HYDRAULICS

CEHYDR40
(Principles of Hydrostatics)
Lesson Content:
 HYDRAULICS

CEHYDR40
(Principles of Hydrostatics)
Lesson Content:
• Unit Pressure
 HYDRAULICS

CEHYDR40
(Principles of Hydrostatics)
Lesson Content:
• Unit Pressure
• Pascal’s Law
 HYDRAULICS

CEHYDR40
(Principles of Hydrostatics)
Lesson Content:
• Unit Pressure
• Pascal’s Law
• Absolute and Gage Pressures
 HYDRAULICS

CEHYDR40
(Principles of Hydrostatics)
Lesson Content:
• Unit Pressure
• Pascal’s Law
• Absolute and Gage Pressures
• Pressure below layer of different liquids
 HYDRAULICS

CEHYDR40
(Principles of Hydrostatics)
Lesson Content:
• Unit Pressure
• Pascal’s Law
• Absolute and Gage Pressures
• Pressure below layer of different liquids
• Pressure head
 HYDRAULICS

CEHYDR40
(Principles of Hydrostatics)
Lesson Content:
• Unit Pressure
• Pascal’s Law
• Absolute and Gage Pressures
• Pressure below layer of different liquids
• Pressure head
• Manometers
Hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that
studies incompressible fluids at rest.
Hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that
studies incompressible fluids at rest.
Hydrostatics is fundamental to hydraulics, the
engineering of equipment for storing, transporting
and using fluids.
Hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that
studies incompressible fluids at rest.
Hydrostatics is fundamental to hydraulics, the
engineering of equipment for storing, transporting
and using fluids.
Unit Pressure or Pressure, 𝜌
Unit Pressure or Pressure, 𝜌
Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or a gas on a body
or surface, with the force acting at right angles to the surface uniformly in
all directions.
Unit Pressure or Pressure, 𝜌
Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or a gas on a body
or surface, with the force acting at right angles to the surface uniformly in
all directions.

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒,𝐹
𝜌=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎,𝐴
Unit Pressure or Pressure, 𝜌
Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or a gas on a body
or surface, with the force acting at right angles to the surface uniformly in
all directions.

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒,𝐹
𝜌=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎,𝐴
Pascal’s principle, states that the pressure
on a fluid is equal in all directions and in all parts of
the container.
Unit Pressure or Pressure, 𝜌
Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or a gas on a body
or surface, with the force acting at right angles to the surface uniformly in
all directions.

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒,𝐹
𝜌=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎,𝐴
Pascal’s law, states that the pressure on a
fluid is equal in all directions and in all parts of the
container.
Gage Pressure ( Relative Pressure)
Gage Pressure ( Relative Pressure)
Gage pressure are pressures above or below the atmosphere and can
be measured by pressure gauges or manometers.
Gage Pressure ( Relative Pressure)
Gage pressure are pressures above or below the atmosphere and can
be measured by pressure gauges or manometers.

Atmospheric Pressure
Gage Pressure ( Relative Pressure)
Gage pressure are pressures above or below the atmosphere and can
be measured by pressure gauges or manometers.

Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at any one point on the earth’s
surface from the weight of the air above it.
Gage Pressure ( Relative Pressure)
Gage pressure are pressures above or below the atmosphere and can
be measured by pressure gauges or manometers.

Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at any one point on the earth’s
surface from the weight of the air above it.

Under normal conditions at sea level:

𝜌𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 2166 lb / 𝑓𝑡 2
= 14.7 psi
= 101.325 kPa
= 760 mm Hg
Gage Pressure ( Relative Pressure)
Gage pressure are pressures above or below the atmosphere and can
be measured by pressure gauges or manometers.

Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at any one point on the earth’s
surface from the weight of the air above it.

Under normal conditions at sea level:

𝜌𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 2166 lb / 𝑓𝑡 2
= 14.7 psi
= 101.325 kPa
= 760 mm Hg

Absolute Pressure
Gage Pressure ( Relative Pressure)
Gage pressure are pressures above or below the atmosphere and can
be measured by pressure gauges or manometers.

Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at any one point on the earth’s
surface from the weight of the air above it.

Under normal conditions at sea level:

𝜌𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 2166 lb / 𝑓𝑡 2
= 14.7 psi
= 101.325 kPa
= 760 mm Hg

Absolute Pressure
Absolute pressure is the pressure above absolute zero (Vacuum).
Gage Pressure ( Relative Pressure)
Gage pressure are pressures above or below the atmosphere and can
be measured by pressure gauges or manometers.

Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at any one point on the earth’s
surface from the weight of the air above it.

Under normal conditions at sea level:

𝜌𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 2166 lb / 𝑓𝑡 2
= 14.7 psi
= 101.325 kPa
= 760 mm Hg

Absolute Pressure
Absolute pressure is the pressure above absolute zero (Vacuum).

𝜌𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝜌𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 + 𝜌𝑎𝑡𝑚

Mercury Barometer, is an accurate and
relatively simple way to measure changes in
atmospheric pressure. At sea level, the weight of the
atmosphere forces mercury (760 mm) up a
calibrated glass tube. Higher elevations yield lower
readings because the atmosphere is less dense
there, and the thinner air exerts less pressure on the
mercury.
Mercury Barometer, is an accurate and
relatively simple way to measure changes in
atmospheric pressure. At sea level, the weight of the
atmosphere forces mercury (760 mm) up a
calibrated glass tube. Higher elevations yield lower
readings because the atmosphere is less dense
there, and the thinner air exerts less pressure on the
mercury.
Variations in pressure
 Variations in pressure
Consider two points 1 and 2 lie in
the ends of fluid prism having a cross-
sectional area dA and length L. The
difference in elevation between these
two points is h as shown in Figure 02
below. The fluid is at rest and its
surface is free. The prism is therefore in
equilibrium and all forces acting on it
sums up to zero.
 Variations in pressure
Consider two points 1 and 2 lie in
the ends of fluid prism having a cross-
sectional area dA and length L. The
difference in elevation between these
two points is h as shown in Figure 02
below. The fluid is at rest and its
surface is free. The prism is therefore in
equilibrium and all forces acting on it
sums up to zero.
 Variations in pressure
Consider two points 1 and 2 lie in
the ends of fluid prism having a cross-
sectional area dA and length L. The
difference in elevation between these
two points is h as shown in Figure 02
below. The fluid is at rest and its
surface is free. The prism is therefore in
equilibrium and all forces acting on it
sums up to zero.

Note: FFS stands for Free Fluid Surface which refers

to fluid surface subject to zero gauge pressure.
V=LdA=𝐿𝑑𝐴
V=LdA=𝐿𝑑𝐴

W=𝛾𝑉
W=𝛾𝐿𝑑𝐴
V=LdA=𝐿𝑑𝐴

W=𝛾𝑉
W=𝛾𝐿𝑑𝐴

ΣFx=0
V=LdA=𝐿𝑑𝐴

W=𝛾𝑉
W=𝛾𝐿𝑑𝐴

ΣFx=0

F2 – F1 = W sin 𝜃
V=LdA𝑉=𝐿𝑑𝐴

W=𝛾𝑉
W=𝛾𝐿𝑑𝐴

ΣFx=0

F2 – F1 = W sin 𝜃

𝑃2 𝑑𝐴− 𝑃1 𝑑𝐴 =𝛾L𝑑𝐴 sinθ

V=LdA𝑉=𝐿𝑑𝐴

W=𝛾𝑉
W=𝛾𝐿𝑑𝐴

ΣFx=0

F2 – F1 = W sin 𝜃

𝑃2 𝑑𝐴− 𝑃1 𝑑𝐴 =𝛾L𝑑𝐴 sinθ

V=LdA𝑉=𝐿𝑑𝐴

W=𝛾𝑉
W=𝛾𝐿𝑑𝐴

ΣFx=0

F2 – F1 = W sin 𝜃

𝑃2 𝑑𝐴− 𝑃1 𝑑𝐴 =𝛾L𝑑𝐴 sinθ

V=LdA𝑉=𝐿𝑑𝐴

W=𝛾𝑉
W=𝛾𝐿𝑑𝐴

ΣFx=0

F2 – F1 = W sin 𝜃

𝑃2 𝑑𝐴− 𝑃1 𝑑𝐴 =𝛾L𝑑𝐴 sinθ

V=LdA𝑉=𝐿𝑑𝐴

W=𝛾𝑉
W=𝛾𝐿𝑑𝐴

ΣFx=0

F2 – F1 = W sin 𝜃

𝑃2 𝑑𝐴− 𝑃1 𝑑𝐴 =𝛾L𝑑𝐴 sinθ

𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝛾L sinθ
V=LdA𝑉=𝐿𝑑𝐴

W=𝛾𝑉
W=𝛾𝐿𝑑𝐴

ΣFx=0

F2 – F1 = W sin 𝜃

𝑃2 𝑑𝐴− 𝑃1 𝑑𝐴 =𝛾L𝑑𝐴 sinθ

𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝛾L sinθ

but L sin θ = h, thus

V=LdA𝑉=𝐿𝑑𝐴

W=𝛾𝑉
W=𝛾𝐿𝑑𝐴

ΣFx=0

F2 – F1 = W sin 𝜃

𝑃2 𝑑𝐴− 𝑃1 𝑑𝐴 =𝛾L𝑑𝐴 sinθ

𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝛾L sinθ

but L sin θ = h, thus

𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝛾h
If h = 0 so that points 1 and 2 are on the same
horizontal plane, p2 - p1 = 0 or
If h = 0 so that points 1 and 2 are on the same
horizontal plane, p2 - p1 = 0 or
If h = 0 so that points 1 and 2 are on the same
horizontal plane, p2 - p1 = 0 or

p1 = p2
If h = 0 so that points 1 and 2 are on the same
horizontal plane, p2 - p1 = 0 or

p1 = p2

Therefore, in any homogeneous fluid at rest,

the pressures at all points along the same
horizontal plane are equal.
If h = 0 so that points 1 and 2 are on the same
horizontal plane, p2 - p1 = 0 or

p1 = p2

Therefore, in any homogeneous fluid at rest,

the pressures at all points along the same
horizontal plane are equal.

If point 1 lie on the FFS, the gauge pressure p1 = 0,

making p2 - 0 = γh or simply
If h = 0 so that points 1 and 2 are on the same
horizontal plane, p2 - p1 = 0 or

p1 = p2

Therefore, in any homogeneous fluid at rest,

the pressures at all points along the same
horizontal plane are equal.

If point 1 lie on the FFS, the gauge pressure p1 = 0,

making p2 - 0 = γh or simply

p=γh
If h = 0 so that points 1 and 2 are on the same
horizontal plane, p2 - p1 = 0 or

p1 = p2

Therefore, in any homogeneous fluid at rest,

the pressures at all points along the same
horizontal plane are equal.

If point 1 lie on the FFS, the gauge pressure p1 = 0,

making p2 - 0 = γh or simply

p=γh

This means that the pressure at any depth h

below a continuous free fluid surface at rest is
equal to the product of the unit weight of fluid
and the depth h.
Pressure Head
Pressure Head
The equation p = γh may be written into the form
Pressure Head
The equation p = γh may be written into the form

𝜌
h=
𝛾
Pressure Head
The equation p = γh may be written into the form

𝜌
h=
𝛾
where h or its equivalent p/γ is in hydraulics called
the pressure head. Pressure head is the height of
column of homogeneous fluid of unit weight γ that
will produce an intensity of pressure p.
Pressure Head
The equation p = γh may be written into the form

𝜌
h=
𝛾
where h or its equivalent p/γ is in hydraulics called
the pressure head. Pressure head is the height of
column of homogeneous fluid of unit weight γ that
will produce an intensity of pressure p.

To convert pressure head of liquid A to equivalent

pressure head of liquid B
Pressure Head
The equation p = γh may be written into the form

𝜌
h=
𝛾
where h or its equivalent p/γ is in hydraulics called
the pressure head. Pressure head is the height of
column of homogeneous fluid of unit weight γ that
will produce an intensity of pressure p.

To convert pressure head of liquid A to equivalent

pressure head of liquid B
Pressure Head To convert pressure head of any liquid to
equivalent pressure head of water
The equation p = γh may be written into the form

𝜌
h=
𝛾
where h or its equivalent p/γ is in hydraulics called
the pressure head. Pressure head is the height of
column of homogeneous fluid of unit weight γ that
will produce an intensity of pressure p.

To convert pressure head of liquid A to equivalent

pressure head of liquid B
Pressure Head To convert pressure head of any liquid to
equivalent pressure head of water
The equation p = γh may be written into the form

𝜌
h=
𝛾
where h or its equivalent p/γ is in hydraulics called
the pressure head. Pressure head is the height of
column of homogeneous fluid of unit weight γ that
will produce an intensity of pressure p.

To convert pressure head of liquid A to equivalent

pressure head of liquid B
Pressure Head To convert pressure head of any liquid to
equivalent pressure head of water
The equation p = γh may be written into the form

𝜌
h=
𝛾 where,
s = specific gravity
where h or its equivalent p/γ is in hydraulics called γ = unit weight
the pressure head. Pressure head is the height of ρ = density
column of homogeneous fluid of unit weight γ that
will produce an intensity of pressure p.

To convert pressure head of liquid A to equivalent

pressure head of liquid B
Pressure Head To convert pressure head of any liquid to
equivalent pressure head of water
The equation p = γh may be written into the form

𝜌
h=
𝛾 where,
s = specific gravity
where h or its equivalent p/γ is in hydraulics called γ = unit weight
the pressure head. Pressure head is the height of ρ = density
column of homogeneous fluid of unit weight γ that
will produce an intensity of pressure p.
Properties of Water
To convert pressure head of liquid A to equivalent • s = 1.0
pressure head of liquid B
• γ = 9.81 kN/m3 (or 62.4
lb/ft3 in English system)
• ρ = 1000 kg/m3 (or 1.94
slugs/ft3 in English system)
Manometer is a simple and inexpensive device of
measuring pressure and pressure difference. It is
usually bent to form a U-tube and filled with liquid of
known specific gravity. The surface of the liquid will
move in proportion to changes of pressure.
Manometer is a simple and inexpensive device of
measuring pressure and pressure difference. It is
usually bent to form a U-tube and filled with liquid of
known specific gravity. The surface of the liquid will
move in proportion to changes of pressure.

Types of Manometer
Manometer is a simple and inexpensive device of
measuring pressure and pressure difference. It is
usually bent to form a U-tube and filled with liquid of
known specific gravity. The surface of the liquid will
move in proportion to changes of pressure.

Types of Manometer

Piezometer is the simplest form of manometer which

is tapped into the wall of pressure conduit for the
purpose of measuring pressure. Though effective in
many purposes, piezometer is not practical to use in
lighter liquids with large pressure and cannot be used
to measure gas pressure.
Manometer is a simple and inexpensive device of
measuring pressure and pressure difference. It is
usually bent to form a U-tube and filled with liquid of
known specific gravity. The surface of the liquid will
move in proportion to changes of pressure.

Types of Manometer

Piezometer is the simplest form of manometer which

is tapped into the wall of pressure conduit for the
purpose of measuring pressure. Though effective in
many purposes, piezometer is not practical to use in
lighter liquids with large pressure and cannot be used
to measure gas pressure.
Manometer is a simple and inexpensive device of Open manometer is a tube bent into a U-
measuring pressure and pressure difference. It is shape to contain one or more fluids of
usually bent to form a U-tube and filled with liquid of different specific gravities. It is used to
known specific gravity. The surface of the liquid will measure pressure. Example of open
move in proportion to changes of pressure. manometer is shown below.

Types of Manometer

Piezometer is the simplest form of manometer which

is tapped into the wall of pressure conduit for the
purpose of measuring pressure. Though effective in
many purposes, piezometer is not practical to use in
lighter liquids with large pressure and cannot be used
to measure gas pressure.
Manometer is a simple and inexpensive device of Open manometer is a tube bent into a U-
measuring pressure and pressure difference. It is shape to contain one or more fluids of
usually bent to form a U-tube and filled with liquid of different specific gravities. It is used to
known specific gravity. The surface of the liquid will measure pressure. Example of open
move in proportion to changes of pressure. manometer is shown below.

Types of Manometer

Piezometer is the simplest form of manometer which

is tapped into the wall of pressure conduit for the
purpose of measuring pressure. Though effective in
many purposes, piezometer is not practical to use in
lighter liquids with large pressure and cannot be used
to measure gas pressure.
Differential manometer cannot measure pressure but
can measure pressure difference. Frequently in
hydraulic problems, difference in pressure is more
useful information than the pressure itself.
Differential manometer cannot measure pressure but
can measure pressure difference. Frequently in
hydraulic problems, difference in pressure is more
useful information than the pressure itself.
Problem 1
Determine the pressure in a vessel of
mercury, specific gravity 13.6, at a point
20 cm below the surface. Express the
answer in N/m2
Problem 1
Determine the pressure in a vessel of
mercury, specific gravity 13.6, at a point
20 cm below the surface. Express the
answer in N/m2
p=γh

p=13.6(9810)(0.20)

p=26683.2 Pa or n/ m2

Problem 2
What height of mercury column will
cause a pressure of 680 kPa? What is the
equivalent height of water column?

p=γh p=γh

680=13.6(9.810)(h) 680=(9.810)(h)

h = 5.10 m (Mercury) h = 69.32 m (Water)

Problem 1 Problem 3
Determine the pressure in a vessel of What is the pressure in pounds per square
mercury, specific gravity 13.6, at a point inch 4 ft below the surface of a liquid of
20 cm below the surface. Express the sp. gr. 1.50 if the gas pressure on the
answer in N/m2 surface is 0.4 atmosphere?
Note: Absolute pressures are sometimes measured
in atmospheres. Example: 1 atmosphere = 14.7 psi
absolute and 2.7 atmosphere = 39.69 psi absolute

P𝑎𝑏𝑠 = P𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 + P𝑎𝑡𝑚

P1 =pressure on the surface

Problem 2 P1 =0.4(14.7)=5.88 psi absolute

What height of mercury column will P1 =5.88−14.7=−8.82 psi gage
cause a pressure of 680 kPa? What is the
P2 =pressure at 4 ft below the surface
equivalent height of water column?
P2 =p1+γh=−8.82+1.5(62.4)(4)(1242)

P2 =−6.22 psi
Problem 1 Problem 3
Determine the pressure in a vessel of What is the pressure in pounds per square
mercury, specific gravity 13.6, at a point inch 4 ft below the surface of a liquid of
20 cm below the surface. Express the sp. gr. 1.50 if the gas pressure on the
answer in N/m2 surface is 0.4 atmosphere?

Problem 4 PROB SET 2

Problem 2
In a condenser containing air and water, the
What height of mercury column will
air pressure is 22.1 kPa absolute. What is the
cause a pressure of 680 kPa? What is the
gage pressure in kiloNewton per square
equivalent height of water column?
meter at a point 1.37 m below the water
surface.
Problem 5
In the figure shown, when the funnel is empty the
water surface is at point A. and the mercury of sp. Gr.
13.55 shows a deflection of 15cm. Determine the
new deflection of mercury when the funnel is filled
with water to B.
 Solution:
Problem 5 Solve for y
In the figure shown, when the funnel is empty the Sum-up pressure head from A to 2 in
water surface is at point A. and the mercury of sp. Gr. meters of water:
13.55 shows a deflection of 15cm. Determine the 𝜌𝐴 𝜌2
new deflection of mercury when the funnel is filled + y – 0.15(13.55) =
𝛾 𝛾
with water to B. 0 + y – 2.03 = 0
y = 2.03 m
In figure (b):
When the tunnel is filled with water to B,
point 1 will move down to 1’ wi the same
value as point 2 moving up to 2’
Sum-up pressure head from B to 2’:
𝜌𝐵 𝜌2 ′
+ 0.8 + y + x – (x + 0.15 + x )(13.55) =
𝛾 𝛾
0 + 0.80 + 2.03 + x – 27.1x – 2.03 = 0
26.1x = 0.80
X = 0.031 m = 3.1 cm
New reading, R = 15+2x=15+2(3.1)

R = 21.1 cm
Problem 5 Problem 6 PROB SET 2
In the figure shown, when the funnel is empty the For the manometer shown, determine
water surface is at point A. and the mercury of sp. Gr. the pressure at the center of the
13.55 shows a deflection of 15cm. Determine the pipe.
new deflection of mercury when the funnel is filled
with water to B.
Problem 7
In the figure shown, determine the height h of water
and the gage reading at A when the absolute
pressure at B is 290 kPa.
 Solution:
𝜌𝐵 𝜌2
Problem 7 – 0.7(13.6) – h =
𝛾 𝛾
In the figure shown, determine the height h of water
and the gage reading at A when the absolute 290 175
– 0.7(13.6) – h =
pressure at B is 290 kPa. 9.81 9.81

h = 2.203 m

2 . 𝜌𝐴 = ?
𝜌𝐵
𝛾
– 0.7(13.6) + 0.7 =
𝜌𝐴
𝜌𝐴
𝛾
290
– 9.52 + 0.7 =

.
9.81 9.81
𝜌𝐴 = 203.5 kPa Abs.
1
Problem 7 Problem 8
In the figure shown, determine the height h of water In the figure shown, determine the
and the gage reading at A when the absolute difference in pressure between points
pressure at B is 290 kPa. A and B.
Problem 7 Problem 8 PROB SET 2
In the figure shown, determine the height h of water In the figure shown, determine the
and the gage reading at A when the absolute difference in pressure between points
pressure at B is 290 kPa. A and B.