhi, who likes travelling, wants to go to

South Korea, which has a lot of tourist attractions.
3. Asha is studying pharmacy in Northern University.
Extra info:
i. Northern University: which was established in the
1990s
Expanded form: Asha is studying pharmacy in Northern
University, which was established in the 1990s.
Continuous tense: S + to be verb (am, is, are, was, were,
be, been, being) + V + ing
Passive sentence: Subject + to be verb (am, is, arepresent,
was, werepast, bemain form, beenperfect, beingcontinuous) + past
participle of verb
4. Joati does not like biriyani.
Extra info:
i. Joati: who eats spicy foods
Expanded form: Joati, who eats spicy foods, does not like
biriyani.
 5. Bangladesh is better than India.
Expanded form: Bangladesh, which got independence in
1971, is better than India, which got independence in 1947.

6. Leejon wants to go to Australia, which is a continent-

sized country and has a small population.
7. Sakib is a superstar and has a big family.

Tense:
i. He writes.
ii. He wrote.
iii. He will write.
iv. He is writing.
v. He was writing.
vi. He will be writing.
vii. He has written.
viii. He had written.
ix. He will have written.

i. Israkh wants.
ii. Israkh wanted.
 iii. Israkh will want.
iv. Israkh is wanting.
v. Israkh was wanting.
vi. Israkh will be wanting.
vii. Israkh has wanted.
viii. Israkh had wanted.
ix. Israkh will have wanted.

i. Jahid gives.
ii. Jahid gave.
iii. Jahid will give.
iv. Jahid is giving.
v. Jahid was giving.
vi. Jahid will be giving.
vii. Jahid has given.
viii. Jahid had given.
ix. Jahid will have given.

Sentence Generic structure

Many people think. Present indefinite (subject + present form of verb)
Many people thought. Past indefinite (subject + past form of verb)
Many people will Future indefinite (subject + will/shall + base form of
think. verb)
Many people are Present continuous (subject + am/is/are + verb (ing)
thinking.
Many people were Past continuous (subject + was/were + verb (ing)
thinking.
Many people will be Future continuous (subject + will/shall + be + verb
thinking. (ing).
Many people have Present perfect (subject + have/has + past participle of
thought. verb)
Many people had Past perfect (subject + had + past participle of verb)
thought.
Many people will have Future perfect (subject +will have + past participle of
thought. verb)
Many people have Present perfect continuous (subject + have/has + been
been thinking for + verb (ing) + time)
years.
Many people had been Past perfect continuous (subject + had been + verb
thinking for years. (ing) + time)
Many people will have Future perfect continuous (subject + will/shall + have
been thinking for been + verb (ing) + time)
years.

1. Mili is from Hobiganj.

Extra info:
i. Mili: who studied in DU
Expanded form: Mili, who studied in DU, is from
Hobiganj.
2. Jannat will go to the USA.
Extra info:
 i. Jannat: who completed her honors from KGC
ii. The USA: which is the most powerful and richest
nation on earth
Expanded form: Jannat, who completed her honors from
KGC, will go to the USA, which is the most powerful and
richest nation on earth.
3. Ilma currently lives in Dhaka.
Extra info:
i. Dhaka: which has around 30 million people
ii. Dhaka: which is one of the most polluted and
slowest cities in the world
Expanded form: Ilma currently lives in Dhaka, which has
around 30 million people and which is one of the most
polluted and slowest cities in the world.
- Sakib is one of the cricketers.

4. Akhi does not like biriyani.

Extra info:
i. Akhi: who likes ice-cream a lot
ii. Biriyani: which has its origin in central Asia
Expanded form: Akhi, who eats ice-cream a lot, does not
like biriyani, which has its origin in central Asia.
5. Jumur will visit Canada, the Netherlands and the USA.
Extra info:
i. Canada: which is the second largest country in the
world
Expanded form: Jumur will visit Canada, which is the
second largest country in the world, the Netherlands and
the USA.
• েয েমেয়�ট গতকাল এখােন এেসিছল েস অেনক
smart.

6. The girl, who came here yesterday, is very smart.

7. Sabbir is from Barishal.
Expanded form: Sabbir, who plays cricket, is from
Barishal, which is to the south of Bangladesh.

8. Sandy speaks sweetly.

Active vs passive:
Person/doer/agent/subject>work/action/object =
active
Person/doer/agent/subject <work/action/object =
passive
100>50
Sentence এ েক েবিশ ���পূণ:� 1. েয/যারা কাজ�ট কের
েস/িতিন/তারা নািক 2. তােদর/তার করা কাজ�ট।
Active: েয/যারা কাজ�ট কের েস/িতিন/তারা েবিশ
���পূণ �
Passive: করা কাজ�ট েবিশ ���পূণ �

Sakib plays cricket.

Sheikh Hasina Madam can cook jack fruit biriyani.

েক েমেরেছ?
েক বেকেছ?
েক িদেয়েছ গাল?
আনসার: জািননা, বলেবা না, জানার দরকার েনই।
Decision:
না জানেল passive
জানেল active
Passive sentence: Subject + to be verb (am, is, arepresent,
was, werepast, bemain form, beenperfect, beingcontinuous) + past
participle of verb

New:
1. সৎ েলাকেদর স�ান করা উিচৎ। = P
2. একটা নত� ন িক-েবাড� িকনেত হেব। = P
3. গািড়�ট পুিড়েয় েফলা হেলা। = P
4. সািকবেক ে�ফতার করা হেলা। = P
5. বা�ােদর পড়ােনা হয়। = P
6. বই�ট িব�� করা হেব। = P
7. Sandy েক পুকুের িনেয় যাওয়া হেব। = P
8. েজমস গান গায়। = A
9. েফান�ট চ�ির হেয় েগেলা। = P
10. নত� ন রা�া িনমাণ � করা হেব। = P
11. িমিথলা আঁচার খায়। = A
12. আিমর িগটার বাজায়। = A
13. বল ছ�ের মারা হল। = P
14. ঘর�ট সাজােনা হেব। = P
15. িল� েদওয়া হেব। = P
 16. েনটওয়াক� েকেট েদওয়া হেয়েছ। = P
17. েমেয়�ট ফল পাের। = A
18. �ভ বাগার � খায়। = A
19. পির অিভনয় কের। = A
20. েমহজািবন আেপল িব�� কের। = A
21. েফরদউেক �� করা হেব। = P
22. একটা মুরিগ ঝলসােনা হেয়িছল। = P
23. Phone �ট িছনতাই হেয় েগল। = P
24. Basic পড়ােনা হেব। = P
25. েতল গ�ােসর দাম বাড়ােনা হেয়েছ। = P
26. রিবন পিব� কথা বেল। = A
27. িহিম ভাল অিভনয় কের। = A
28. েমেয়�টেক ডাকা হল। = P
29. সািকবেক বয়কট করা উিচৎ। = P
30. পুজােক টােগট� করা হেয়েছ। = P
31. তােক প�া নদীেত ট�স কের েফেল েদওয়া উিচৎ।
=P

Main sentence এর সােথ Relative pronoun িদেয় extra

sentence বানােনা: (which, whichever, that, who, whoever)
(relative pronoun acts as a subject)
যার স�েক� অিতির� কথা, অিতির� কথাটা তার
পের/পােশ (িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউন িদেয়) বেস [relative
pronoun সাবেজ� িহসােব কাজ কের]
Homework:
8. Sabbir (…) is from Barishal (…).
9. Bangladesh (…) is hugely influenced by India (…).
10. Jack (…) likes Pakistan (…)
11. Canada (…) is better than the USA (…)
12. China (…) may soon surpass the USA (…)
economically.
13. Jack wants to visit France (…), Italy (…) and
Turkey (…).
14. Russia (…) has failed to take Ukraine (…)
15. Most young Bangladeshis want to go to Canada
(…)
16. Dhaka (…) has over 30 million people.
17. Elon Musk (…), Jack Ma, (…) and Bill Gates (…)
are all visionary.
18. iPhones (…) are more expensive than Nokia
phones (…)
19. For China (…), Taiwan (…) is more important
than India or Russia.
20. Barishal (…) is to the south of Bangladesh.
21. Orpa (…) has never seen a giraffe, (…)
22. Jack (…) is riding a horse (…)
 23. In Bangladesh (…), you can bend any rules if you
have money.
24. We live in Dhaka, (…)
25. Tiktok (…) is more popular than Facebook (…)
among some people in Bangladesh (…)
26. Ronaldo (…) has retired from his national team.
27. Morocco (…) outplayed Portugal (…).
28. In Dhaka (…), air pollution costs a lot of lives.

Home work

Rule number 1:
1. Relative pronoun (who, which, that, whoever…)
[যখন সাবেজ� এর মেতা কাজ কের] + to be verb
(am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being) = relative
pronoun (who, which, that, whoever…) + to be verb
(am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being).
িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউেনর পের to be verb থাকেল, েছাট
করার সময় িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউন এবং to be verb উেঠ
যােব
Long form Short form
Juba, who is our newest Juba, our newest volunteer,
volunteer, is helping an is helping an elderly lady.
elderly lady.
Japan, which is probably the
most developed nation in
Asia, has a very stable
democratic system.
Mithila, who is a short story Mithila, a short story writer,
writer, has fame in has fame in Bangladesh and
Bangladesh and Kolkata. Kolkata.
Russ studies physics, which
is perhaps the coolest
subject of all.
SH, who is a very cunning
politician, is leading
Bangladesh, which is a
politically divided country,
very strongly.

Rule number 2:
Relative pronoun + any verb other than to be verb (has,
came, comes, do, did, does, ate, eat, eats…) = relative
pronoun + only ‘ing’ after that verb.
িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউন (যখন সাবেজ� িহসােব কাজ
কের) এর পের to be verb ছাড়া অন� েকান verb
 থাকেল, েছাট করার সময় িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউন উেঠ
যােব �ধু main verb এর সােথ ing হেব

Long form Short form

Russia, which invaded
Ukraine more than a year
ago, has gained a lot of
territory.
Bangladesh, which got
independence in 1971, is
doing better than both India
and Pakistan on many
economic metrics.
Edison, who invented light
bulb, was very talented in his
childhood.
China, which depends
heavily on oil import, is
diversifying its energy need.
Sandy, who left California,
is living in China, which
welcomes foreign talents.

Edison, who invented light bulb, was very talented in his

childhood.
Edison, inventing light bulb, was very talented in his
childhood.
New

Long form Short form

Juba, who is our newest
volunteer, is helping an
elderly lady.
Japan, which is probably the
most developed nation in
Asia, has a very stable
democratic system.
Mithila, who is a short shorty
writer, has fame in
Bangladesh and Kolkata.
Russ studies physics, which
is perhaps the coolest subject
of all.
SH, who is a very cunning
politician, is leading
Bangladesh, which is a very
politically divided country,
very strongly.
Long form Short form
Russia, which invaded
Ukraine more than a year
ago, has gained a lot of
territory.
Bangladesh, which got
independence in 1971, is
doing better than both India
and Pakistan on many
economic metrics.
Edison, who invented light
bulb, was very talented in his
childhood.
China, which depends
heavily on oil import, is
diversifying its energy need.
Sandy, who left California, is
living in China, which
welcomes foreign talents.

Long form: Jack, who eats a carnivorous diet, has some

health issues.
Short form: Jack, eating a carnivorous diet, has some health
issues.
Rule number three:
 Relative pronoun + passive sentence (to be verb + past
participle of verb) = relative pronoun+ to be verb +
only past participle of verb.
িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউেনর (যখন সাবেজ� িহসােব কাজ
কের) পের passive sentence থাকেল, েছাট করার
সময় িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউন এবং to be verb উেঠ
যােব, �ধু verb এর past participle হেব/বসেব
Long form Short form
Tahsan, who was born in Cumilla, is a
very successful person now.
Wifi, which was invented by Steve Jobs,
has changed the nature of the internet.
Steve Jobs, who was left by his biological
parents, had a strong urge to control
things.
Rohingyas, who were pushed into
Bangladesh by Myanmar, could be an
asset for our country.
Sanctions which were put on Russia would
not achieve their desired effects.

Bangladesh, which was colonized by

Britain and Pakistan, is still a very poor
country because of this colonial legacy.
Apple, which was founded by Steve Jobs,
is going to be a trillion-dollar company
soon.
The Key to Writing Task 2, which is
written by Pauline Cullen, is a remarkable
book.
IELTS, which is jointly owned by
Cambridge University, BC and IDP, is the
most widely taken language test in the
world.

Long form: A student returned an award which was gifted

by the PM.
Short form: A student returned an award gifted by the PM.
Long form: Biriyani which is cooked by my mother tastes
yummy.
Short form: Biriyani cooked by my mother tastes yummy.