Chapter-6

Drawing Tools Used from Past to Present in the Architectural Design Process
Gandharva Swami1, Sumedha Arora1
1
Department of Architecture, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, UP-201306

Abstract

With the rapid advancements in technology, the tools we use for drawing in the design process
are continually evolving. Traditional drawing tools, which have been relied upon for years, are
now complemented by computer-aided drawing tools that offer designers new and enhanced
capabilities. These advancements are significantly transforming how designs are conceptualized
and executed. This study delves into the effective use of both traditional and computer-aided
drawing tools in creating well-designed landscapes. We explore various aspects of design,
including the processes and tools involved. Over the past two decades, remarkable progress in
information technology has not only expedited the design process but also simplified problem-
solving and improved the visual quality of presentations.

Keywords: Design, design process, drawing tools, traditional drawing tools, computer-aided
drawing tools

1. Introduction

In the realm of design, drawing tools serve as indispensable instruments, bridging the gap
between conceptualization and realization. Over time, these tools have undergone a remarkable
evolution, propelled by advancements in technology. From the traditional pencil and paper to
sophisticated computer-aided drawing (CAD) software, the landscape of design tools has
transformed, unlocking new possibilities and efficiencies.

This study delves into the dynamic interplay between traditional and CAD tools within the
context of landscape design. By exploring the nuances of their effective utilization, we aim to
uncover the profound impact of technological advancements on the design process. From
enhancing accessibility to results to streamlining modeling and archiving, the integration of these
tools reshapes not only the way designs are conceived but also the efficiency with which they are
executed.

Through this investigation, we seek to provide insights into harnessing the full potential of
drawing tools in contemporary design practices. By understanding the transformative role of
technology, we aim to empower designers to navigate the ever-evolving landscape of design
tools with confidence and creativity.

2. Concept of Design

The term 'design' is widely used in English and German, and translates to 'conception' in French.
It involves imagining a plan or sketch, shaping it in the mind, and then producing it. Design
encompasses the preparatory steps leading to the final outcome of an idea manifested as a project
or scheme. According to Beyazıt (1994), design in art is the initial sketch, picture, building, or
decorative feature summarized by arranging elements and details to create a work of art. The
biggest challenge in design is utilizing available information to foresee the future. Success is
measured by the accuracy of these foresights (Cooper & Press, 1995).

3. Design process

Design is like solving a puzzle; it's a universal process that spans across all professions. Whether
it's landscape design, industrial products, or fashion, the journey remains the same. Architects,
for instance, need input from investors or employers to kickstart their designs, with collaboration
being key. Even in educational settings, instructors play a similar role, investing in students
rather than projects.

In the past, design and construction were intertwined, but in today's industrial societies, they've
become separate entities. Designers now play a central role, bridging the gap between idea and
reality. However, the design process isn't linear; it's complex and often unpredictable. Each
design journey is unique, prompting architects to think creatively and adaptively.

Communication and education are vital aspects of the design process, fostering knowledge
exchange and shaping professional ethics and culture. Every design endeavor leads to new
questions, pushing architects to explore fresh ideas and acquire new insights.

While the process may have distinct stages, it's dynamic and requires constant refinement.
Architects harness their creativity and knowledge to craft innovative solutions to complex
challenges. Whether it's architecture or environmental design, the journey involves five key
stages: formulating the problem, understanding it, revealing conscious thoughts, creating ideas,
and testing them. Through each stage, designers strive to create solutions that not only meet the
needs of the project but also push the boundaries of creativity.

3.4. Identification and Limitation of Subject Matter:

 Design objectives are determined, problems are presented, and research is conducted to
gather quantitative and qualitative information, according to Uzun (2004).

3.5. Data Collection:

 In architectural design studies, data collection involves collecting information about the
environment without any initial commentary, ensuring that only relevant data are
gathered to assess the current situation (Gündüz, 1985; Yılmaz & Yılmaz, 2004).
 3.6. Analysis and Function Diagram:

 Basic ideas are developed, observations are clarified, and alternative solutions are
explored. Information related to material types, processing techniques, and functions is
analyzed to synthesize findings aligning with design goals (Uzun, 2004).

3.7. Assessment:

 Data collected and analyzed are evaluated in accordance with design principles to
identify the most suitable solution for the desired activities (Özkan & Küçükerbaş, 1995).

3.8. Synthesis:

 The final outcome is determined by synthesizing various influences based on

assumptions made by the designer (Özkan & Küçükerbaş, 1995).

4. Drawing Tools

Drawing tools vary according to the designer's preference and can be categorized into freehand
drawing, modeling, and computer-aided drawing. Each tool has its advantages and
disadvantages, and designers often use a combination of all three. Effective use of drawing tools
is crucial for designers to convey their ideas. These tools enable designers to transform their
conceptual ideas into tangible forms, playing a vital role in the design process.

4.1. Traditional Tools

Traditional drawing tools have been integral to the architectural process for centuries.
Divided into concept diagrams, rough plan drawings, and technical drawings, these tools
include paper, pencils, rulers, templates, mirrors, and various drafting instruments. Using
these tools requires considerable attention and skill (Mitton, 2003).

During the early Renaissance period (1400-1500 AD), architectural tasks were divided
among artisans. Artistic architects were responsible for creating scale drawings and
designs outside the construction area, serving as a means of communication between
architects and other stakeholders (Barrow, 2000; Küçük, 2007). Drawing has been the
primary method of visualizing designs since the Renaissance, utilizing techniques such as
tone and color to depict objects, buildings, and architectural elements (Yıldırım et al.,
2010).

The traditional expression techniques, as described by Yıldırım et al. (2010), encompass

two-dimensional drawings on paper, three-dimensional drawings like perspectives, and
three-dimensional models. These techniques have been fundamental in visualizing
architectural designs using traditional drawing tools.
 Figure 6.1 Landscape architect who designs with Figure 6.2 Architect drawing during Renaissance
traditional drawing tools (Özgün, 2011) (Rönesans Hareketleri, 2011)

4.2. Computer-aided drawing tools

Computer-aided drawing tools have revolutionized the way drawings are created,
significantly transforming the design process. Around 25 years ago, drawings were
predominantly done on paper with pencils, requiring erasing, deleting, and redrawing for
even minor changes. However, computer-aided drawing tools have fundamentally altered
these operations, making tasks like erasing, deleting, and redrawing much more efficient
(The History of CAD, 2011). This has had a profound impact on the speed of designers
during the design process, accelerating drawing time while also allowing for easier
modifications to drawings (Figure 6.3).

Expression techniques utilizing computer-aided drawing tools encompass a variety of

functions, including 2D drawings, plan drawings, sections, views, three-dimensional
models, modeling, animation, and photorealistic images (Yıldırım et al., 2010). These
tools are based on interactive computer graphics systems, where users can generate and
modify data using commands (Keskinel, 1985). With the advent of electronic technology,
students now have the ability to manipulate design elements on-screen with ease,
enhancing their learning experiences (Kurt, 2002).

In the architectural profession, computer-aided drawing tools offer three primary methods
of operation: translating existing hand drawings into a digital environment, drawing a
designed project digitally, or directly designing from scratch on a computer screen
(Özcan, 1994). The overarching goal of architectural drawing programs in a computer
environment is to facilitate the creation of specific designs and provide support for
design-related processes (Akın & Anadol, 1993). However, it's important to note that
while computer technology has become an integral part of the architectural process, the
transition from traditional methods to computer-aided drawing has brought challenges
such as decreased sensitivity, detail, and technical precision (Akın & Anadol, 1993). The
historical development of computer-aided drawing tools dates back to the mid-1940s
 when architects began recognizing the potential for electronic technologies to streamline
processes (Mitchell, 1990). In 1945, Vannevar Bush proposed a device called the
Memex, envisioning a tool that could provide information to users. By the 1950s,
computers started entering real-world applications, and in 1956, the term "CAD"
(Computer-Aided Design) was coined by Fortune magazine, referring to graphical input
and three-dimensional object tools (Mitchell, 1990). Throughout the subsequent decades,
CAD systems evolved, with advancements in hardware and software driving their
widespread adoption across various sectors, including architecture (Mitchell, 1990;
Güngör, 2003).

Figure 6.3 Landscape architecture using computer-aided Figure 6.4 In the first half of the 1950s a drawing with a
drawing tools (Özgün, 2011) light pen on the screen (TURKCADCAM, 2011)

Today, computer-aided drawing tools have become indispensable in the field of architecture,
facilitating the creation, preservation, renewal, and transmission of original drawings. This
process, known as computer-aided drawing or computer-aided design-drawing, has become the
norm in architectural practice (Aydın, 2004). While certain technologies, such as drawing and
modeling directly on screens, are not yet prevalent among university students, they are expected
to gain traction in the architectural field in the future (Figure 6.6). As technology continues to
advance, these tools will become increasingly accessible and integral to architectural practice.

Figure 6.5 (Mitchell, 1990). PDP 1 model computerized Figure 6.6 Drawing screen developed by Catia (Catia,
CAD application at MIT (TURKCADCAM 2011) 2011)
5. Conclusion

The evolution of drawing tools from traditional methods to the incorporation of computer-aided
tools has profoundly impacted the design process. Technological advancements have introduced
new capabilities that enhance efficiency, accuracy, and visual quality in design presentations.
This study underscores the importance of both traditional and CAD tools in landscape design,
highlighting the transformative effects of rapid technological developments over the past two
decades.

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