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Signal Processing

signal processing summarised notes

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6 views

Signal Processing

signal processing summarised notes

Uploaded by

Odur Morish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TETE 3203/ TEEE 3207

Signal Processing

Lecture set Four

1
Systems and Classification of
Systems: Basic properties
• A system is a mathematical model of a process that relates the input
(or excitation) signal to the output (response) signal.
• Let 𝑥 and 𝑦 be the input and output signals of a system in figure (a)
below. The system is viewed as a transformation of 𝑥 into 𝑦. This
transformation is represented by the mathematical notation:
𝑦 = 𝑇𝑥
• Where T is the operator representing some well-defined rule by which
𝑥 is transformed into 𝑦.

2
System with Memory and without
Memory
• A system is said to be memoryless if the output at any time
depends on only the input at the same time. Example
𝑦 𝑛 = 2𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥 2 [𝑛]
• Memoryless systems are also called static systems.
• A system is said to possess memory if its output signal
depends on past of future values of the input signal. The
temporal extent of the past or future values on which the
output depends defines how far the memory of the system
extends into the past or future. Example. a delay:
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥[𝑛 − 1]
At 𝑦 0 = 𝑥[−1], Output depends on previous value of input. Thus
memory is required. 3
A system with memory is also called a dynamic system.
Examples:

…−3 −2 −1 012 3
Past Present Future
For t=0,
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑦 0 = 𝑥(0) - Present
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 − 2 = 𝑦 0 = 𝑥 −2 - Past
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 4 = 𝑦 0 = 𝑥 4 - Future
Problems: Determine if the system has memory or is memoryless.
1. 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥 𝑛 + 1
2. 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 2 𝑡 + 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑥 2 [𝑛]
3. 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑒
4. 𝑦 𝑛 = log[𝑥 𝑛 ]
5. 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 𝑥(𝑡 − 1) 4
Causal and Noncausal Systems.

• A system is said t be causal if the present value of the


output signal depends only on the present or past values
of the input signal. Example:
1
𝑦 𝑛 = (𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑥 𝑛 − 2 )
3

• The output signal of a noncausal system depends on one


or more values of the input signal. Example:

1
𝑦 𝑛 = (𝑥 𝑛 + 1 + 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 )
3
The output depends on a future value of the input signal. 5
Examples:

Problems: Determine if the system is causal or is non causal.


1
1. 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥[𝑛−1]
1
2. 𝑦 𝑡 = 2𝑥 𝑡 + 2
𝑥 (𝑡)
1
3. 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛 +
2𝑥[𝑛+1]
1
4. 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥 𝑡 − 1 + 𝑥(𝑡+1)

6
Stable Systems: bounded-input/
bounded-output (BIBO)
A system is bounded-input/bounded-output (BIBO) stable if
for any bounded input x defined by
𝑥 ≤ 𝑘1

The corresponding output y is also bounded defined by


𝑦 ≤ 𝑘2

Where 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 are finite real constants.


For a stable system, output should be bounded for bounded
input at each and every instant of time.
Examples: DC value- constant amplitude for a given time, sin(t)- amplitude
(-1 to 1), cos (t)- amplitude (-1 to 1) , u(t)- amplitude 0,1. 7
Examples

1. 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 2
First provide the bounded input, if the system produces
a bounded output, then it is stable.
Bounded input –DC input, x(t) = 4.
𝑦 𝑡 =4+2=6
Output is bonded. Thus system is stable.

Try
1. 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑥 𝑡
2. 𝑦 𝑡 = sin(𝑡)𝑥 𝑡

8
Linear Systems and Nonlinear
Systems

If the operator T satisfies the following two conditions, then


T is called a linear operator.
i. Additivity: Given that Tx1=y1, and Tx2=y2, then
𝑇 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2

i. Homogeneity (o Scaling):
𝑇 𝛼𝑥 = 𝛼𝑦
For any signals x and any scalar α 9
Example

10
Example

11
Example

12
Time-Invariant and Time-varying
Systems
• A system is called time-invariant if a time shift (delay
or advance) in the input signal causes the same time
shift in the output signal.

𝑇{𝑥 𝑡 − 𝜏 } = 𝑦 𝑡 − 𝜏

• A system which does not satisfy the above equation


is called a time-varying system.
• If a system is linear (additivity, scaling), then it is
called a linear time-invariant (LTI) system.

13
Time-Invariant and Time-varying
Systems

𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡)
System Delay by 𝑡0 𝑦(𝑡 − 𝑡0 )

= 𝑦 𝑡 − 𝑡0
𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) TIV system
Delay by 𝑡0 System 𝑦′(𝑡)

≠ 𝑦(𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
TV system

14
Example

Check if system is time-invariant.


1. 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 2𝑡
Step one- Provide delay to output:
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑦 𝑡 − 𝑡0 = 𝑥 2 𝑡 − 𝑡0 = 𝑥(2𝑡 − 2𝑡0 )
Step two- Provide delay to input:
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡0 = 𝑥(2𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
The outputs are not the same. System is time Variant .

2. 𝑦 𝑡 = 2 + 𝑥 𝑡
Step one: 𝑦 𝑡 = 2 + 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡0
Step two: 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡0 = 2 + 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡0
The outputs are the same. System is time-invariant. 15

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