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Chapter 1

Electric

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12 views

Chapter 1

Electric

Uploaded by

advik8039
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AR5402 Structural Design of

Masonry and Timber


Chapter 1
Soil
• The substance existing on earth’s surface
which grows and develops plant life.
• The material in the relatively thin
surface zone within which roots occur,
and all the rest of the crust is grouped
under the term rock irrespective of its
hardness.
• The unaggregated or uncemented
deposits of mineral and / or organic
particles of fragments covering large
portion of the earths’ crust.
Soil Mechanics
• Youngest discipline of civil engineering involving the study of soil, its
behaviour and application as an engineering material.
• According to Terzaghi – Soil mechanics is the application of laws of
mechanics and hydraulics to engineering problems dealing with
sediments and other unconsolidated accumulations of solid particles
produced by the mechanical and chemical disintegration of rocks
regardless of whether or not they contain an admixture of organic
constituent.
Soil
• Formation of soil – result of
geologic cycle – taking place on
the face of the earth.
• Cycle – weathering, denudation,
transportation, deposition and
upheaval again followed by
weathering.
Physical weathering
• Periodical temperature changes
• Impact and splitting action of
flowing water, ice and wind
• Splitting action of animals and
plants
Cohesionless soils are formed due
to physical disintegration of rocks
Chemical weathering
• Oxidation
• Hydration
• Carbonation
• Leaching by organic acids and
water
• Clay minerals are formed by
chemical weathering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=skB_A2sfBcY&t=74s
Fields of soil mechanics
• Foundation design and construction
• Pavement design
• Design of underground structures and earth retaining structures
• Design of embankments and excavations
• Design of earth dams
Foundation Engineering, Taylor
A branch of Civil Engineering, associated with the design, construction,
maintenance and renovation of footings, foundation walls, pile
foundations, caissons and all other structural members which form the
foundations of buildings and other engineering structures.
Soil classification –
Particle size
Soils are arranged based on grain size
Terms are used to indicate sizes
They do not signify the naturally occurring
soil types – which are mixtures of particles
of different sizes and exhibit definite
characteristics
Textural classification – US Public Roads
Administration
• Textural classification of soil is a method used to categorize soils based on
the proportions of different particle sizes present in the soil. The three
main soil particles are sand, silt, and clay. The relative amounts of these
particles determine the soil’s texture, and soil texture plays a crucial role in
influencing various soil properties, such as water retention, drainage,
aeration, and nutrient availability.
• The soil textural classification is typically represented using a soil textural
triangle, which visually depicts the relationships between the percentages
of sand, silt, and clay in a particular soil sample. The classification is based
on the USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) soil texture
classification system, and it includes various textural classes such as sandy,
loamy, and clayey soils. The names of these classes are derived from the
dominant particle size in the soil.
Textural
classification –
US Public Roads
Administration

For example: 30%


sand, 30% silt,
40% clay will be
called as?
Indian Standard Classification – IS 1498 1970
Coarse-Grained Soil: This soil contains more than 50% by weight of the
soil larger than 75 microns.
Fine-Grained Soil: This soil contains more than 50% by weight of the
soil smaller than 75 microns.
Organic Soil: These soils contain a large percentage of fibrous organic
matter, such as peat and particles of decomposed vegetation. In
addition, certain soils containing shells, concretions, cinders and other
non-soil material in sufficient quantities are also grouped in this
division.
Coarse grained soil
Gravels G: In this more than half the coarse fraction (+ 75 microns) is
larger than 4.75 mm IS sieve size.
Sands S: In this more than half the coarse fraction (+ 75 microns) is
smaller than 4.75 mm IS sieve size.
W – Well graded, clean
C – Well graded with excellent clay binder
P – Poorly graded, fairly clean
M – Containing fine materials not covered in other groups
Fine grained soil
Inorganic silts and very fine sands M
Inorganic clays C
Organic silts and clays and organic matter O

Silt and clay of Low compressibility L: having liquid limit less than 35
Silt and clay of Medium compressibility I: having liquid limit greater
than 35 and less than 50.
Silt and clay of High compressibility H: having liquid limit greater than
50.
Plasticity Chart
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHqMqBOSWzs
Pressure distribution
• Pressure distribution beneath a symmetrically loaded footing is not
uniform.
• Pressure intensities depends on rigidity of footing, soil type and
condition of soil
• When a rigid footing rests on cohesionless soil, the soil grains at the
outer edge have no lateral restraint whereas in centre the soil is
relatively confined.
• For footings on cohesive soil, the edge stresses may be very large.
Pressure distribution

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