International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 14, No. 2, June 2023, pp. 1249~1259

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i2.pp1249-1259  1249

Power management algorithm for standalone operated

renewable distribution generator with hybrid energy backup
in microgrid

Veeranjaneyulu Gopu1, Mudakapla Shadaksharappa Nagaraj2

1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, India
2
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davangere, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: In a micro grid system during standalone condition the system may not be
stable and might not compensate the required load. Especially for renewable
Receive Feb 1, 2023 source integrated micro grid system grid disconnected condition is more
Revised Feb 16, 2023 critical as the renewable sources are unpredictable. The renewable
Accepted Mar 1, 2023 distribution generator needs backup module for support to the loads during
standalone condition. In this paper complete distribution network with
multiple renewable sources which include PV plant, wind plant and fuel cell
Keywords: source is modeled with power management algorithm (PMA) in only
photovoltaic (PV) plant. PMA controls the hybrid backup modules
DG supporting the PV DG. The hybrid backup modules considered for the
MATLAB support are battery unit and super capacitor (SC) unit. The battery and SC
Photovoltaic units charge or discharge as per the PMA controller with respect to power
Power management algorithm generated by the PV source. The charge and discharge of these units are
State of charge dependent on PV power, state of charge (SOC) of battery and SOC of SC.
These three sources compensate the critical load connected in the micro grid.
A comparative analysis is carried out with and without backup modules and
PMA during grid islanding condition on the proposed distribution network.
All graphical and parametric comparisons are done using MATLAB/
Simulink software with time domain plots generated by PowerGUI tool.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Veeranjaneyulu Gopu
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Visvesvaraya Technological University
Belagavi-590018, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
In modern smart distribution networks, the power demand is increasing with a gradual increase in
loads. With multiple loads connected to the distribution network it is viable to use power sources
interconnected at different bus locations. These power sources can be lower-rating modules that can support a
part of the load or higher ratings which can compensate for a complete local load. In conventional
distribution networks these power sources can be diesel generators which generate power using fossil fuel
compensating for the local loads. In modern power systems, these diesel generators are replaced with
renewable sources like PV units, fuel cell modules, or wind farms [1], [2]. These sources utilize natural
resources for the generation of power to the loads which can be interconnected at different locations in the
distribution network. The renewable source modules have the advantage of parallel sharing of power to the
load along with the main grid. The advantage of interconnecting distribution generators (DG) to the grid is
either the renewable power is consumed by the local loads or is injected into the grid. The renewable DG

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1250  ISSN:2088-8694

source modules are synchronized to the grid using synchronous reference frame (SRF) control structure. The
major issue with these renewable DGs is they cannot be operated in standalone conditions as the power from
these modules is unpredictable. For the DG unit to operate in standalone mode during grid islanding
conditions it needs a backup storage unit [3]. The backup storage unit either supports the load during power
deficit conditions or stores power during excess availability. The DG module with a backup storage unit is
controlled by power management algorithm (PMA) control structure with feedback [4] taken from different
parameters. For the implementation of multiple DG units [5] in a distribution network including one DG unit
with PMA the below bus system is considered.
As per the given distribution test network, there are 4 sub-networks with 4 feeders connected to the
main grid. Bus 1 sub-network is interconnected with a PV panel and battery DG unit, the bus 2 sub-network
has only one load L2, bus 3 sub-network has a wind farm DG unit and the bus 4 sub-network has a Fuel cell
DG unit. All these DG units support the local loads [6] connected to the same bus. When the generated power
is excess than the load demand in such case the power is injected into the main grid through the feeders. This
is a very rare case that is neglected as the load demand is always higher than the DG power generation. The
distribution network [7] in Figure 1 is operated in two conditions: i) grid-connected mode and ii) grid
islanding mode. In grid-connected mode, the DG units are operated in synchronization with the grid with
stable power generation. During grid islanding mode only the PV source is integrated with the battery and SC
module supporting the local critical load L1-2. The other non-essential load L1-1 will be disconnected when
the grid is unavailable by the islanding detection algorithm (IDA) [8]. The IDA takes voltage, frequency, and
power feedback from the grid for the detection of grid operation. When the IDA detects any threshold value
violation it disconnects the non-essential load L1-1 and makes the PV–battery–SC DG unit compensate for
critical load L1-2. This DG unit in bus 1 is operated with a PMA algorithm controlling the charge and
discharge of battery [9] and SC concerning PV generated power (Ppv), SOCb, and SOCsc. This paper is
included a general introduction to the proposed distribution network with considered DG units and their
operating states in section 1. Section 2 is included DG unit configuration, its working principles and PMA
control structure modeling with multiple parameter feedback. The results of the given system with different
operating conditions and analysis are done in section 3 using MATLAB/Simulink toolbox. The final
section 4 is the conclusion to the paper with finalizing results and discussion on the advantage of the PMA
algorithm followed by references taken to complete the paper.

Figure 1. Distribution test network with DG unit placement

2. METHOD
2.1. DG unit’s configuration
As proposed in section 1, the distribution network is introduced with three DG units at buses 1, 3,
and 4 for local power sharing. Bus 1 is integrated with the PV-Battery-SC module controlled by the PMA
algorithm [10]. A wind farm is integrated into bus 3 which uses permanent magnet synchronous generator
(PMSG) for standalone power generation. Bus 4 is interconnected with a fuel cell module where hydrogen is
the major source generation of power. All these three DG units are operated in synchronization with the grid
by control [11] of the 3-ph inverter with SRF control structure [12]. The SRF control structure needs
feedback on the DC link voltage at the DC side of the inverter, the 3-ph voltages of the grid, and the 3-ph

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN:2088-8694  1251

injected currents of the inverter. The SRF controller is integrated withphase locked loop (PLL) which is the
vital module for the synchronization of the inverters [13], [14]. The PLL [15] ensures the inverters operate at
the same phase and frequency as that of the main grid. With the synchronization control, the power from
these DG units is shared with the loads with parallel support of the grid. In the PMSG wind farm [16] DG
unit power extraction is done by a diode bridge rectifier (DBR) connected single switch buck-boost
converter. The DBR rectifies the AC voltages of the PMSG to unstable DC voltage. The DC stabilization
with the required voltage magnitude is achieved by the single switch buck-boost converter controlled by
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm [16]. This DG unit is a grid-dependent source that cannot
be operated in standalone mode as the power generation is dependent on unpredictable wind speeds. The DG
unit on bus 4 is a fuel cell module operated with a booster converter controlled by voltage feedback control
for voltage stabilization. This renewable source is a restricted DG unit that can support only a part of the load
and needs interconnection with the grid. The fuel cell DG unit is also a dependent source and cannot be
operated in standalone mode with heavy loads connected.
For the standalone operation of the DG unit in a distribution network, the renewable source needs a
backup storage device [17] that can support the load during deficit power conditions. The bus 1 DG unit
which is the PV source is integrated with a battery and SC-connected two-switch bidirectional converters.
The charge and discharge of the battery and SC modules are controlled by the bidirectional converters. The
bidirectional converter switches are controlled by the PMA module with feedback taken from PV power,
SOCb, and SOCsc. The charge and discharge state of the converter depends on the excess or deficit power
availability of the PV power [18]. The complete updated internal circuit structure of the PV DG1 unit can be
observed in Figure 2.

Figure 2. DG1 PV source module with battery and SC support

For maximum and efficient power extraction from the PV source, the conventional boost converter
is replaced with a quadratic boost converter which is controlled by the P&O MPPT algorithm. The two
switches in the bidirectional converters (Sb1, Sb2 and Ss1, Ss2) duty ratios are controlled by PMA control. As
per the duty ratio of the switches, the charge-discharge of the battery and SC units is decided [19]. The
converter operates in buck mode during charging conditions and in boost mode during discharge conditions.
All the modules are connected in parallel at the DC bus which injects the combined power into the grid by
DC/AC inverter [20] through an LC filter. The inverter is operated by an SRF controller during
grid-connected mode and during the standalone mode, it is controlled by a simple sinusoidal PWM technique
with no feedback.
For the switching between SRF and sinusoidal PWM a grid islanding detection algorithm is
incorporated into the system. The islanding detection algorithm identifies disconnection or failure of the grid
and triggers the switching of the control modules. The integrated islanding detection algorithm considers the
grid voltage magnitude, frequency, and power exchange [21] for the triggering of the switches. The complete
structure of the islanding detection algorithm is observed in Figure 3.

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Figure 3. Islanding detection algorithm

As observed in the algorithm when the grid voltage surpasses the threshold magnitudes of
0.88-1.1puor reactive power exchange ranges or frequency limits 49.3-50.5 Hz the algorithm detects islanding
of the grid [22]. The trigger signal generated by the islanding detection algorithm also triggers the breaker OFF
of the non-essential load L1-1 on bus1. As the non-essential load is not critical it can be operated only during
the grid-connected mode. The PV DG1 unit supports the critical load L1-2 on bus1 and the breaker of the bus1
is also turned OFF disconnecting the PV DG unit and loading L1-2 from the main grid. The PMA algorithm
modeling and design for control of the battery and SC bidirectional converters are given in the next section.

2.2. PMA algorithm

The PMA algorithm is the primary control structure of DG 1 placed at bus 1 which manages the
charge and discharge of the battery and SC modules. The PMA control structure generates a duty ratio for the
buck and boosts switches of the bidirectional converters connected to the battery and SC. It considers the PV
power generated, load demand power, battery SOC and SC SOC [23] for the control of the switches. The
complete control structure of the PMA algorithm with feedback parameters can be observed in Figure 4.

Figure 4. PMA control structure for control of battery and SC

In the given control structure, the Vdcref is the required reference DC voltage on the DC side of the
3-ph inverter and Vdc is the measured DC voltage of the same. The comparison of these voltages generates
voltage error Ve fed to PI voltage controller generating it (required current). It is expressed as (1).

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN:2088-8694  1253

𝑖𝑡 = 𝐾𝑝 𝑉𝑒 + 𝐾𝑖 ∫ 𝑉𝑒 𝑑𝑡 (1)

For the reduction of disturbances in the current signal, anlow pass filter (LPF) is utilized [24]. The
feed-forward comparison of the LPF signal and the previous signal generates high order harmonics signal
𝑖𝐵𝑟 The higher order harmonics signal is used for the generation of SC reference current i s given as (2).
̅̅̅̅.
𝑉𝐵
𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟 = ̅̅̅̅
𝑖𝐵𝑟 + 𝑖𝐵𝑒 (2)
𝑉𝑆𝐶

Here, 𝑖𝐵𝑒 is the measured battery current, VB is the battery voltage and VSC is the SC voltage. Both the
∗ ∗
current reference signals 𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟 and 𝑖𝐵𝑟 are generated by the PMA which depends on λ selection. The λ depends
on the SOC of the battery which is determined by Table 1. As per the given Table 1 the value of λ varies
∗
from 0-1 concerning SOCb. Now as per the λ value, iscr and iBr the reference battery and SC currents (𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟 and
∗
𝑖𝐵𝑟 ) are calculated as per the given Table 2.

Table 1. λ selection table

SOCb λ
0.8<SOCb<0.95 1
0.45<SOCb<0.8 0.6
0.15<SOCb<0.45 0.3
<0.15 0

Table 2. PMA concerning PV power availability

SOC range Reference currents
Insufficient power mode SOCb>L ;SOCsc> L i∗Br = λi∗t ; i∗scr = i′t
SOCb<L ;SOCsc> L i∗Br = 0 ; i∗scr = i′t
SOCb>L ;SOCsc< L i∗Br = λi∗t ; i∗scr = 00
SOCb<L ;SOCsc< L i∗Br = 0 ; i∗scr = 0
Sufficient and floating power mode SOCb<U ;SOCsc< U i∗Br = iB.ch ; i∗scr = iSC.ch
SOCb<U ;SOCsc> U i∗Br = iB.ch ; i∗scr = i′t
SOCb>U ;SOCsc< U i∗Br = 0 ; i∗scr = iSC.ch
SOCb>U ;SOCsc> U i∗Br = 0 ; i∗scr = i′t

In the Table 2 given the ‘L’ and ‘U’ are the lower and upper limits of SOC respectively taken as
0.15 and 0.95. The considered currents are expressed as:
𝑤𝑐
𝑖𝑡∗ = 𝑖 (3)
𝑠+𝑤𝑐 𝑡

𝑤𝑐
𝑖𝑡′ = (1 − ) 𝑖𝑡 (4)
𝑠+𝑤𝑐

−𝑃𝐵𝑟
𝑖𝐵.𝑐ℎ = (5)
𝑉𝐵

𝐶
𝑖𝑆𝐶.𝑐ℎ = −𝑃𝑠𝑐 √ 𝑠𝑐 (6)
2𝐸 𝑠𝑐

In the above given current equations ‘wc’ LPF cutoff frequency (2*pi*10), PBr is the power of the
battery, Psc is the power of SC, Csc is SC capacitance and Esc is the Energy stored in SC. Therefore as per the
∗ ∗
given PMA table and current expressions the reference currents 𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟 and 𝑖𝐵𝑟 are generated as per PV power
availability (sufficient, insufficient or floating) [25]. These reference currents are compared to measured SC
current isc and battery current iBr and the error signals are fed to current PI controllers. The individual current
controllers generate a duty ratio fed to the PWM generator generating signals for bidirectional converter
switches controlling the charging and discharging currents of the battery and SC. The design and modeling of
the configured modules are done in the next section with results generated as per the given operating
conditions.

3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

The distribution network with all feeder lines and buses along with before mentioned configuration
of DG units as per Figure 1 is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink environment. A backup storage and support

Power management algorithm for standalone operated renewable distribution … (Veeranjaneyulu Gopu)
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system are only provided for DG1 units for comparative analysis. The test system modules are modeled
concerning the given parameters in Table 3. As per the given parameters the test system modeling can be
seen in Figure 5. The test system includes a main grid source connected to the distribution network thorough
a three-phase circuit breaker triggered for grid isolation creating islanding condition.

Table 3. System parameters

Name of the parameter Value
Grid 100 MVA, 11 kV, 50 Hz
Feeder line 132 kV, pi section lines 50 kms each
Loads L1-1 = 100 kW,10 kVAR; L1-2 = 80 kW, 10 kVAR;
L2 = L3-1 = L3-2 = L4 = 100 kW, 50 kVAR;
DG1 PV module – 100 kW, Cin=100 uF, L1=L2=1 mH,
C1=110 uF, Cd=12 mF.
Battery module – Vb=250 V, Icap=100 Ah,
Lb = 5 mH, Cb=Cdb=220 uF.
SC module – Vsc=300, Csc=52 F, Lsc=5 mH,
Cdsc=220 uF, Vdc ref= 500 V
DG2 Wind farm – PMSG- 50 kW, Rs=0.73051Ω,
Ls=1.2 mH, Ψ = 4.696 V.s, J=8000 kg-mt2, P =15
Cin=100 uF, Lbb=1 mH, Cout=1000 uF.
DG3 Fuel cell – 35 kW, Vnom = 300 V, Inom=80 A,
Vend=125, Iend=280 A. Cin=100 uF, Lb=5 mH,
Cd=12 mF
Grid Islanding limits V – 0.8 to 1.1 pu;f – 49.3 to 50.5 Hz;
Q – 10 to -10 VAR

Figure 5. Simulink modeling of proposed test system

The model is run for 3sec simulation time with different operating conditions and the results are
validated. Initially all the DG units are inter connected to the grid through the feeders. As 1sec the grid is
disconnected and the islanding detection algorithm triggers OFF the breakers of PV module and non-essential
load. However, the other two DG units are still connected to the loads. The islanding detection algorithm also

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switches the SRF control to independent Sin PWM inverter control. The PMA algorithm is operated from initial
stage of simulation. To change from sufficient to insufficient condition in DG1 unit the solar irradiation is
changed from 1000 W/mt2 to 500 W/mt2at 2 sec. With the given simulation conditions the measurements of all
the parameters are taken and plotted in graphical format with respect to time. The time defined graphs validate
the results and the significance of support system and PMA algorithm in the network will be done.
The Figure 6 is the 100 MVA main source P&Q injection to the distribution network compensating
the loads. The source powers are the sharing powers with renewable DG units operating in parallel. As per
the graph when the grid is disconnected at 1 sec, P&Q are dropped to zero completely eliminating the power
injection. Even the intersection feeder bus voltage is also dropped to zero as shown in Figure 6. As per the
grid disconnection the islanding detection algorithm detects the drop in voltage magnitude beyond the
threshold value of 0.88 pu and triggers the breakers off at 1sec as observed in Figure 7. As per the given
operating conditions of the system below are the active and reactive powers of all DG units without backup
module and PMA.

Figure 6. Grid active, reactive power and voltage magnitude

Figure 7. Islanding detection algorithm trip signals

As per Figure 8 the active powers of PV source, wind farm and fuel cell during grid connected mode
are recorded at 95 kW, 45 kW and 35 kW respectively. However, the reactive power injection is maintained
at zero. As soon as the grid is failed or disconnected by the isolator breaker at 1 sec, the active powers of all
three DG units are dropped to zero as they cannot support the load. Therefore, this represents complete
failure of the system where renewable sources are failing to compensate the local loads when the main source
is disconnected from the distrubtion network. For improving the system performace to the given islanding
condition, only the DG1 unit is integrated with backup and PMA modules for supporting the essential loads
during grid islanding condition. The same operating modes are set and the simulation is run with DG1 unit
integrated with backup and PMA modules. The active and reactive powers of the DG units recorded are
shown in Figure 9.
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Figure 8. Active and reactive powers of all three DG units without backup module and PMA

Figure 9. Active and reactive powers of all three DG units with backup module and PMA in DG1 unit

Initially the DG1 unit active power is maintained at 110 kW until 2 sec (even when the grid is
disconnected at 1 sec), and when the irradiation is reduced to 500 W/mt2 at 2 sec the DG1 power drops to
80 kW. Both the DG units 2 and 3 are failed as they are not integrated with backup and PMA modules and
hence the powers of these two units are dropped to zero representing failure condition. The powers of all the
modules in DG1 are recorded and are presented in Figure 10 as per the given conditions in the system.

Figure 10. Power of all modules in DG1 unit

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN:2088-8694  1257

The powers of the modules in DG1 units which include PV power (Ppv), battery power (Pb), SC
power Psc and total power of DG1 units (Pdc) are shown in above graph. During initial state the power form
the battery and SC are 4 kW and 15 kW. The discharge power of battery and SC are increased when the grid
is disconnected from the distribution network compensating essential load (Load 1-2). The islanding
detection algorithm disconnects the non-essential load (Load 1-1) from the network and only the essential
load on bus1 will be compensated by DG1 unit. The essential and non-essential load active reactive powers
are shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11. Bus1 loads (1-1) (1-2) active and reactive powers

For the given conditions in the network the PV, battery and SC characteristics are changed as per the
availability of grid and load demand. The charge and discharge characteristics are controlled by PMA which
makes the battery or SC operate as per the PV power availability and load demand. As observed the slop of
SOCb and SOCsc are changing as per the availability of power from PV and grid. Lower the power higher the
discharge of battery and SC creating higher slope in the SOC. As per the given graphs in Figure 12, it is clear
that the DG1 unit is supporting the critical load L1-2 disconnecting non-essential load L1-1. The L1-2 load
demand 80 kW is compensated by PV power of 50 kW, 20 kW battery power and 10 kW SC power.

Figure 12. PV battery and SC characteristics

The other two DG2 and DG3 units are failed to compensate the local loads as they have no back up
support with PMA control during grid islanding condition. An active power comparative graph with and
without PMA for DG1 unit can be observed in Figure 13. As per the given graphs in Figure 13 the active
power injection is maintained even after the grid is disconnected by the isolator switch when the DG1 unit is

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integrated with backup and PMA modules. However, when the grid is connected, reactive power injection is
zero and during islanding mode the reactive power of essential load is compensated by the DG1 unit.

Figure 13. Active and reactive powers comparison of DG1 unit with and without PMA

4. CONCLUSION
The distribution network is implemented with renewable energy DG units at multiple locations as
per the given test system. The drawbacks of the islanding mode operating condition are eliminated at the
Bus1 location by providing backup storage sources battery and SC modules in the DG1 unit. The PV source
is supported by battery and SC modules for compensating the critical load controlled by the PMA controller
concerning PV power and load demand. The islanding detection algorithm identifies the grid disconnection
and removes the non-essential load from Bus1. The power compensation of the critical load on Bus1 is done
by the PV source, battery, and SC modules as per the irradiation changes. The PMA control optimally
calculates the required power from the battery and SC modules as the PV power availability and load
demand. As per the analysis DG2 and DG3 units are more susceptible to grid islanding conditions as
compared to backup power PMA-integrated DG1 units.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Veeranjaneyulu Gopu is an Assistant professor in Electrical and Electronics

Engineering Department at the RVR and JC College of Engineering, Guntur, India. He
received his B.Tech. and M.Tech. degrees in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological university, Hyderabad and Acharya Nagarjuna University,
Guntur, in 2007, and 2009, respectively. He has been an Assistant Professor in RVR&JC
College of Engineering, Guntur, India since 2013.His research interests include the field of
power systems, power electronics, motor drives, renewable energy and microgrid. He can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Dr. Mudakapla Shadaksharappa Nagaraj is a Professor and Head of

Department in Electrical& Electronic Engineering Department, BIET, Davangere since
2008.He completed his B.E (E & E) degree from Government BDT College of Engineering,
Davangere, Mysore University in 1986 and perused his Master degree in Power systems from
NIE, Mysore, Mysore University in 1990.He received his doctorate from Visvesvaraya
Technological University during 2008. Presently, he is guiding 4 Ph.D students and 3
research scholars are awarded with Ph.D under VTU, Belagavi. He is Life Member of Indian
Society for Technical Education and Member of Institution of Engineers (MIE). He has
awarded as best teacher for several times from the college for achieving 100% result in
various subjects handled. His research interests include the field of electrical load
forecasting, reactive power compensation, economic scheduling, contingency analysis,
control systems, power electronics, artificial neural network, fuzzy logic. He can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Power management algorithm for standalone operated renewable distribution … (Veeranjaneyulu Gopu)