Rationale

Aim

Background information

Process of calculation

Derivation of formula

Type 3

Data analysis

New design

Conclusion

Evaluation

Bibliography

Rationale

Soft-beverage is something that we all have liked since we were young.

Since childhood, I have always been interested in the work done by my

father. Being a bottle manufacturer for soft-beverage companies, he

always had to search for bottles with maximum volume and minimum

manufacturing cost. It is important to know how the companies work to

produce containers having the maximum volume with the least production Ilan Grapel
Tech & Law Grad
cost as this has a huge impact on the other factors involved in
Educator: Boost IB
manufacturing. Decrease in production cost can also increase income and Math/CS Skills with

can further help the economy. I would thus, embark upon deeper Real-World Projects &

Expertise!
and have always wanted to know how they optimize their products. I have

seen several videos and read several articles to know more about this

topic. However, I have not been able to find the exact reasoning behind

this so, this has motivated me to reach the aim of this exploration.

Aim
My investigation aims at optimization of soft-beverage bottle such that it

occupies maximum volume but incurs minimum manufacturing cost.

Background information
Soft-beverage

A carbonated or non-carbonated beverage generally obtained from fruit

concentrates, is termed as a soft-beverage. Soft beverages are packed in

various containers ranging from Plastic jars and PET bottles to cardboard

tetra packs.

Bottles

Bottles are containers used to store liquid contents which are generally

enclosed by a lid and have a narrow neck with a wide base. Bottles might

be made of glass, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or plastic. However, in

this exploration, three PET soft-beverage bottles made by PepsiCo have

 Figure 1 - Type 1 Pepsico Bottle

Figure 2 - Type 2 Pepsico Bottle

Figure 3 - Type 3 Pepsico Bottle

Exploration Methodology
proposed.

Process of calculation
Using Desmos web application, a function was drawn for each of the

surface of the soft-beverage bottles in parts and accordingly integrated

within proper limits to obtain surface area.

Derivation of formula

Firstly, the image of a bottle is placed in the Desmos software and the

surface of the bottle is traced and the equation of the curve is obtained.

Then the curved part is assumed to be infinitesimally divided into smaller

and smaller parts such that the curved edge appears to be comparatively

straight. However whenever the figure is rotated about the X-axis, each of

these infinitesimally small parts form a circle and the summation of the

circumferences of the circles yields the required area. Each of the radii, can

be obtained from the integration of the region below the infinitesimal

parts.

Surface area =

Where λi* and λi** are in the interval

 Powered by

desmos

Figure 4 - Parts Of Type 1 Bottle Shaded With Numbers And Functions Obtained

Part 1:

The function demarcating Part 1 of the bottle, is given by:

y = 0.07x + 0.88

Integrating the function as per equation (1), within the appropriate limits,

we get:

Α=2π

Here,
 Α = 2. 575 sq. units

The solution is given below:

var

1.1 *Doc RAD

..

Figure 5 - Calculation Of Surface Area Of Part 1

Part 2:

The function demarcating Part 2 of the bottle, is given by:

y = 0.5

Integrating the function as per equation (1), within the appropriate limits,

we get:
obtained is:

Α = 2π × 0.1

Α = 0. 6283 sq. units

The solution is given below:

Figure 6 - Calculation Of Surface Area of Part 2

Part 3:

The function demarcating Part 3 of the bottle, is given by:

y = - 0. 23 x3 - 2. 33 x2 - 7. 09 x - 5. 43
 A = 2π (- 0. 23x3 - 2. 33x2 - 7. 09x - 5. 43)

The above integral has been solved using a calculator and the result thus

obtained is:

Α = 2π × 2. 0266

Α = 12. 7335sq. units

The solution is given below:

Figure 7 - Calculation Of Surface Area Of Part 3

Part 4:
 y' = (1.3) = 0

Α = 2π

The above integral has been solved using a calculator and the result thus

obtained is:

Α = 2π × 3. 302

Α = 20. 747 sq. units

The solution is given below:

 y = - 0. 3x + 1. 45

Integrating the function as per equation (1), within the appropriate limits,

we get:

Α = 2π

Here,

(- 0.3x + 1. 45) = - 0. 3

Α = 2π

The above integral has been solved using a calculator and the result thus

obtained is:

Α = 2π × 0. 9299
 Figure 9 - Calculation Of Surface Area Of Part 5

Part 6:

The function demarcating Part 6 of the bottle, is given by:

y = 0. 12x + 0. 92

Integrating the function as per equation (1), within the appropriate limits,

we get:

A = 2π y

Here,

y' = (0.12x + 0.92) = 0.12

A = 2π (0. 12x + 0. 92)

The above integral has been solved using a calculator and the result thus

obtained is:
 Figure 10 - Calculation Of Surface Area Of Part 6

Part 7:

The function demarcating Part 7 of the bottle, is given by:

y = - 0. 1x + 1. 36

Integrating the function as per equation (1), within the appropriate limits,

we get:

A = 2π

Here,

(- 0. 1x + 1. 36) = - 0. 1

A = 2π (-0.1x+1.36)
 .

Figure 11 - Calculation Of Surface Area Of Part 7

Part 8:

The function demarcating Part 8 of the bottle, is given by:

y = 0. 26x + 0. 31

Integrating the function as per equation (1), within the appropriate limits,

we get:

A = 2π

Here,
The solution is given below:

Figure 12 - Calculation Of Surface Area Of Part 8

Part 9:

The function demarcating Part 9 of the bottle, is given by:

y = - 0. 51x2 + 4. 07x - 6. 8

Integrating the function as per equation (1), within the appropriate limits,

we get:

A = 2π
 Α = 8. 3246 sq. units

The solution is given below:

Figure 13 - Calculation Of Surface Area Of Part 9

Thus, total surface area of the Type 1 bottle will be: 69.382 sq.units

In Desmos, the height of the bottle has been considered to be 9.6 units.

But in truth the bottle is about 21.2 cm high. Thus, by unitary method, the

actual surface area becomes: 153.219 cm2.

 y = 0. 03x + 0. 65

Integrating the function as per equation (1), within the appropriate limits,

we get:

A = 2π

Here,

(0. 03x + 0. 65) = 0.03

A = 2π

The above integral has been solved using a calculator and the result thus

obtained is:

Α = 2π × 0. 4039
 Figure 15 - Calculation Of Surface Area Of Part 1

Part 2:

The function demarcating Part 2 of the bottle, is given by:

y = 0. 45

Integrating the function as per equation (1), within the appropriate limits,

we get:

A = 2π

Here,

(0.45) = 0

A = 2π

The above integral has been solved using a calculator and the result thus

obtained is:
 Figure 16 - Calculation Of Surface Area Of Part 2

Part 3:

The function demarcating Part 3 of the bottle, is given by:

y = - 0. 23x2 - 0. 69x + 0. 72

Integrating the function as per equation (1), within the appropriate limits,

we get:

A = 2π

Here,

A = 2π
 .

Figure 17 - Calculation Of Surface Area Of Part 3

Part 4:

The function demarcating Part 4 of the bottle, is given by:

y = 1. 08

Integrating the function as per equation (1), within the appropriate limits,

we get:

A = 2π

Here,
The solution is given below:

Figure 18 - Calculation Of Surface Area Of Part 4

Part 5:

The function demarcating Part 5 of the bottle, is given by:

y = - 0. 22x2 + 1. 4x - 0. 9

Integrating the function as per equation (1), within the appropriate limits,

we get:

A = 2π
 Α = 2π × 3. 0644

Α = 19. 2542 sq. units

The solution is given below:

Figure 19 - Calculation Of Surface Area Of Part 5

Thus, total surface area of the Type 2 bottle will be: 59.825 sq.units

In Desmos, the height of the bottle has been considered to be 8.9 units.

But in truth the bottle is about 19.6 cm high. Thus, by unitary method, the

actual surface area becomes: 131.749 cm2.

Type 3
 y = 0. 05x + 0. 74

Integrating the function as per equation (1), within the appropriate limits,

we get:

A = 2π

Here,

A = 2π

The above integral has been solved using a calculator and the result thus

obtained is:

Α = 2π × 0. 3428
 Figure 21 - Calculation Of Surface Area Of Part 1

Part 2:

The function demarcating Part 2 of the bottle, is given by:

y = 0. 47

Integrating the function as per equation (1), within the appropriate limits,

we get:

A = 2π

Here,

(0.47) = 0

A = 2π

The above integral has been solved using a calculator and the result thus

obtained is:
 Figure 22 - Calculation Of Surface Area Of Part 2

Part 3:

The function demarcating Part 3 of the bottle, is given by:

y = - 0. 37x2 - 1. 49x - 0. 26

Integrating the function as per equation (1), within the appropriate limits,

we get:

A = 2π

Here,

A = 2π
 .

Figure 23 - Calculation Of Surface Area Of Part 3

Part 4:

The function demarcating Part 4 of the bottle, is given by:

y = 1. 2

Integrating the function as per equation (1), within the appropriate limits,

we get:

A = 2π

Here,
 Α = 16. 9646 sq. units

The solution is given below:

Figure 24 - Calculation Of Surface Area Of Part 4

Part 5:

The function demarcating Part 5 of the bottle, is given by:

y = 0. 005x 7 - 0. 09x 6 + 0. 6x 5 - 2. 02x 4+ 3. 6 1x 3 - 3. 26x 2 + 1. 1x + 1. 1

Integrating the function as per equation (1), within the appropriate limits,

we get:
The above integral has been solved using a calculator and the result thus

obtained is:

Α = 2π× 2. 4212

Α = 15. 2128 sq. units

The solution is given below:

Figure 25 - Calculation Of Surface Area Of Part 5

Thus, total surface area of the Type 2 bottle will be: 46.399 sq.units
 Sl No. Type of Bottle Height (in cm) Surface Area (in
cm2)

1 Type 1 21.2 153.219

2 Type 2 19.6 131.749

3 Type 3 25 136.468

Figure 26 - Table On Thus For An Average 750 ml Bottle, By PepsiCo, The Data
Obtained Are As Follows:

New design

It has been noted that for an ideal bottle of optimum volume (750 mL), the

height needs to be minimum (within 20cm) and the surface needs to be

straight. For meeting volume requirements after decreasing height, the

base can be broadened without incurring major increase in manufacturing

cost. Moreover, the surface is proposed to be flat without curves or ridges.

Thus, the design proposed is given below:

 Figure 28 - Calculation Of Surface Area Of New Design

Part 1:

Equation of Part 1 obtained is: y = 0.37 with limits - 4.28 to -3.37

Thus y' = 0.37 = 0

A = 2π

Α = 2. 1156 sq units
 Thus, y' = (0. 57x + 2. 3) = 0. 57

A = 2π (0. 57x + 2. 3)

Α = 7. 964 sq units

Figure 30 - Calculation Of Part 1

Part 3:

Equation of Part 1 obtained is: y = 1. 18 with limits - 1. 96 to 4. 27

Thus, y' = (1.18) = 0

 Figure 31 - Calculation Of Part 2

Thus, total surface area of the Type 2 bottle will be: 56.2698 sq.units

In Desmos, the height of the bottle has been considered to be 8.55 units.

But it was considered that the bottle is about 20 cm high. Thus, by unitary

method, the actual surface area becomes: 131.625 cm2.

This value is only slightly greater than the minimum area in the above

three cases. So, the cost of manufacturing will be the least.

Conclusion

Optimization of soft-beverage bottle such that it occupies maximum

volume but incurs minimum manufacturing cost.

This exploration has revealed that the ideal shape of the bottle which has

maximum volume and minimum production cost is a straight cylindrical

bottle a part of which converges towards the mouth so that the beverage

can be accessed.
 Furthermore, it has been seen that Type 2 model has the minimum

surface area, incurring minimum manufacturing cost

It has also been found from the exploration, that a reduction in

height i.e. till maximum height of 20 cm and increase in the

straightness of the bottle decrease the surface area.

Thus, it has been found that the ideal bottle should have a surface

area of 131.625 cm2 and the volume of nearly 750 mL.

Evaluation
Strength

Integration method had been used in order to reduce error in

approximation and to discover the deviation in the surface area over

a small instant in X-axis.

The same methodology had been used to understand the surface area

of all the three types of bottles so that it increases the commonality

among them and makes the exploration more reliable.

An ideal new design had been proposed which has the minimum

production cost at same capacity.

The calculations were done using the TI-NSPIRE CX II T CAS

Calculator which is permitted in the IB Diploma Programe.

2021.

BHUSHAN, CHANDRA. “Bottled Loot.” Frontline,

https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30209130.ece.

Accessed 1 July 2021.

Desmos | Beautiful, Free Math. https://www.desmos.com/. Accessed 1

July 2021.

India | PepsiCo.Com. http://www.pepsicoindia.co.in/. Accessed 1 July

2021.

Introduction to Integration.

https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/integration-introduction.html.

Accessed 1 July 2021.

“Surface Area of a Box (Cuboid) (Video).” Khan

Academy, https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-

structure-and-function/cell-size/v/surface-area-of-a-

box.%20Accessed%201%20July%202021.

“Production Costs.” Investopedia,

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/production-cost.asp.

Accessed 1 July 2021.

Korab, Harry Edward and Pietka, Mark Jeffrey. "Soft drink".

Encyclopedia Britannica, 10 May. 2021,