12 Department of Education

National Capital Region

SCHOOL S DIVISION OFFICE
MARIK INA CITY

Practical Research 2
Quarter 1 - Module 7
Quantitative Research Questions

Writer: Nereo S. Saliva

Illustrator: Marexcza Z. Salinas
Layout Artist: Arneil A. Pagatpatan

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 What I Need to Know
Good day researchers! In this lesson, you are going to learn how to:

State research questions (CS_RS12-Id-e-4)

Moreover, in this lesson, you will learn concepts and do practice activities that
will help you do the following:

1. define what a research question is;

2. enumerate and characterize the different types of quantitative research
questions; and
3. write and formulate a quantitative research question.

What I Know
Before you proceed to the different activities inside the module, answer first
the short pre-assessment activity below to find out what you already know about
the topic of stating research questions.
Select your answers from the options provided after each item. Choose and
encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. What type of research question is used to determine the nature or manner of
connection between or among variables?
A. Comparative research question
B. Connection –based research question
C. Descriptive research question
D. Relation-based research question

2. Which of the following question is an example of descriptive research

question?
A. What do customers use as criteria for choosing which fast food
restaurant chain to patronize?
B. Is there any relationship between age and perception of genre of
music?
C. What is the difference in perceptions towards blended learning between
the parents and the students?
D. What are the differences in usage behavior on social media between the
senior high school and junior high school students?

C. What part of a research study helps you specify and center your study?
A. Research problem
B. Research question
C. Research title
D. Research topic

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4. What is the variable in this research question, “What is the range of
support available to person with disabilities in the community?”
A. In the community
B. Person with disabilities
C. Range of support available
D. What is the range

5. In this research question, “What is the relationship between study time

and exam scores among college students?” What is the independent
variable?
A. College students
B. Exam scores
C. Study time
D. The relationship

Lesson
Quantitative Research Questions
1

What’s In
In your previous lesson, you studied about stating research problems. Can
you still remember the elements of a research problem? In the given example below,
write in the blank the correct information about the research problem.
Example of a research problem:
To determine the extent of cyberbullying in the Senior High School students in
Marikina City for the school year 2019-2020
A. Aim or purpose: ___________________________________
B. Subject Matter: ___________________________________
C. Locale of the Study: ___________________________________
D. Population Involved: ___________________________________
E. Period of the Study: ___________________________________

In today’s lesson, you will learn about how to state quantitative research
questions. This is very useful in writing a quantitative research. To be able to write
a good research, you need to be able to formulate good research questions.

What’s New
Let us start our lesson on stating research questions by looking at the activity.

Activity
Read the article and research questions below. After reading, choose the
research questions which is more appropriate and explain your answer.

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The Philippines is a diabetes ‘hotspot’
By: Rafael R. Castillo
Philippine Daily Inquirer / 05:10 AM January 09, 2018

The Philippines is considered one of the diabetes “hot spots” in the

Western Pacific region, where the disease is already reaching epidemic
proportions. Our government knows this too well, and the increased taxes on
sugary drinks is just one of the steps being taken to stem the tide.

Research Topic: The eating habit of Filipino teenagers

Research Questions:
A. How do artificial sweeteners affect the health of Filipino teenagers?
B. How does aspartame affect Filipino teenagers who suffer from juvenile
diabetes?
Which of the research questions is more appropriate to use corresponding to the
given research topic? Why?
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What is It
Research Questions
Your curiosity to certain problems fuels your desire to conduct a research
study. In research, you are finding answers to a researchable problem in which you,
as the researcher, should delve further into the topic. In order to help you find those
answers, a good research question must be formulated. As defined by Bordage &
Dawson (2003), a research question is “the single most important component of a
study...It is the keystone of the entire exercise.” For this reason, a good research
question will lead you to the answer to your research problem.
Types of Quantitative Research Questions
There are three common types of quantitative research questions:
1. Descriptive research questions – designed to uncover a respondent’s
response towards a particular question or variable.
Steps:
1. Choose your starting phrase
2. Identify and name the dependent variable
3. Identify the group(s) you are interested in

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 4. Decide whether the dependent variable or group(s) should be
included first, last or in two parts
5. Include any words that provide greater context to your question
Example:
How prevalent is the use of social media among young adults?
2. Comparative research questions – designed to help you identify clear
difference between two or more groups based on one or more variables.
Steps:
1. Choose your starting phrase
2. Identify and name the dependent variable
3. Identify the groups you are interested in
4. Identify the appropriate adjoining text
Example:
What is the difference in the daily internet usage between Filipino men
and women?
3. Relationship-based research questions – used to described an association
or trend between two or more variables within one or more demographic
groups. (www.bl.uk)
Steps:
1. Choose your starting phrase
2. Identify the independent variable(s)
3. Identify the dependent variable(s)
4. Identify the group(s)
5. Identify the appropriate adjoining text
Example:
What is the relationship between listening to different genres of music
while studying and exam scores of high school students?

Steps in Formulating Quantitative Research Questions

1. Choose the type of quantitative research question.
2. Identify the different types of variable you are trying to measure, manipulate
and/or control, as well as any groups you may be interested in.
3. Select the appropriate structure for the chosen type of quantitative research
question, based on the variables and/or groups involved.
4. Write out the problem or issues you are trying to address in the form of a
complete research question.

Criteria for Evaluating Research Questions (Bryman,2008)

✓ They should be clear in the sense of being intelligible.
✓ They should be researchable. That is, they should allow you to do research in
relation to them. This means that they should not be formulated in terms that
are so abstract that they cannot be converted into researchable terms.
✓ They should have some connection(s) with established theories and research.
This means that there should be a literature on which you can draw to help
illuminate how your research questions should be approached. Even if you find
a topic that has been scarcely addressed by social scientist, it is unlikely that
there will be no relevant literature.
✓ Your research questions should be linked to each other. Unrelated research
questions are not likely to be acceptable, since you should be developing an
argument in your study. You could not very readily construct a single argument
if you have unrelated research questions.

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✓ They should at the very least hold out the prospect of being able to make an
original contribution- however small – to the topic.
✓ The research questions should neither be too broad nor too narrow.

What’s More
Answer the activities that will follow to practice your knowledge and skill about the
topic on quantitative research questions.

Activity 1
Determine the type of questions outlined in the table below. Write your answer in
the space provided.

Questions Types
1. What are the differences in attitudes towards
online learning between public school
students and private school students?
2. How often do the Senior High School students
in Marikina City use Facebook?
3. How do physical exercises compare to mental
exercises in the performance tests of
teenagers?
4. How often do you buy mobile apps for
educational learning?
5. What is the relationship between study time
and exam scores among senior high school
students
6. What is the relationship between job satisfaction
and salary among Overseas Filipino Workers?

Activity 2
Choose from the pool of words in the box and complete the information asked.

on female is the perceptions between

difference in professionals
shopping male the
what online and

Starting Phrase: ____________________________________________________

Dependent (Independent)
Variable: ____________________________________________________

Group(s): ____________________________________________________

Adjoining text: ____________________________________________________

Research Question: ____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

Type of quantitative research: __________________________________________________

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Activity 3
Complete the following information below.

General Topic

Research Topic

Research Questions

What I Can Do

Apply what you have learned about stating quantitative research questions by
writing your statement of the problem with quantitative research question/s.

Statement of the Problem:

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Quantitative Research Questions:

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 Criteria Score Comments
Questions are clear and intelligibly formulated 10
pts.
Questions are researchable 10
pts.
Questions have connection(s) with established theories and 10
research pts.
Questions are linked to each other 10
pts.
Originality of the questions 10
pts.
Questions are neither too broad nor too narrow 10
pts.

Assessment
Showcase the knowledge and skills you have learned in this lesson by
answering the assessment activity.
Choose and encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. What type of quantitative research question is used to identify clear
differences between two or more groups based on one or more variables?
A. Comparative
B. Descriptive
C. Quantitative
D. Relationship-base

2. In formulating a research question, which of the following must the researcher

start with?
A. Browse lots of general books for ideas.
B. General topic
C. Research problem
D. Research title

3. As researcher you want to describe an association among the three variables

within two demographic groups. Which of the following types of question will
you use?
A. Comparative type of question
B. Descriptive type of question
C. Quantitative type of question
D. Relationship based type of question

4. What type of quantitative research question requires at least one independent

variable?
A. Comparative research question
B. Descriptive research question
C. Quantitative research question
D. Relationship based research question

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5. In this research question, “What effect does social media have on teenagers’
minds?” All the statements below are correct except,
A. The question is researchable.
B. The question has no specific group.
C. The question is not specific on what kind of effects.
D. The question is not specific on what type of social media.

6. What type of quantitative research question is used to uncover a respondent’s

response towards a particular question or variable?
A. Comparative research question
B. Descriptive research question
C. Quantitative research question
D. Relationship-based research question

7. You read this type of research question, “What is the relationship between job
satisfaction and salary among NCR residents?” What is the independent
variable?
A. Job satisfaction
B. NCR residents
C. Relationship
D. Salary

8. A researcher formulated this research question: “How does violence in

computer game affect children?” What do you think is the general topic of the
study?
A. Computer games
B. Computer game violence
C. Juvenile crime rate
D. School violence

9. Which part of a research focuses on how the variables under investigation

relate to each other, affect different groups, or how they might be defined?
A. Central questions
B. Qualitative research question
C. Quantitative research question
D. Research problem

10. Which of the following illustrates a quantitative question?

A. What is the role of the principal of a school?

B. What is the experience of identifying as LGBTQ+ in the foster care
system?
C. What do we know about the role of IT in preventing fails among seniors?
D. What is the difference in the daily calorie intake between men and
women in Marikina City?

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 Additional Activities

Check the column that rates the extent of learning you have had about
quantitative research question.

Concepts Strongly Strongly

Agree Disagree
As a researcher, I… Agree Disagree

1. can define the term

“research question”.

2. can enumerate the

different types of
quantitative research
questions.
3. can characterize each
type of quantitative
research questions.
4. can follow the steps
in formulating
quantitative research
questions.
5. am able to write
appropriate
quantitative research
questions.

References

Books

Bordage, G., & Dawson, B. (2003). Experimental study design and grant writing in
eight steps and 28 questions. Medical education, 37(4), 376-385.
Bryman, A. (2008). Social Research Methods. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press. UK

Internet Sources
Rafael R. Castillo Philippine Daily Inquirer / January 09, 2018.
https://www.inquirer.net/http://dissertation.laerd.com/how-to-structure-
quantitative-researchquestions. phpwww.bl.uk

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 Development Team of the Module
Writer: Nereo S. Saliva (CIS-SL)
Editors: Nieves T. Salazar, Ph. D. (PHS)
Nida P. Andrada, Ed. D. (PSDS)

Internal Reviewer: Janet S. Cajuguiran (EPS-English)

Illustrator: Marexcza Z. Salinas (PHS)
Layout Artist: Arneil A. Pagatpatan (NHS)
Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, CID
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Janet S. Cajuguiran
EPS-English

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

EPS – LRMS

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

Email Address: [email protected]

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 682-2472 / 682-3989

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