International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 14, No. 3, September 2023, pp. 1450~1457

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i3.pp1450-1457  1450

Modeling and design of PV grid integration for GA-PSO based

on fluctuating power quality

Vanam Satyanarayana, Vairavasamy Jayasankar

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, School of Electrical and Communication, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala
R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Grid integration of renewable energy systems with majority of which is
variable dc and variable ac. For example, solar systems output variable dc,
Received Nov 4, 2022 while wind systems output variable ac. Power electronics now plays a
Revised Jan 21, 2023 significant role in the DC and AC conversion required for the grid. Power
Accepted Feb 6, 2023 electronics now allows dc-coupled systems to be controlled for both active
and reactive power, making inductively controlled for improving power
quality and synchronizing renewable energy systems. The presence of
Keywords: harmonics in electrical systems indicates that current and voltage are
distorted and deviate from sinusoidal waves; odd and even harmonics are the
Genetic algorithm result of a nonlinear load. Voltage and sag and swell are examples of power
MPPT quality issues, as are filters whose primary purpose is to reduce harmonics,
Photovoltaic system voltage, and current in alternating-current power systems to an acceptable
PSO level. The maximum power point tracking is based on maintaining
Total harmonic distortion temperature and irradiance variables. We use both proposition and
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to maximize PV power with
oscillation tracking. The genetic algorithm with partial swarm optimization
(GA-PSO) algorithm based on various optimization control techniques.
Control techniques are proposed for systems with various unbalanced
voltages to maintain control operation during fault conditions.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Vanam Satyanarayana
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, School of Electrical and Communication
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology
P-600062, Tamil Nadu, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Grid-integrated renewable energy systems Therefore, to minimize the effect of the grid faults and
the nonlinear load of the system failures, it is difficult to define all aspects in terms of a single goal.
Providing multiple objectives frequently results in a better solution to a considered problem. It increases
based on the renewable energy resources available for natural resources [1].
Grid connected solar PV system as shown in Figure 1. Grid computing necessitates techniques for
allocating resources efficiently and adaptively resources to maintain the voltage and power of the generating
system. This paper presents an optimization of genetic algorithm with partial swarm optimization (GA-PSO)
for independent tasks in the grid-connected solar PV system. This improves search efficiency by utilizing the
potential to an optimal level. The grid performance has been evaluated using expanded PI controllers and
the partial swarm optimization (PSO) strategy for frequency PI controller control for superiority
justification [2], [3].

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1451

DC-DC DC-AC
PV Array Filter
Converter Converter

MPPT Controller Grid

Figure 1. Block diagram of grid-connected PV system

2. PV PANEL AND MPPT METHOD

The solar photovoltaic (PV) system consists of various cells. These cells are connected in parallel or
series to meet the critical requirement of generating source current and output voltage. The generating power
is in unstable condition because of environmental conditions [4]. The relationship between current and
voltage has been found to be non-linear. PV modules are increasing solar power generation capacity. It will
be much greater than the cut. A dc-dc converter or inverter also needs a control input power interface for a dc
application. Perturb observe method has been extensively utilized in the maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) method because of its simple application and minimal pre-requisites for computation [5].
The I-V and P-V curves for different values of solar irradiance as shown in Figure 2. MPPT
algorithms using perturb-and-observe and incremental conductance MPPT methods at various solar radiation
and temperature levels under unbalanced and balanced grid voltage conditions, an IC model is used to control
[6]–[8]. Because of this circumstance, MPP could be identified in the increment of conductance of the array
The MPPT model used in this contribution has been observed and perturbed for optimal results. During solar
irradiation, the fault would not vary abruptly and has been estimated using an effective P&O model in
addition to the projected fault Ride-through (FRT) technique [9].

Figure 2. I-V and P-V curves for different values of solar irradiance

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. GA algorithm
The main objective of this strategy is to converge on the global solution, which is achieved by
utilizing three steps and operators: crossover, mutation, and reproduction. As a result, the PSO and GA
algorithms are used in this investigation because they are regarded as the most powerful methods for
interacting with continuous and discrete optimization problems, respectively. The GA regarded for solving
load balancing control [10].
The voltage of the dc-link PI control with grid voltage feed-forward, as shown in Figure 3, is
commonly used for current-controlled inverters; however, the PI controller cannot track a sinusoidal
reference without steady-state error and has poor disturbance rejection capability. The PI current controller is
defined as the GA-distributed version has sequential model parallelization. Some standard issues in

Modeling and design of PV grid integration for GA-PSO based on fluctuating … (Vanam Satyanarayana)
1452  ISSN: 2088-8694

sequential computation make it possible to establish the following parallelization rules: GA belongs to the
same optimization class as optimal universal networks [11].
The GA properties of the algorithm could be effectively incorporated by varying some aspects of the
evolution procedure to increase the number of GA operators' possibilities. The computational cost of
sequential GA for the function of objectivity has been negligible for any network configuration that needs to
solve huge equations on a metric scale. The size of the admittance Y matrix is determined by the number of
measured electric MV grids. The massive network analysis leads to massive data frameworks. This part of
the parallel formulation makes the depicted algorithm robust [12].

Figure 3. Control scheme for voltage of DC-link control loop GA-PSO

3.2. Particle-swarm-optimization (PSO) sub section 2

In Beernaert’s and Kennedy, a PSO has been proposed as in [13]. Moreover, it has been an
evolutionary computation approach, a stochastic search strategy depending on the intelligence of a swarm.
Upgrading the equation of velocity, PSO inclusion: fish schooling or bird flocking direction diversity is
managed in conventional PSO by a predetermined probability of craziness.
Also, particles might be crazed through the below equation before their position up gradation.

𝑣𝑖 𝑘+1 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑘 + 𝑐1 × 𝑟1 × (𝑃𝐵𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖 − 𝑋𝑖 𝑘 ) + 𝐶2 × 𝑟2 × (𝑔𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑋𝑖 𝑘 ) (1)

Position updating equation:

𝑋𝑖 𝑘+1 = 𝑋𝑖 𝑘 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑘+1 (2)

this is due to the poor performance of the integral action when the disturbance is a periodic signal.

𝑣𝑖 𝑘+1 = 𝑟2 × 𝑣𝑖 𝑘 + (1 − 𝑟2) × 𝑐1 × 𝑟1 × (𝑝𝐵𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑋𝑖 𝑘 ) + (1 − 𝑟2) × 𝑐2 × (1 − 𝑟1) ×

(𝑔𝐵𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑋𝑖 𝑘 ) (3)

−1, (𝑟3 ≤ 0.05)

𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑟3) = {{ (4)
1 (𝑟3 > 0.05)

𝑣𝑖 𝑘+1 = 𝑟2 × 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑟3)𝑣𝑖 𝑘 + (1 − 𝑟2) × 𝑐1 × 𝑟1 × (𝑝𝐵𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑋𝑖 𝑘 ) + (1 − 𝑟2) × 𝑐2 ×

(𝑔𝐵𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑋𝑖 𝑘 ) (5)

As determined by sign (r3):

𝑣𝑖 𝑘+1 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑘+1 + Pr(𝑟4) × 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑟4) × 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 (6)

where Pr (r4) and sign (r4) are defined respectively as:

−1, (𝑟4 ≤ 𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑧)

𝑃𝑟(𝑟4) = { (7)
0, ( 𝑟4𝑥 ≻ 𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑧)

−1, (𝑟4 ≥ 0.5)

Sign (𝑟4) = { (8)
−1(𝑟4 < 𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑧)

The basic PSO algorithm includes the process of initial population flow chart of the proposed PSO
method, as shown in Figure 4 calculating fitness value, finding individual and population and updating

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1453

continuously through updating position. The proposed approach is intended to optimize active and reactive power
outputs converter to the grid during asymmetric voltage disturbances. The technique presupposes that the grid
voltage and the instantaneous active/reactive power references initially, to overcome mismatching phenomena
issues associated to partial shading, the global MPPT technique was carried out using the PSO method [14], [15].
The MPP was always within reach using the PSO-based MPPT technique, which raised the PV
system's efficiency, which makes use of the most power that can be extracted from the PV setups, is attained
using the PSO technique [16]–[19]. Flow chart of the suggested pso technique method as shown in Figure 4.
PSO simulation for definite aspects needs appropriate selection since PSO has been more sensitive towards
the election of insight aspects. The effective selection maximum size of the population is 50, and the
maximal enabled iteration is 100. Usually, the projected model is the basis for optimization [20].

Figure 4. Flow chart of the proposed GA-PSO method

3.3. Power quality control

When the supply voltage or load current falls below 0.1 p for more than one minute, an interruption
occurs. A sustained interruption is defined as a long-duration voltage variation. Long-duration variations
include deviations in the root mean square (rms) at power frequency for more than one minute, which can be
either overvoltage or under voltage. Overvoltage increases the voltage by more than 110 percent for more
than one minute at the power frequency. Overvoltage can also be caused by load switching and incorrect
transformer tap settings [21]–[23].
A PSO algorithm was proposed to perform the distinct PSO structures (global best, local best,
velocity, and position updates) for, Active power-line conditioning and grid power injection enable load
harmonic currents. Which were integrated into the PSO-based algorithm, the optimization algorithms and the
proposed method The GA-PSO algorithm aims to reduce the harmonics and increase the power factor and
variation time duration to balance the load of the dependent tasks over the heterogeneous resources in cloud
computing environments [24]–[26].

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Comparative analyses of predictive control and genetic algorithm with partial swarm optimization
(GA-PSO) algorithm by using various parameter voltage sag and swell and total harmonics distortion
GA-PSO method during various faults are identified and mentioned in Table 1. It should be mentioned that in
unbalanced situations, in order to compensate for the harmonic’s distraction created by the present in the
simulation model grid voltage, the harmonics generated by the inverse sequence present in the grid voltage,
and various faults as shown in Figures 5 to 10.

Modeling and design of PV grid integration for GA-PSO based on fluctuating … (Vanam Satyanarayana)
1454  ISSN: 2088-8694

Table 1. Comparative analysis of adaptive control strategies

Parameters Description Predictive control GA-PSO
Voltage Voltage sag & swell Actual: 415 v Actual: 415v
Swell: 450 v Swell: 430 v
Sag: 390 v Sag: 340 v
Time Settling time of voltage sag &swell 0.3-0.5 (0.2 sec) sag 0.2-0.3 (0.1 sec) sag
0.3-0.5(0.2 sec) swell 0.3-0.5(0.2 sec) swell
THD Total harmonic distortion 17.94% to 24% 6.64% to 6.85%
Power factor Power factor 0.6 0.7
Current Current distortions Max: 700 A, Max: 600 A,
Min: 300 A Min: 200 A
Faults Faults identified LG, LLG, LLLG. LG, LLG, LLLG,

Figure 5. Simulation model of GA-PSO based PV Grid system

Figure 6. Voltage sag (LG fault) Figure 7. Voltage sag (LLLG faults)

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1455

Figure 8. Voltages swell (LLLG faults) Figure 9. THD analysis of proposed grid system

Figure 10. THD analysis of conventional grid system

The PSO method is inspired by the flocking flocks of animals, and its movement is controlled by the
PSO optimizer's individual and nearby experiences at each particle step. The essential objective behind this
method is to find an optimized location where each space has a chance of containing a potential solution.
And analysis flow chart Figures 11 to 13 obviously.
Predictive control and GA -PSO control grid is linked to solar PV systems during voltage sag, swell,
and harmonics. LG, LLG, LLLG, and grid distortions and faults have been identified. Harmonics are
reduced, the power factor is unity, and an unbalanced voltage system is maintained by integrating system
compression. Table A presents a comparative analysis of adaptive control. GA technique was used as
optimization algorithms. In fact, the proposed method's flow chart is presented in this work to evaluate the
two objective functions.

Figure 11. Total harmonics distoration voltage sags Figure 12. Time duration of voltage sags and swells
and swells analysis analysis

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Figure 13. Voltage sags and swells analysis

5. CONCLUSION
Grid-connected solar PV systems and various control strategies the following conclusions are drawn
in grid-connected coordinates with solar power to grid the source to a nonlinear load after simulation and
analysis of voltage and power waveforms in various operating modes. The control of the converter can
provide stable voltage and frequency for the unbalanced load. When faults occur in the unbalanced voltage of
the grid, the optimal control strategy should be quick to ensure the stable voltage and reliable operation of the
power load. The proposed Using renewable energy to generate power during fault conditions results in a
nonlinear load by reducing faults. GA-PSO-based optimization in a variety of different operating modes
Reduced fault duration, time sag and swell, and total harmonic distortion are provided as a result of the
modulation and analysis technique. As a result, control is achieved in the proposed control system faults LG,
LLG, and LLG. Furthermore, the remaining voltage maintains a constant magnitude under various
operations.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Vanam Satyanarayana is a Research scholar in Electrical and Electronics

Engineering Department at Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and
Technology Chennai, India. He received his B.Tech. M.Tech. Degrees in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering and Power electronics from university of Jawaharlal Nehru
Technology Hyderabad. He is presently working as Assistant Professor in the Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Vaag devi College of engineering, Warangal, his
research area of interest is power systems, renewable energy systems, and power electronics
applications. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Vairavasamy Jayasankar in Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department

and Dean- School of Electrical and Communication, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala
R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India. He has completed his Ph.D. from
Anna University. He has vast experience in academics; he has published several papers in
reputed journals, national and international conferences. His research of interest is in high
voltage engineering, power system voltage stability, power electronics converters and
renewable energy sources. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Modeling and design of PV grid integration for GA-PSO based on fluctuating … (Vanam Satyanarayana)